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89-603: The fellowship is a branch member of the International Fellowship of Reconciliation . The JPF produces literature about peacemaking , nonviolent activism , and registering as a conscientious objector. The Jewish Peace Fellowship maintains its archive at the American Jewish Historical Society/Center for Jewish History in NYC This article about a subject related to a Jewish organization

178-773: A Christian pacifist conference in Konstanz , southern Germany (near Switzerland), where the World Alliance for the promotion international Friendship through the Churches (World Alliance, WA) was formed. According to the mythotology of the IFOR, on the platform of the railway station at Cologne , they pledged to each other that, "We are one in Christ and can never be at war". After coming into his home country, Hodgkins invited his Quaker – and often socialist – friends, such as Kees Boeke , to organize

267-471: A Peace Ship to Europe, to help end the raging World War. He brought 170 peace activists; Jane Addams was a key supporter who became too ill to join him. Ford talked to President Woodrow Wilson about the mission but had no government support. His group met with peace activists in neutral Sweden and the Netherlands. A target of much ridicule, Ford left the ship as soon as it reached Sweden. A popular slogan

356-536: A Christian revolution that is based on love and nonviolence. The first headquarters of the Christian international was in Holland. Later, in 1923, Headquarters were moved to England, when the movements name was transformed to IFOR. This International Fellowship of Reconciliation became an umbrella organisation to which national branches of Fellowship of Reconciliation affiliated themselves as members. IFOR first secretary

445-583: A ban on land mines, and oppose nuclear weapons and all other weapons of mass destruction. During their annual meeting, European members from different branches of the International Fellowship of Reconciliation issued the Declaration of Prali, in occasion of the Global day of Action on Military Spending, 17 April 2012. The Peace and Constitution Committee Working Group promotes actions to raise awareness on

534-574: A conference in Cambridge in 1915, in which the "Fellowship of Reconciliation" (FOR England) was established. The German branch, Versöhnungsbund, was founded later. It held its first conference in 1932, but in 1933, when Hitler came to power, it dissolved. Schultze was arrested 27 times during World War I and was forced to live in exile during the Nazi period. FOR Germany was officially reestablished just in 1956 with Dr Siegmund Schultze as president. Shortly after

623-402: A disciple of Tolstoy because they agreed on the issues of opposition to state authority and colonialism, loathed violence, and preached non-resistance. However, they differed on political strategy. Gandhi called for political involvement; a nationalist, he was prepared to use nonviolent force but was also willing to compromise. Gandhi was the first person to apply the principle of nonviolence on

712-430: A high level of nonviolence required great faith and courage, which not everyone possessed. He advised that everyone need not strictly adhere to nonviolence, especially if it was a cover for cowardice: "Where there is only a choice between cowardice and violence, I would advise violence." Gandhi came under political fire for his criticism of those who attempted to achieve independence through violence. He responded, "There

801-624: A large scale. The concepts of nonviolence ( ahimsa ) and nonresistance have a long history in Indian religious and philosophical thought, and have had a number of revivals in Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, Jewish and Christian contexts. Gandhi explained his philosophy and way of life in his autobiography, The Story of My Experiments with Truth . Some of his remarks were widely quoted, such as "There are many causes that I am prepared to die for, but no causes that I am prepared to kill for." Gandhi later realized that

890-412: A leading industrialist gave him a worldview that warfare was wasteful folly that retarded long-term economic growth. The losing side in the war typically suffered heavy damage. Small business were especially hurt, for it takes years to recuperate. He argued in many newspaper articles that capitalism would discourage warfare because, "If every man who manufactures an article would make the very best he can in

979-464: A shared purpose and constituting a single movement has been called " the peace movement", or an all-encompassing "anti-war movement". Seen from this perspective, they are often indistinguishable and constitute a loose, responsive, event-driven collaboration between groups motivated by humanism , environmentalism , veganism , anti-racism , feminism , decentralization , hospitality , ideology , theology , and faith . Ideas differ about what "peace"

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1068-581: A strong international organization which could enforce peaceful conflict resolution. Later that year, the League to Enforce Peace was established in the United States to promote similar goals. Hamilton Holt published "The Way to Disarm: A Practical Proposal", an editorial in the Independent (his New York City weekly magazine) on September 28, 1914. The editorial called for an international organization to agree on

