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34-424: Together with Jindo Island, Jindo County contains an archipelago of about 230 small islands, of which only 45 are inhabited by 4,855 people. Women made up 50.4% of the total county population of 29,538 in 2015. Most of the land is covered by forests (60%) and cultivated fields (30%). The county tree is Malchilus thunbergii , the flower camellia and the bird the swan. The local food specialties are wolfberry , which

68-529: A genus of about 150 species of evergreen trees belonging to the laurel family, Lauraceae . The best-known member of the genus is the avocado , P. americana , widely cultivated in subtropical regions for its large, edible fruit . They are medium-size trees, 15–30 m (49.2–98.4 ft) tall at maturity. The leaves are simple, lanceolate to broad lanceolate, varying with species from 5–30 cm (1.97–11.81 in) long and 2–12 cm (0.79–4.72 in) broad, and arranged spirally or alternately on

102-586: A disjunct distribution, with about 70 Neotropical species, ranging from Brazil and Chile in South America to Central America and Mexico , the Caribbean , and the southeastern United States; a single species, P. indica , endemic to Madeira and the Canary Islands off northwest Africa; and 80 species inhabiting east and southeast Asia . None of the species are very tolerant of severe winter cold, with

136-627: A few of them are native to temperate regions. They are widespread in tropical Africa , Asia , Southeast Asia , Australia , New Zealand , Central America , the Caribbean , and South America . The timber of some species is very valuable. Beilschmiedia falls within the Lauraceae , a family of aromatic evergreen trees or shrubs. Many botanical species are similar in foliage to the Lauraceae due to convergent evolution. Those plants are adapted to high rainfall and humidity. The patterns of speciation in

170-456: A more Mediterranean-type climate with a dry season with lower rainfall. The morphology of sclerophyllous species is divergent from other humid tropical climate species of the genus. The greatest diversity of species and a greater presence of the genus is given in cloud forest and tropical rainforest in Asia and Southeast Asia . In Madagascar , the genus Beilschmiedia is particularly important in

204-467: A source of food by Australian Aborigines . Timbers of some species are very valuable. Beilschmiedia is a genus of about 260 to 270 species of trees or shrubs, with about 80 species in tropical Africa and Madagascar. They are commonly canopy trees, growing at elevations from near sea level to 2200 m. The trees grow in well-developed rainforests, and in warm or temperate forests on poorer sedimentary soils. Most species grow in tropical climates , but

238-412: A valuable food supply for quetzals , trogoniform birds that live in the montane rainforests of Mesoamerica. In particular, the resplendent quetzal 's favorite fruits are berries of wild relatives of the avocado . Their differing maturing times in the cloudforest determine the migratory movements of the quetzals to differing elevation levels in the forests. With a gape width of 21 mm (0.83 in),

272-486: A waxy bloom. In others, the fruit is a black, round drupe with a glaucous bloom, with a single seed inside. Seed dispersal for many Beilschmiedia species is by birds that swallow them, so they are shaped to attract the birds. The one-seeded fruits are an important food source for birds, including being a favorite food of the native pigeons in New Zealand. The type species is Beilschmiedia roxburghiana , which ranges from

306-513: Is a genus of trees and shrubs in family Lauraceae . Most of its species grow in tropical climates , but a few of them are native to temperate regions, and they are widespread in tropical Asia , Africa , Madagascar , Australia , New Zealand , North America , Central America , the Caribbean , and South America . The best-known species to gardeners in temperate areas are B. berteroana and B. miersii because of their frost tolerance. Seeds of B. bancroftii were used as

340-542: Is a medium-sized tree up to 30 m tall with a bole diameter up to 60 cm. It is distributed from Nigeria to DR Congo and occurs in wet and marshy locations in lowland rainforest. B. lebrunii is a rare tree up to 15 m tall with a bole diameter up to 30 cm, occurring in DR Congo in forest at 1450–1700 m elevation. B. nitida is a shrub or small tree up to 8 m tall, distributed in Cameroon and Congo. Beilschmiedia variabilis

374-471: Is a shrub or small tree up to 10 m tall with a bole diameter up to 25 cm, occurring rather commonly in Congo in the understorey of forest in swampy, periodically inundated or drier locations. B. zenkeri is a shrub or small tree up to 15 m tall, occurring in Cameroon and Congo in swampy and periodically inundated forest. The genus Beilschmiedia responded to favourable climatic periods and expanded across

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408-543: Is also sometimes included in Persea . In a phylogenetic analysis of the " Persea group", which also includes Alseodaphne , Phoebe , Nothaphoebe , Dehaasia and Apollonias , Persea was found to be mostly monophyletic, with Apollonias barbujana from the Canary Islands nested within the core Persea group. The species Persea nudigemma was found to be more closely related to Phoebe , while Persea sphaerocarpa

