49-692: Jimei University ( JMU ; 集美大学 ) is a provincial public university in Xiamen , Fujian , China. It is affiliated with the Province of Fujian, and co-funded by the Fujian Provincial People's Government, the Ministry of Transport , the Ministry of Natural Resources , and the Xiamen Municipal People's Government. The earliest predecessors of the school, founded by Chinese businessman Tan Kah Kee , were
98-586: A monsoonal humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ), characterised by long, hot and humid summers (but moderate compared to much of the rest of the province) and short, mild and dry winters. The warmest month is July, with a 24-hour average of 28.3 °C (82.9 °F), and the coolest month is January, averaging 13.1 °C (55.6 °F); the annual mean is 21.1 °C (70.0 °F). Extremes since 1951 have ranged from 0.1 °C (32 °F) on 24 January 2016 to 39.6 °C (103 °F) on 9 August 2019. Spring, both by humidity and percentage of sunshine,
147-624: A military base in Xiamen island and changed its name into Chinese : 思明州 ; pinyin : Sīmíng zhōu ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Su-bêng chiu ; lit. 'Think Ming (dynasty) Prefecture', meaning "Remembering the Ming ". When its port prospered under the Qing , especially during the reign of Emperor Kangxi , the island's name was changed to Chinese : 廈門 ; pinyin : Xiàmén ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Ē-mn̂g / Ē͘-mûi again. The island's name of 思明
196-508: A peninsula after the completion of the seawall in 1955. Xiamen waters include Xiamen Port, Outer Harbor Area, Maluan Bay, Tongan Bay, Jiulong River's estuary area and the waterway on the east side. Outside the Xiamen Port, Big Kinmen, Little Kinmen, Dadan, Erdan and other island are arranged in a horizontal line. Inside, it has Xiamen Island, Gulangyu Island and other island barriers, making it a good natural port protected from storms. Xiamen has
245-454: A provincially administered city ( 省辖市 ). In 1955 and 1958, mainland China escalated Cold War political tensions by shelling nearby islands from Xiamen in what became known as the First and Second Taiwan Strait Crisis . The Nationalists responded by reinforcing Kinmen and shelling Xiamen. The Gaoji Causeway built from 1955 to 1957 notionally transformed Xiamen Island into a peninsula, and so it
294-465: A total population around 400,000. European settlement in the port was concentrated on Gulangyu Island off Xiamen proper; it remains known for its colonial architecture. By the 20th century, the local export economy had collapsed due to the success of British tea plantations in India. During the Qing and the early 20th century, many southern Fujianese emigrated to Taiwan and Southeast Asia , such as in
343-478: Is a sub-provincial city in southeastern Fujian , People's Republic of China , beside the Taiwan Strait . It is divided into six districts : Huli , Siming , Jimei , Tong'an , Haicang , and Xiang'an . All together, these cover an area of 1,700.61 square kilometers (656.61 sq mi) with a population of 5,163,970 as of 2020 and estimated at 5.308 million as of 31 December 2022. The urbanized area of
392-636: Is also the host of the China International Fair for Investment and Trade held annually in early September to attract foreign direct investment into the Chinese mainland. Xiamen also hold Straits Forum annually. The 2019 edition kicked off in the coastal city from 15 to 21 June. More than 10,000 people attended the annual forum this year. In 2023 forecast by the city government , Xiamen is aiming for 25,000 of GDP per capita measured by USD. Xiamen has highly developed banking services. The biggest bank
441-646: Is classified as a Large-Port Metropolis. Xiamen is one of the top 40 cities in the world by scientific research as tracked by the Nature Index . The city is home to several major universities , including Xiamen University , one of China's most prestigious universities as a member of the Double First Class Universities , Huaqiao , Jimei , Xiamen University of Technology and Xiamen Medical College. Xiamen had always been known as Tong'an County since antiquity until Republic of China Era of
490-493: Is internationally recognized as China has established educational cooperation and exchanges with 188 countries and regions and 46 major international organizations, and signed agreements with 54 countries such as the United States, British, Australia and Germany on mutual recognition of higher education qualifications and academic degrees. As of 2024, China had the world's highest number of top universities. In 2017, China had