1157-505: A tense historical moment, IFOR members discussed about the necessity of disarmament and of a new role of Churches, asking clergymen to make a strong stand against the idea of "righteous wars". In 1932, the IFOR led a Youth Crusade across Europe in support of the Geneva World Disarmament Conference. Protestants and Catholics from all over converged on Geneva by various routes, reaching over 50,000 people and presenting to

1246-446: Is (or should be), which results in a number of movements seeking different ideals of peace. Although "anti-war" movements often have short-term goals, peace movements advocate an ongoing lifestyle and a proactive government policy. It is often unclear whether a movement, or a particular protest, is against war in general or against one's government's participation in a war. This lack of clarity (or long-term continuity) has been part of

1335-845: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . International Fellowship of Reconciliation Blas García Noriega - Vice president The International Fellowship of Reconciliation ( IFOR ) is a non-governmental organization founded in 1914 in response to the horrors of war in Europe. Today IFOR counts 71 branches, groups and affiliates in 48 countries on all continents. IFOR members promote nonviolence , human rights and reconciliation through public education efforts, training programs and campaigns. The IFOR International Secretariat in Utrecht , Netherlands facilitates communication among IFOR members, links branches to capacity building resources, provides training in gender-sensitive nonviolence through

1424-430: Is an example of an organization which seeks to merge all peace-movement and green organizations; they may have diverse goals, but have the common ideal of peace and humane sustainability. A concern of some peace activists is the challenge of attaining peace when those against peace often use violence as their means of communication and empowerment. A global affiliation of activists and political interests viewed as having

1513-481: Is an integral part of IFOR's fundamental values and is a core spiritual value. A transformation of the power relations between women and men is a prerequisite for a culture of peace and non-violence, and must be promoted throughout IFOR. The Women Peacemaker Program (WPP) is an IFOR program that works to ensure the possibility for women's access to peace negotiations and promotes the application of IFOR's Gender Policy. The successful program has been institutionalized by

1602-406: Is based on faith in the goodness of human nature. Gandhi was strongly influenced by the pacifism of Leo Tolstoy . Tolstoy wrote A Letter to a Hindu in 1908, which said that the Indian people could overthrow colonial rule only through passive resistance . In 1909, Gandhi and Tolstoy began a correspondence about the practical and theological applications of nonviolence . Gandhi saw himself as

1691-408: Is his body of ideas and principles Gandhi promoted. One of its most important concepts is nonviolent resistance. According to M. M. Sankhdher, Gandhism is not a systematic position in metaphysics or political philosophy but a political creed, an economic doctrine, a religious outlook, a moral precept, and a humanitarian worldview. An effort not to systematize wisdom but to transform society, it

1780-573: The American Friends Service Committee . Jeannette Rankin (the first woman elected to Congress) was another advocate of pacifism, and the only person to vote "no" on the U.S. entrance into both world wars. Peace promotion was a major activity of American automaker and philanthropist Henry Ford (1863-1947). He set up a $ 1 million fund to promote peace, and published numerous antiwar articles and ads in hundreds of newspapers. According to biographer Steven Watts, Ford's status as

1869-663: The Catholic Worker Movement urged young Americans not to enlist in the military. Peace movements have become widespread throughout the world since World War II, and their previously-radical beliefs are now a part of mainstream political discourse. Peace movements emerged in Japan, combining in 1954 to form the Japanese Council Against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs. Japanese opposition to the Pacific nuclear-weapons tests

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1958-685: The Convention on the Rights of the Child . This is done through various presentations and training programs, as well as through the creation of resource materials and contact with trainers and resource people. Thanks to the Youth Working Group, IFOR provides young people with the skills and opportunities to become active peacemakers. This is done through nonviolence and leadership training, campaigning, and through internships with IFOR branches and groups, or with

2047-624: The Fellowship of Reconciliation ), and individuals such as José Brocca and Amparo Poch . Activists on the left often put their pacifism on pause in order to help the war effort of the Spanish government. Shortly after the war ended, Simone Weil (despite volunteering for service on the Republican side) published The Iliad or the Poem of Force , which has been described as a pacifist manifesto. In response to

