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44-626: In 1720, Jiamusi was first named Giyamusi ( ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠮᡠᠰᡳ , 甲母克寺噶珊，嘉木寺 ) during the Kangxi period by the Nanai people. The word Giyamusi originally means "inn" in the Manchu language . Because of the harsh climate and short growing season, the region of modern day Jiamusi was largely uncultivated. Since the Qing government opened Manchuria for farming in order to prevent the conquest of the area by Russia , Jiamusi developed as

88-402: A bird and fly off. When an infant dies they are not buried. Instead they are wrapped in a paper made of birch bark and placed in a large tree somewhere in the forest. The soul of the child, or the bird, is then free to enter back into a woman. It is common practice in preparing a funeral rite of an infant to mark it with coal, such as drawing a bracelet around the wrist. If a child is later born to

132-416: A great reverence for the bear ( Doonta ) and the tiger ( Amba ). They consider that the shamans have the power to expel bad spirits by means of prayers to the gods. During the centuries they have been worshippers of the spirits of the sun, the moon, the mountains, the water and the trees. According to their beliefs, the land was once flat until great serpents gouged out the river valleys. They consider that all

176-529: A major transit port and distribution center of goods, and serves as the economic hub of eastern Heilongjiang province. In 2011, Jiamusi's GDP paced up to RMB 62.53 billion representing a steady growth of 14.2% from a year earlier. In 2015, Jiamusi has a GDP of RMB 81.01 billion. Jiamusi is an agricultural production hub in Heilongjiang Province. Value-added output from the agricultural sector increased 14.2% to RMB 18.92 billion in 2011. Crop production of

220-474: A rise of 6.1% over the previous year. while import value stood at US$ 640 million, increased 197.5% year on year. Russia is Jiamusi's largest foreign trade partner. In 2011, foreign trade with Russia amounted to US$ 900 million, increased 24.5% over the previous year, accounting for 24.66% of the city's foreign trade. The utilized FDI in Jiamusi hit US$ 150 million in 2011, increased 33.5% over the previous year. Jiamusi

264-519: A small trading post under the name Dongxing ( 東興鎮 ) since 1888. When Han Chinese and Manchu settlers began to move into the area, Jiamusi became the seat of a county administration, under the name Huachuan in 1910. However, the county seat was moved 30 miles to the north to Haoli ( Hegang ) after several destructive floods. After the Xinhai Revolution , as the Han Chinese continued to move in,

308-427: A special ritual must be performed to chase the evil spirit away. After death, a person's soul is put into a temporary shelter made of cloth, called a lachako. The souls of the deceased will remain in the lachako for seven days before being moved to a wooden sort of doll called a panyo , where it will remain until the final funerary ritual. The panyo is taken care of as if it is a living person; for example, it

352-631: A woman that has similar markings to those drawn on a deceased child then it is believed to be the same soul reborn. The deceased were normally buried in the ground with the exception of children who died prior to the first birthday; these are buried in tree branches as a "wind burial". Many Nanai are also Tibetan Buddhist . In Russia the Nanai live on the Sea of Okhotsk , on the Amur River , downstream from Khabarovsk , on both sides of Komsomolsk-on-Amur , as well as on

396-517: Is 84%.) However, as of 2005 teachers have recently finished compiling what is probably the first Hezhe language textbook. The 2000 Chinese census recorded 4640 Nanai in China. (Only includes counties or county-equivalents containing >0.45% of China's Nanai population.) China national bandy team China national bandy team represents the People's Republic of China in international bandy and

440-603: Is a major port along the downstream of Songhua River . The port was expanded in 1937 and became a Steel-structured-port. However, The annual throughput of the port was less than 120 thousand tons per year until PRC's foundation in 1949. In 2014 the annual throughput was about 1 million tons per year. Available from mid-April until the beginning of November, passenger ships sail from Jiamusi up the Songhua River to Qiqihar, Harbin or downstream to Tongjiang and Khabarovsk in Russia. Jiamusi

484-521: Is a transportation hub in northeast Heilongjiang. Suijia (Suihua-Jiamusi) Railway and Tujia (Tumen-Jiamusi) Railway meet here. Trains from Jiamusi Railway Station connect the city with Beijing, Jinan, Dalian, Harbin, Tianjin and several other cities in China. On September 30, 2018, the Harbin–Jiamusi intercity railway was opened to passenger traffic, which shortened the travel time between Jiamusi and Harbin from six hours to two and half hours. Jiamusi