539-523: Is the dampest season but typhoons in late summer and early autumn can make the latter period wetter overall. Summer and autumn are marked by comparatively sunny conditions, while autumn is warm and dry. The annual rainfall is 1,301 millimeters (51 in). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 29% in March to 58% in July, the city receives 1,893 hours of bright sunshine annually. Frost occurs very rarely, and
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#1732881202054588-675: Is the state-owned commercial bank, Sino-foreign joint venture Xiamen International Bank , solely foreign-funded Xiamen Bank , and Xiamen Rural Commercial Bank . Various foreign banks that have established representative offices in Xiamen. List of universities in China There are many higher education institutions in China . By September 2021, there were 3,012 colleges and universities, with over 40 million students enrolled in mainland China. More than 40 million Chinese students graduated from university from 2016 to 2020. Corresponding with
637-499: The Dutch from Taiwan and moved his operations there . His base on Xiamen fell to a combined Qing and Dutch invasion in 1663. The East India Company traded extensively with the port, constructing a factory there in 1678. It was raised to the status of a subprefecture in 1680, but the taxes and other restrictions placed on traders compelled the British to relocate to Canton and Fuzhou
686-561: The Opening Up Policy under Deng Xiaoping , Xiamen became one of China's original four special economic zones opened to foreign investment and trade in the early 1980s. Xiamen Island possessed a major international seaport. The port of Xiamen is a well-developed first-class trunk line port in the Asia-Pacific region. It is ranked the 7th-largest container port in China and ranks 14th in
735-481: The Philippines , Indonesia , Brunei , Malaysia , Singapore , Thailand , Myanmar , etc., spreading Hokkien language and culture overseas . Some 350,000 overseas Chinese currently trace their ancestry to Xiamen. Some of this diaspora later returned: an estimated 220,000 Xiamen residents are returning overseas Chinese and their kin. Others continue to help fund universities and cultural institutions in Xiamen. At
784-670: The Xiang and Li rivers . It was first organized as Tong'an County in AD 282 under the Jin , but it lost this status soon afterwards. Tong'an County was again established in 933 under the Later Tang . The settlement on the southeastern shore of Xiamen Island (now part of Siming District ) developed as a seaport under the Song , although legal foreign trade was restricted to nearby Quanzhou , which administered
833-470: The " Three Mini-Links " and restored ferry, commercial, and mail links between the mainland and offshore islands. Trade and travel between Xiamen and Kinmen was restored and later expanded to include direct air travel to Taiwan Island . In 2010, travelers between Xiamen and Kinmen made 1.31 million trips. In 2006, Xiamen was ranked as China's 2nd-"most suitable city for living", as well as China's "most romantic leisure city" in 2011. A large number of
882-507: The 19th century, the city walls had a circumference of around 9 miles (14 km), with an inner and outer city divided by an inner wall and a ridge of hills surmounted by a well-built fort. The inner harbor on Yundang Bay was also well fortified and these defenses were further strengthened upon the outbreak of the First Opium War . Nonetheless, Xiamen was captured in 1841 between Guangzhou and Zhoushan . Rear Adm. Parker bombarded
931-580: The 20th century, followed by administrative zoning restructures and naming changes. Tong'an County first appeared in Han dynasty records. Xiamen Island was described as Jiahe Islet of Tong'an County during the Song dynasty (960–1279). It received its present name from the Xiamen Defense Castle erected on the island by Zhou Dexing in 1387 during the Ming dynasty to meet the needs of coastal defense. The name
980-455: The Americas. Its local dialect influenced a variety of translations of Chinese terms . Its principal exports during the period were tea, porcelain, and paper; it imported sugar, rice, cotton, and opium, as well as some manufactured goods. Xiamen was also a center of Protestant missionaries in China ; the missions operated the city's two hospitals. The merchants of Xiamen were thought among