2136-708: The Inter-Parliamentary Union , the first international organization for the arbitration of conflicts, in 1889. The National Peace Council was founded after the 17th Universal Peace Congress in London in July and August 1908. In the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the novelist Baroness Bertha von Suttner (1843–1914) after 1889 became a leading figure in the peace movement with the publication of her pacifist novel, Die Waffen nieder! ( Lay Down Your Arms! ). The book

2225-526: The Nobel Peace Prize : "Linus Carl Pauling, who ever since 1946 has campaigned ceaselessly, not only against nuclear weapons tests, not only against the spread of these armaments, not only against their very use but against all warfare as a means of solving international conflicts." Pauling founded the International League of Humanists in 1974; he was president of the scientific advisory board of

2314-581: The Peace Movement of World Alliance, the conferees wanted to establish organization that has its basis more in Christian socialism . Through their work they wanted to oppose the revolutionary ideas of the Communist International and offer a better solution for social justice. In their first declaration, the conferees said that they want to follow the revolutionary ideals of Christ in order to achieve

2403-482: The Peace Pledge Union in 1934, renouncing war and aggression. The idea of collective security was also popular; instead of outright pacifism, the public generally exhibited a determination to stand up to aggression with economic sanctions and multilateral negotiations. The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) was a major test of international pacifism, pacifist organizations (such as War Resisters' International and

2492-667: The Women's International League for Peace and Freedom , the No More War Movement , and the Peace Pledge Union (PPU). The League of Nations convened several disarmament conferences, such as the Geneva Conference . They achieved very little. However the Washington conference of 1921-1922 did successfully limit naval armaments of the major powers during the 1920s. The Women's International League for Peace and Freedom helped convince

2581-745: The World Union for Protection of Life , and a signatory of the Dubrovnik-Philadelphia Statement . On June 12, 1982, one million people demonstrated in New York City's Central Park against nuclear weapons and for an end to the Cold War arms race . It was the largest anti-nuclear protest and the largest political demonstration in American history. International Day of Nuclear-disarmament protests were held on June 20, 1983, at 50 locations across

2670-727: The article 9 of the Japanese Constitution which denounces war and war-preparation activities. In 2006 IFOR adopted a Gender Policy in which IFOR recognizes that there is a continuum of violence against women that must be confronted, from family violence in the private sphere to armed conflict in the public sphere. Unequal power relations between women and men are one root of violence, conflict and militarization, where women are often severely abused. Gender justice means that women and men can equally contribute to and benefit from peace building, non-violent conflict resolution and reconciliation. This gender policy recognizes that gender equality

2759-577: The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The protest was the largest anti-nuclear rally in the U.S. for several decades. In Britain, there were many protests against the government's proposal to replace the aging Trident weapons system with newer missiles. The largest of the protests had 100,000 participants and, according to polls, 59 percent of the public opposed the move. The International Conference on Nuclear Disarmament , held in Oslo in February 2008,

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2848-612: The environmental movement . These movements led to the formation of Green parties in a number of democratic countries in the late 20th century. The peace movement has influenced these parties in countries such as Germany . The first mass peace movements were the Peace of God ( Latin : Pax Dei , proclaimed in AD 989 at the Council of Charroux) and the Truce of God, which was proclaimed in 1027. The Peace of God

2937-567: The Brethren . The Quakers were prominent advocates of pacifism, who had repudiated all forms of violence and adopted a pacifist interpretation of Christianity as early as 1660. Throughout the 18th-century wars in which Britain participated, the Quakers maintained a principled commitment not to serve in an army or militia and not pay the alternative £10 fine. The major 18th-century peace movements were products of two schools of thought which coalesced at

3026-575: The CND, was held on Easter 1958. Several thousand people marched for four days from Trafalgar Square in London to the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment , near Aldermaston in Berkshire , to demonstrate their opposition to nuclear weapons. The Aldermaston marches continued into the late 1960s, when tens of thousands of people participated in the four-day marches. The CND tapped into

3115-587: The Cambridge conference, in the autumn of 1915, Henry Hodgkin went over to America and, 11 and 12 November, the American Fellowship was founded during a Conference at Garden City, Long Island. More than a thousand members enrolled in the American Fellowship before and during the war, which, for the US, begun on 6 April 1917. Also, Cornelius Boeke made a trip to Europe, where he established international social networks for