442-414: Is an erect panicle arising from the leaf axil. The stamens are in two whorls; the ovary is in a superior position. The fruit is variable from one species to other' in some species it is a drupe, large and globose green, 12 cm in diameter with a tip at the apex. In other species, the fruit is an erect, plum-like, dark purple or sometimes elliptical to ovoid drupe, dark purple when ripe, and covered in

476-492: Is the only species which can disperse the large seeds of the taraire, which pass through its gut unharmed. Beilschmiedia miersii and Beilschmiedia berteroana are endangered sclerophyllous trees endemic to central Chile. The northern belloto ( B. miersii ) grows in coastal forest, while the southern belloto ( B. berteroana ) grows in submontane Andean zone of the central Chile's temperate deciduous forest region. Both forest associations are currently represented in

510-474: Is treated in three subgenera. The Asian subgenus Machilus is treated in a separate genus Machilus by many authors, including in the Flora of China , while graft-incompatibility between subgenus Persea and subgenus Eriodaphne suggests that these too may be better treated as distinct genera, in fact Kostermans (1993) founded the genus Mutisiopersea for these. Another closely related genus, Beilschmiedia ,

544-399: Is used for liquor, tea and paste; cheongju red-colored rice wine, brown seaweed and black rice . 34°28′59″N 126°15′43″E  /  34.4830555656°N 126.261944454°E  / 34.4830555656; 126.261944454 This South Korea location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Persea See text. Complete list Persea is

578-721: The Canary Islands and Madeira . Fossil evidence indicates that the genus originated in West Africa during the Paleocene , and spread to Asia, to South America, and to Europe and thence to North America . It is thought that the gradual drying of Africa, west Asia, and the Mediterranean from the Oligocene to the Pleistocene , and the glaciation of Europe during the Pleistocene, caused

612-408: The Lauraceae indicate, since the onset of aridification on the continents 15 million years ago (Mya), rainforest species diversified. One of the products of aridification is the isolation of populations and this likely caused the increase in the rate of speciation as found in the Lauraceae. This genus has species adapted to the laurel forest habitat, so common in the Lauraceae and species adapted to

646-565: The Southern Hemisphere , including South America , Africa , New Zealand , Australia , and New Caledonia . Lauroid-leaved plant communities are found from humid montane tropical to cool temperate Southern Hemisphere climates, and important elements of what is known as the Antarctic flora . The genus Beilschmiedia is present in Mexico , Venezuela , and southern Chile and Argentina from

680-554: The Himalayas to southern China, Indo-China and Peninsular Malaysia . Three Beilschmiedia species are endemic to New Zealand. taraire ( Beilschmiedia tarairi ) is a common canopy tree in the lowland forests of the North Island . The others are the common canopy tree tawa , ( B. tawa ), which has thin, willow-like leaves, and the tawaroa ( B. tawaroa ), which is similar to tawa but has broader leaves. The New Zealand pigeon

714-515: The Pacific Ocean to the Andes between 38° and 45° S latitude, where rainfall is abundant, from 1500 to 2500 mm according to locality and distributed throughout the year, but with some subhumid Mediterranean climate influence for three to four months in summer, and where temperatures are mild, with no month falling below 5 °C, and the warmest month below 22 °C. Laurophyll trees appear in

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748-722: The ancient supercontinent Gondwana , and have drifted north over millions of years with the Indo-Australian tectonic plate . Frequently, their bark is pale to dark brown, smooth or coarse, and they have fine, reddish-brown hairs densely covering the branchlets, and the young leaves are reddish. The dark green leaves are alternate and leathery. Sometimes broad, others small and narrow, the leaves have distinctive depressed veins. The flowers are greenish to cream to yellow-green, and pedicellate of 4–6 mm. The flowers often are clothed in dense reddish-brown hairs. The flowers are hermaphroditic and arranged in inflorescences. The inflorescence

782-440: The available habitat, adapting also to more extreme conditions, but depending on favorable soil edaphic conditions. Beilschmiedia species need an annual oscillation of the temperature moderated by the proximity of the ocean and many species resist bad cold and frost. A related vegetal community evolved millions of years ago on the supercontinent of Gondwana , and species of this community are now found on several separate areas of

816-412: The extinction of the genus across these regions, resulting in the present distribution. Since this habitat is constantly threatened by encroaching agriculture, the laurel forest animal or vegetal species have already become rare in many of its former habitats and are threatened by further habitat loss. In Mesoamerica, Persea proliferated into many new species, and the berries of some of them constitute