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528-430: Is also an important harbour for international trade in northeastern China. Jiamusi is located in eastern Heilongjiang province. Located at latitude 45° 56′−48° 28′ N and longitude 129° 29′−135° 05' E, containing China' easternmost point, although the urban area of Shuangyashan lies further to the east of Jiamusi. Neighbouring prefectures are: It also borders Russia's Khabarovsk Krai to the east. The average elevation in

572-420: Is given a bed to sleep in each night, with a pillow and blanket to match its miniature size. The closest family member is in charge of taking care of the deceased’s panyo . Each night this family member puts the panyo to bed and then wakes it in the morning. The panyo has a small hole carved where the mouth of a person would be, so that a pipe may occasionally be placed there and allow the deceased to smoke. If

616-580: Is governed by the China Bandy Federation . It made its World Championship debut in the 2015 Bandy World Championship , where they ended up in eighth place among nine teams in Group B. It played in the tournaments 2016 , 2017 and 2018 as well. 2018 its Division, B, was played at home, in Harbin . This article about a bandy team is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about

660-532: Is home to Jiamusi University . Formally part of Oroqen Banner in Inner Mongolia but administered de facto by Daxing'anling Prefecture in Heilongjiang. Nani people The Nanai people ( Russian : нанайцы , romanized :  nanaitsy ) are a Tungusic people of East Asia who have traditionally lived along Heilongjiang (Amur), Songhuajiang (Sunggari) and Wusuli River (Ussuri) on

704-546: Is served by the G1011 Harbin-Tongjiang Expressway , the G11 Hegang-Dalian Expressway , as well as six other highways, forming a comprehensive highway network. Jiamusi Dongjiao Airport is 9 km (5.6 mi) east of the city center, which offers flights to a number of domestic destinations and international destinations such as Khabarovsk and Seoul . First built in 1919, Jiamusi Port

748-671: The 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China where they are known as "Hezhe" ( 赫哲族 ; Hèzhé Zú ). According to the last census of 2004, they numbered 4,640 in China (mostly in Heilongjiang province). Chinese Nanai speak the Hezhen dialect of Nanai . They also have a rich oral literature known as the Yimakan . The dialect does not have a written system in China and Nanai usually write in Chinese. (Second language literacy

792-816: The European languages belong to the French Jesuit geographers travelling on the Ussuri and the Amur in 1709. According to them, the native people living on the Ussuri and on the Amur above the mouth of the Dondon River (which falls into the Amur between today's Khabarovsk and Komsomolsk-on-Amur ) were known as Yupi Tartars, while the name of the people living on the Dondon and on the Amur below Dondon

836-598: The Middle Amur Basin . The ancestors of the Nanai were the Wild Jurchens of northernmost Manchuria (outside China- Russian Manchuria ). The Nanai language belongs to the Manchu-Tungusic family . According to the 2010 census there were 12,003 Nanai in Russia. Common names for these people include Nanai ( Nanai : нанай , нани , IPA: [nanai] , lit.   ' natives, locals, people of

880-571: The Nanai the name "Fish-skin Tartars " ( Chinese : 鱼皮鞑子 ; pinyin : Yúpí Dázi ). This name has also been applied, more generically, to other aboriginal groups of the lower Sungari and lower Amur basins. Agriculture entered the Nanai lands only slowly. Practically the only crop grown by the Yupi villagers on the Ussuri River shores in 1709 was some tobacco . The Nanai are mainly Shamanist , with

924-469: The Ussuri River in 1709), the economy of the people living there (who would be classified as Nanai, or possible Udege people , today) was based on fishing. The people would live in villages along the banks of the Ussuri, and would spend their entire summers fishing, eating fresh fish in the summer (particularly appreciating the sturgeon ), and drying more fish for eating in winter. Fish would be used as fodder for those few domestic animals they had (which made

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968-664: The Yupi and the Ketching was possible. Some Han Chinese are said to have founded clan subdivisions among the Nanai, and the Nanai have absorbed Manchu and Jurchens. Nanai culture is influenced by Han Chinese and Manchu culture, and the Nanai share a myth in common with southern Chinese. The Nanais at first fought against the Nurhaci and the Manchus, led by their own Nanai Hurka chief Sosoku before surrendering to Hongtaiji in 1631. Mandatory shaving of