1029-497: The National Development and Reform Commission. Its measures in areas such as dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, and trading across borders take the lead in the country. Its social credit system has been improved. In 2018, its overall credit index ranked 2nd among 36 provincial capitals and sub-provincial cities and above. The Siming and Huli districts form its Special Economic Zone . Xiamen focuses on
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#17328812020541078-458: The Qing position to little effect, but the assault by the men under Lt. Gen. Gough caused the Chinese to flee their positions without a fight. The city was abandoned during the night and fell the next day on 27 August. The Chinese had spirited out the entire treasury of sycee bullion under the nose of the British by disguising it inside hollow logs. Xiamen being too large to garrison, a small force
1127-781: The Teachers Department of Jimei School established in 1918, and the Department of Fisheries and the Department of Business of Jimei School established in 1920. In 1994, the current Jimei University was established through the merger of the then Jimei Teachers Senior Vocational School ( 集美师范高等专科学校 ), Jimei Navigation College ( 集美航海学院 ), Jimei Finance and Economics Senior Vocational School ( 集美财经高等专科学校 ), Xiamen Fisheries College ( 厦门水产学院 ), and Fujian Sports College ( 福建体育学院 ). 24°34′40″N 118°05′40″E / 24.577646°N 118.09438°E / 24.577646; 118.09438 Xiamen Xiamen , historically romanized as Amoy ,
1176-580: The area was dated to Sui dynasty when Buddhism was first spread to Tong'an region and spread to Xiamen Island during Tang dynasty. In the 19th century, Xiamen proper had two Dutch Reformed and two LMS churches. Xiamen Island was home to three Dutch Reformed missions at "Kang-thau", "Kio-than", and "Chhan-chhu-oa". Xiamen is a sub-provincial city of Fujian with direct jurisdiction over 6 districts . In May 2003, Gulangyu and Kaiyuan districts were merged into Siming District; Xinglin District ( 杏林区 )
1225-530: The area. In 1387, attacks by the "Japanese" or "dwarf" pirates —many of them actually disaffected Chinese—prompted the Ming to protect the harbor with the fortress that gave Xiamen its name. The Portuguese first reached Xiamen in 1541. After the fall of the Ming to the Qing in 1644, Southern Ming loyalists including Koxinga used Xiamen as a base from which to launch attacks against the invading Qing-aligned Han Bannermen from 1650 to 1660. In 1661, Koxinga drove
1274-558: The city has spread from its original island to include most parts of all six of its districts , as well as 4 Zhangzhou districts ( Xiangcheng , Longwen , Longhai and Changtai ), which form a built-up area of 7,284,148 inhabitants. This area also connects with Quanzhou in the north, making up a metropolis of nearly ten million people. The Kinmen Islands (Quemoy) administered by the Republic of China (Taiwan) lie less than 6 kilometers (4 mi) away separated by Xiamen Bay . As part of
1323-687: The colonial squabbling over China. Japan occupied Xiamen Island from May 1938 to September 1945 during World War II . During the Japanese occupation, the city provided some shipments of rice to the Portuguese Colony of Macau . In the late phases of the Chinese Civil War that followed, the Communists captured Xiamen and Gulangyu in October 1949 but failed to capture Kinmen . The same year, Xiamen became
1372-476: The development of five major industries – electronic information, equipment manufacturing, tourism and culture, modern logistics, and financial services. Xiamen's GDP has grown at an average annual rate of 15.4 percent since China's reform and opening-up four decades ago. In 2018, per capita GDP: 118,015 yuan ($ 17,105); per capita disposable income: 50,948 yuan; public financial budget revenue: 128.3 billion yuan; 1,626 hi-tech enterprises, accounting for 44 percent of
1421-447: The islands of Xiang'an in the east. Xiamen Island lies about one degree north of the Tropic of Cancer . It is divided between Huli District in the north and Siming District in the south. Siming also includes Gulangyu. Its mainland territory is divided among Haicang , Jimei , Tong'an , and Xiang'an districts. In the 19th century, Xiamen's harbor on Yundang Bay was considered one of