850-510: The freezing of Antarctica about 20 million years ago and the formation of the Benguela current , others, which also reached South America and Mesoamerica, such as Beilschmiedia and Nectandra are still surviving today in Africa in a number of species. The genus, however, died out in Africa, except for P. indica , which is, today, a threatened species that survives in the fog-shrouded mountains of

884-559: The hardiest, P. borbonia , P. ichangensis and P. lingue , surviving temperatures down to about −12 °C (10.4 °F); they also require continuously moist soil, and do not tolerate drought. A number of these species are found in forests that face threats of destruction or deforestation ; for example, P. lingue in Central Chile. The family Lauraceae was part of the land flora of Gondwana , and many genera had migrated to South America via Antarctica over ocean landbridges by

918-696: The highlands of New Guinea and New Britain , the Cape York Peninsula and the coastal mountains of Queensland and New South Wales in Australia , as well as New Caledonia , Tasmania , and New Zealand. These laurel forests are home to plants of the Antarctic flora related to those in the Valdivian laurel forests of southern Chile, including species of the laurel family and southern beech ( Nothofagus ). Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, and New Caledonia were parts of

952-497: The island flora, and their species were isolated when the island was separated from the African continent. The genus Beilschmiedia is present in a greater climatic distribution area than other genera of Lauraceae, Beilschmiedia species grow well in moist, well-drained ground, and tolerate a variety of soil types, and attain a maximum in tropical and wetter areas of distribution, but their pattern of speciation results in some cases from

986-655: The product of aridification of the habitat. Some Beilschmiedia species are adapted to drier conditions than the typical Lauraceae. Some endangered relict species are living in temperate areas and are distributed in Mediterranean climate, and tropical and subtropical lowland forests and montane rainforest. Shade-loving B. mannii grows in riverine and swamp forest, or in evergreen primary and secondary forest. B. gaboonensis , B. lebrunii , and B. nitida are included in subgenus Hufelandia of Beilschmiedia . B. variabilis and B. zenkeri are included in section Acrothecon . Beilschmiedia gaboonensis

1020-427: The quetzal swallows the small berry (aguacatillo) whole, which he catches while flying through the lower canopy of the tree, and then regurgitates the seed within 100 meters (328 ft) from the tree. Wheelright in 1983 observed that parent quetzals take far less time intervals to deliver fruits to the young brood than insects or lizards, reflecting the ease of procuring fruits, as opposed to capturing animal prey. Since

1054-515: The stems. The flowers are in short panicles, with six small greenish-yellow perianth segments 3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 in) long, nine stamens and an ovary with a single embryo. The fruit is an oval or pear-shaped berry , with a fleshy outer covering surrounding the single seed ; size is very variable among the species, from 1–1.5 cm (0.39–0.59 inches) in e.g. P. borbonia and P. indica , up to 10–20 cm (3.94–7.87 inches) in some cultivars of P. americana . The species of Persea have

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1088-527: The time of the Paleocene . From South America they spread over most of the continent. When the North American and South American tectonic plates joined in the late Neogene , volcanic mountain building created island chains which later formed the Mesoamerican landbridge . Pliocene elevation created new habitats for speciation. While some genera died out in increasingly xerophytic mainland Africa, starting with

1122-495: The young are fed exclusively berries in the first 2 weeks after hatching, these berries must be of high nutritional value. Usually only the total percentage of water, sugar, nitrogen, crude fats and carbohydrates are reported by ornithologists. Persea species are also used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including giant leopard moth , Coleophora octagonella (which feeds exclusively on P. carolinensis ) and Hypercompe indecisa . The genus Persea

1156-870: Was found to be nested within a group of Alseodaphne species. Based on Mac. robusta Mac. sp. W14071 Mac. sp. W14068 Pho. minutiflora Mac. japonica Mac. decursinervis Mac. grijsii Mac. platycarpa Mac. yunnanensis Mac. kwangtungensis Mac. oculodracontis Mac. duthiei Mac. gamblei Mac. oreophila Mac. leptophylla Pho. faberi Mac. salicoides Mac. pomifera Mac. salicina Mac. thunbergii Mac. breviflora Mac. pingii Mac. shweliensis Mac gongshanensis Mac. phoenicis Mac. monticola Deh. caesia Deh. hainanensis Als. sp. W17084 Deh. sp. L20070187 Als. semecarpifolia Als. huanglianshanensis Als. gigaphylla Not. umbelliflora Deh. sp. A34 Deh. incrassata Per. aurata Beilschmiedia See text Beilschmiedia

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