1012-511: The annual mean is 4.0 °C (39.2 °F), and more than 60% of the year's precipitation occurs from June to August. The frost-free period is about 130 days per year, while mean annual precipitation is about 542.6 mm (21.36 in). Typically, the ground freezes to a depth of 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in), beginning to freeze in late November and beginning to thaw in late March. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −41.1 °C to 38.1 °C. On July 26, 2006, Yonghong District ( 永红区 )

1056-473: The area, not only from China but also from Korea and Japan , including the Development Group of Manchuria and Mongolia. After the construction of and Tumen -Jiamusi and Suihua -Jiamusi Railway continuously completed in 1937 and 1940, Jiamusi has become an agricultural products distribution center in Heilongjiang . After 1949, as Jiamusi was still the transport and communications center of this region,

1100-717: The banks of the Ussuri and the Girin rivers (the Samagirs ). The Russians formerly called them Goldi, after a Nanai clan name. According to the 2002 census , there were 12,160 Nanai in Russia . In the Soviet Union , a written standard of the Nanai language (based on Cyrillic ) was created by Valentin Avrorin and others. It is still taught today in 13 schools in Khabarovsk . The Nanai are one of

1144-435: The body is merely an outer shell for the soul. This concept of a continuing soul was not introduced to the Nanai by Christianity, but is original to them. The Nanai believe that each person has both a soul and a spirit. On death, the soul and spirit will go different ways. A person’s spirit becomes malevolent and begins to harm their living relatives. With time, these amban may be tamed and can later be worshipped; otherwise,

1188-457: The city rose 26.8% to 7.3 million tons. In 2011, gross industrial output from enterprises with designated size or above of the city surpassed RMB 39.34 billion, increased 35.5% year on year. Gross output from heavy industry amounted to RMB 22.77 billion, increasing by 38.7% compared with a year ago, while that from light industry reached RMB 16.57 billion, surging 31.4% from the previous year. Heavy industry and light industry made up 64% and 36% of

1232-408: The city's total gross industrial output. Electricity production and supply, construction materials, chemicals and agricultural products processing are the pillar industries in the city. Major industrial products in the city include cement, edible oils, fertilizer and feed. The industrial sector in Jiamusi is relatively weak compared with other cities in Heilongjiang such as Harbin and Daqing. In 2011,

1276-447: The family member travels they will bring the panyo with them. The dead’s final funerary ritual is called kasa tavori and lasts three days, during which there is much feasting and the souls of the deceased are prepared for their journey to the underworld. The most important part of the kasa tavori is held on the third day. On this day, the dead’s souls are moved from the panyo into large human-looking wooden figures made to be about

1320-418: The flesh of a locally raised pig almost inedible by visitors with European tastes). The traditional clothing was made out of fish skins. These skins were left to dry. Once dry, they were struck repeatedly with a mallet to leave them completely smooth. Finally they were sewn together. The fish chosen to be used were those weighing more than 50 kilograms. In the past centuries, this distinct practice earned

1364-403: The front of all male heads was imposed on Amur peoples conquered by the Qing including the Nanai people. The Amur peoples already wore the queue on the back of their heads but did not shave the front until the Qing subjected them and ordered them to shave. The term "shaved-head people" was used to describe the Nanai by Ulch people. As described by early visitors (e.g., Jesuit cartographers on

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1408-625: The land/earth ' ) and Hezhen ( хэдзэни , IPA: [χədʑən] ; Chinese : 赫哲族 ; pinyin : Hèzhézú ). There are also terms formerly in use: Goldi , Golds , Goldes , and Samagir . Other self names are Qilang ( IPA: [kilən] , lit.   ' those who live by the river ' ; Chinese: 奇楞 ), [nanio] and [nabəi] . [na] means 'land, earth, ground, country' or, in this context, 'native, local'; [nio] , [bəi] , or [nai] means 'people' in different dialects. The Russian linguist L. I. Sem gives

1452-409: The name Hezhe nai ( хэǯэ най ) or Hezheni ( хэǯэны , [xədʑən] ) and explains it as the self-name of the Nanai of the lower Amur, meaning 'people who live along the lower course of the river'. It is the source of the Chinese name for the Nanai, Hezhe ( 赫哲 ), formerly Heijin ( 黑斤 ) and Hezhehala ( 赫哲哈喇 ). Some of the earliest first-hand accounts of the Nanai people in