1470-548: The last snowfall in the city took place in January 1893, when snow also fell at Guangzhou , Macau, in the inland parts of Hong Kong and in the hills of Taipei . The area is known within China for its relatively low pollution. The area of Xiamen was largely bypassed by the Qin and Han conquests and colonization of Guangdong , which passed west of Fujian down the Lingqu Canal between
1519-463: The majority being Han people. There are also some ethnic minorities such as She and Hui. As with all of China, the official language is Mandarin. Migrants of non-Hokkien ancestry usually speak Mandarin and/or their inherent tongues. The indigenous language is Hokkien , a subgroup of Southern Min , with the Tong'an dialect being the most populous and prevalent. The Xiamen dialect is mostly defined to
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1568-422: The merging of many public universities , has been the rapid expansion of the private sector in mainland China since 1990s. Although private university enrollments are not clear, one report listed that in 2006 private universities accounted for approximately 6%, or about 1.3 million, of the 20 million students enrolled in formal higher education in China. The quality of universities and higher education in China
1617-575: The next year. Trade resumed in 1685 and continued until the imposition of the Canton System . However, despite the Canton system which restricted Western trade to the port of Guangzhou, the Spanish were still allowed to trade in Xiamen. However, the Spanish rarely used this privilege as Chinese traders would ship their goods from Xiamen to Manila and vice versa, which was more profitable for both sides. By
1666-520: The populace are migrants. According to the 2020 Census , Xiamen has a population of 5,163,970 inhabitants. According to the 2010 Census , Xiamen has a population of 3,531,347 inhabitants, almost 1.8 times the population counted for the last census in 2000 (which was of 2,053,070 inhabitants). The annual average population growth was of 5.57% for the period 2000–2010. This masks the population explosion in Jimei District , however, which quadrupled since
1715-462: The prior census; Huli District 's population more than doubled. The resident population was 1,967,800 in 2013 yearend, and with a population of 3.73 million (those residing at least half a year). The total resident population is said to be 4,255,000 in December 2014, without specifying what counts as a resident. By the end of 2022, the resident population of Xiamen has reached 5.308 million,
1764-453: The richest and most entrepreneurial and industrious in China, but the city was widely accounted the dirtiest city in China. Owing to local belief in feng shui , the streets were "as crooked as ram's horns" and averaged about 4 feet (1 m) in width to keep out sunlight and control public disturbances. Its population was estimated at 250,000 in the 1870s; by that point the island was largely barren and full of roughly 140 villages, with
1813-480: The southwest quarter of Xiamen Island, while the Zhangzhou dialect is spoken in a section of Haicang District. The English words "Amoy", "tea" ( Chinese : 茶 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : tê ), " cumshaw " ( 感謝 ; kám-siā ), " pekoe " ( 白毫 ; pe̍h-hô ), kowtow ( 磕頭 ; khàu-thâu ), and " ketchup " ( 鮭汁 ; koê-chiap ) are derived from the local Hokkien. The first evidence of organised religion existed in
1862-583: The time of the Xinhai Revolution , the native population of the city was estimated at 300,000 and the foreign settlement at 280. After the establishment of the Republic of China , the area around Xiamen was renamed Siming County . Xiamen's trade during the period was largely conducted through Taiwan , which had been seized by Japan during the First Sino-Japanese War . The Japanese subsequently claimed Fujian as their sphere of influence during
1911-403: The total number of Fujian province; 600.5 billion yuan of total foreign trade value; degree of dependence on foreign trade has reached 125 percent. By the end of 2018, Xiamen brought in a total of 14,818 foreign-invested projects; contractual foreign investments: $ 66 billion, actual foreign investments: $ 37.9 billion; 62 overseas Fortune 500 companies invested in 112 projects in Xiamen. Xiamen
1960-475: The world . It is the 4th port in China with the capacity to handle 6th-generation large container ships . On 31 August 2010, Xiamen Port incorporated the neighboring port of Zhangzhou to form the largest port of China's Southeast. Ever since the 12th century, Xiamen was also an important origin for many migrants to Singapore , Malaysia , Indonesia and the Philippines . The overseas Chinese used to support Xiamen's educational and cultural institutions. Xiamen
2009-551: The world's great natural harbors. Land reclamation has since been used to fill in the mouth of this inlet, turning it into Siming District's Yundang Lake. The municipal government is located on other reclaimed land beside it. The nearest point of Liehyu in the Kinmen Islands, Republic of China (Taiwan), lies only 6 kilometers (4 mi) off Xiamen Island. Xiamen Island is the fourth largest island in Fujian province. It became
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2058-507: The zone. After this expansion, the area of Xiamen Special Economic Zone reached 1,573 square kilometers, 11 times larger than before. Answering the call of the Belt and Road Initiative, Xiamen has focused on dealing with international competition with a more confident attitude and to facilitate the construction of the important hub city of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. In 2001, the governments of mainland China and Taiwan agreed to initiate
2107-521: Was based on the same name's pronunciation in the Zhangzhou dialect of Hokkien , Ē͘-mûi . Xiamen is a sub-provincial city in southeastern Fujian whose urban core grew up from the port of Xiamen on southern Xiamen Island , now located within Siming District . It now also includes Gulangyu Island and the rugged coast of the mainland from the northeast bank of the Jiulong River in the west to
2156-403: Was formerly written using, Chinese : 下門 ; lit. 'Lower Gate', and then changed into Chinese : 廈門 ; lit. 'Mansion Gate' or "Gate of China". After the fall of the Ming dynasty, Zheng Chenggong , or Koxinga, a Ming loyalist and general, occupied Xiamen island as an anti- Qing base. In 1650, the seventh year of Emperor Shunzhi of the Qing dynasty, Zheng set
2205-526: Was in return restored after the Xinhai Revolution that inaugurated the republic in 1912. The island's name of 廈門 was restored in 1933, along with Xiamen being administratively planned as a city, the first of its kind in Fujian province. 思明 continues to be used as the name of one of its districts. Xiamen is the atonal pinyin romanization of the characters' pronunciation in Mandarin . It has also been romanized as Hiamen . The older English name "Amoy"
2254-515: Was left to hold Gulangyu. The next year, the Treaty of Nanjing made Xiamen one of the first five ports opened to British trade , which had previously been legally restricted to Guangzhou . Subsequent treaties opened the port to other international powers. As the primary international port for Fujian, particularly Zhangzhou and its hinterland, Xiamen became a center of China's tea trade , with hundreds of thousands of tons shipped yearly to Europe and
2303-456: Was merged into Jimei District; and Xiang'an District was created out of a section of Tong'an District. Xiamen has a diverse and well-developed economy. It is the first to refer to the business environment indexes of the World Bank with the aim of creating world's first-rated business environment. In 2018, its business environment ranked 2nd among 22 cities across the country that was evaluated by
2352-410: Was officially started on 15 October 1981. In 1984, Xiamen Special Economic Zone was expanded from an area of 2.5 square kilometers of Huli to 131 square kilometers of the whole island. The city grew and prospered. In June 2010, Xiamen Special Economic Zone was expanded to the whole Xiamen city, and four districts outside Xiamen Island – including Jimei, Haicang, Tongan and Xiang'an – were included into
2401-820: Was termed in the heady propaganda of the time. Due to political tensions, the eastern half of Xiamen Island and much of the Fujian Coast facing the offshore islands remained undeveloped in the 1960s and 1970s. The Water Police and Post-Office were situated directly across the water from the American embassy. When Deng Xiaoping initiated his Opening Up Policy , Xiamen was made one of the first four special economic zones in 1980, with special investment and trade regulations attracting foreign investment , particularly from overseas Chinese. The construction of Huli Export Processing Zone in Xiamen Special Economic Zone
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