1496-521: The population of Jiamusi rose rapidly. Jiamusi continued to grow as a commercial center. As Jiamusi has become the largest harbor along the lower reaches of the Songhua River , a road system was constructed in order to provide convenient transport linking Jiamusi to several other important strongholds in northeastern China including Harbin and Nancha . As the Japanese invasion of Manchuria began, Jiamusi

1540-746: The prefecture is 85 metres (279 ft), with the terrain primarily consisting of plains. The total area of the prefecture is 31,258 square kilometres (12,069 sq mi). The confluence of the Amur , Songhua and Ussuri rivers meet in the east of the city. The Sanjiang Plain came into being because of the alluvion of these three large rivers. Jiamusi has a monsoon -influenced humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dwa ), with long, bitter, but dry winters, and humid and very warm summers. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −18.0 °C (−0.4 °F) in January to 22.5 °C (72.5 °F) in July, while

1584-434: The presence of a fire. Nanai shamans, like other Tungusic peoples of the region, had characteristic clothing, consisting of a skirt and jacket; a leather belt with conical metal pendants; mittens with figures of serpents, lizards or frogs; and hats with branching horns or bear, wolf, or fox fur attached to it. Bits of Chinese mirrors were also sometimes incorporated into the costume. When a person dies their soul lives on, as

1628-467: The rapid development of Jiamusi continued. Industries including manufacturing agricultural equipment, mining machinery, fertilizers, plastics, and chemicals were developed. Since one of the biggest paper mills in China was built in 1957, Jiamusi has been a major producer of wood pulp and newsprint. Because of being conveniently connected by air and water to Khabarovsk in the Russian Far East , Jiamusi

1672-422: The service sector became the largest contributor of the city, which gained value-added output of RMB 26.99 billion. This contributes 43.2% to Jiamusi's economy. With the consumer market being very active, sales of consumer goods in Jiamusi amounted to RMB 24.55 billion in 2011, rising 18.2% year on year. Foreign trade value increased 19.6% to RMB 3.65 billion in 2011. Export value was US$ 3.01 billion, representing

1716-484: The shaman leads the dog sleds on the dangerous journey to Buni , from where she must leave before sunset or else she will die. After kasa tavori , it has previously been practiced that the living relatives could no longer visit the graves of the deceased, or even talk about them. The souls of Nanai infants do not behave in the same manner as an adult’s. For the Nanai, children under a year old are not yet people, but are birds. When an infant dies, its soul will turn into

1760-441: The size of the deceased, called mugdeh. These mugdeh are moved into a dog sled that will be used to transport them to the underworld, Buni . Before leaving for Buni , the shaman communicates any last wills of the deceased to the gathered family. For example, in the anthropologist Gaer’s account of this ritual, one soul asked his family to repay a debt to a neighbor that the deceased was never able to repay. After this ceremony,

1804-407: The things of the universe possess their own spirit and that these spirits wander independently throughout the world. In the Nanai religion, inanimate objects were often personified. Fire, for example, was personified as an elderly woman whom the Nanai referred to as Fadzya Mama. Young children were not allowed to run up to the fire, since they might startle Fadzya Mama, and men always were courteous in

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1848-509: Was established as an administrative centre of the puppet Manchukuo government. Going by the name Kiamusze, Jiamusi was also the capital of Sanjiang province  [ zh ] . Jiamusi was regarded as an important military strongpoint to defend the Soviet Red Army 's possible invasion. In 1937, the City of Jiamusi was established. It also became a major military base. Many settlers came into

1892-508: Was merged into Jiao District ( 郊区 ). Five of the players in the national bandy team at their first World Championships came from Jiamusi. [1] It's one of the cities in which China Bandy Federation explores the potential for further development. [2] Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine The 13,000-capacity Jiamusi Stadium is located in the city. It opened in 2012 and it is used mainly for football. Jiamusi has long been

1936-600: Was transcribed by the Jesuits into French as Ketching . The latter name may be the French transcription of the reported self-name of the Nanai of the lower Amur, [xədʑən] , which was also applied to the closely related Ulch people. According to the Jesuits, the language of the Yupi people seemed to occupy an intermediate position between the Manchu language and that of the "Ketching" people ( Chinese : 盖青 ; pinyin : Gàiqīng ); some level of communication between

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