3204-562: The Committee of 100 had a non-hierarchical structure and no formal membership, many local groups assumed the name. Although this helped civil disobedience to spread, it produced policy confusion; as the 1960s progressed, a number of Committee of 100 groups protested against social issues not directly related to war and peace. In 1961, at the height of the Cold War , about 50,000 women brought together by Women Strike for Peace marched in 60 cities in

3293-618: The Conference a petition calling for total disarmament among the nations. At the end of the 1930s, given the unstable international situation, IFOR established Embassies of Reconciliation that initiated peace efforts not only in Europe but in Japan and China as well. "Ambassadors of Reconciliation", such as George Lansbury, Muriel Lester and Anne Seesholtz, visited many world leaders, including Adolf Hitler , Benito Mussolini , Leon Blum and Franklin D Roosevelt . Muriel Lester, English social worker, served as IFOR travelling secretary throughout

3382-637: The German occupation) died in concentration camps. Austrian farmer Franz Jägerstätter was executed in 1943 for refusing to serve in the Wehrmacht . Conscientious objectors and war tax resisters existed in both world wars, and the United States government allowed sincere objectors to serve in non-combat military roles. However, draft resisters who refused any cooperation with the war effort often spent much of each war in federal prisons. During World War II, pacifist leaders such as Dorothy Day and Ammon Hennacy of

3471-496: The International Secretariat. Religion has on occasion played a central role in fomenting conflict but can also be a source of inspiration and leadership for peace. IFOR sponsors interfaith delegations to areas of conflict and publishes material on nonviolence from different religious traditions. Since its founding, IFOR has opposed war and preparations for war. IFOR members support conscientious objectors, campaign for

3560-611: The Labour Party. Two years after the CND's formation, president Bertrand Russell resigned to form the Committee of 100 ; the committee planned to conduct sit-down demonstrations in central London and at nuclear bases around the UK. Russell said that the demonstrations were necessary because the press had become indifferent to the CND and large-scale, direct action could force the government to change its policy. One hundred prominent people, many in

3649-503: The Middle East grew consistently also thanks to the work of Jean Goss and Hildegard Goss-Mayr from Paris and Vienna, three times nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize . New Zealand pacifist Ormond Burton represented the IFOR in that nation. From such labors arose Servicio Paz y Justicia (SERPAJ) throughout Latin America. SERPAJ's founder Adolfo Perez Esquivel from Argentina was awarded

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3738-708: The Nobel Peace Prize in 1980. SERPAJ participated in the nonviolent resistance to Chile's 16-year-long military dictatorship, which culminates in free elections that restored democracy. Hildegard Goss-Mayrs' training in active nonviolence contributed significantly to the people power overthrow of the Ferdinand Marcos dictatorship in the Philippines in 1986, as well as the growth of nonviolent movements in Asia and Africa. The Goss-Mayrs, IFOR Honorary Presidents, were central to

3827-504: The Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace, was formed by philanthropist William Allen in 1816 to promote permanent, universal peace. During the 1840s, British women formed 15-to-20 person "Olive Leaf Circles" to discuss and promote pacifist ideas. The London Peace Society's influence began to grow during the mid-nineteenth century. Under Elihu Burritt and Henry Richard ,

3916-810: The Soviet Union in 1941. Although mainstream isolationist groups such as the America First Committee declined after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , a number of small religious and socialist groups continued their opposition to the war. Bertrand Russell said that the necessity of defeating Adolf Hitler and the Nazis was a unique circumstance in which war was not the worst possible evil, and called his position "relative pacifism". Albert Einstein wrote, "I loathe all armies and any kind of violence, yet I'm firmly convinced that at present these hateful weapons offer

4005-511: The U.S. Senate to launch an influential investigation by the Nye Committee to the effect that the munitions industry and Wall Street financiers had promoted American entry into World War I to cover their financial investments. The immediate result was a series of laws imposing neutrality on American business if other countries went to war. Pacifism and revulsion to war were popular sentiments in 1920s Britain. A number of novels and poems about

4094-459: The United Nations, United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and UNESCO organizations. Six Nobel Peace Prize recipients are members of IFOR: Peace Movement A peace movement is a social movement which seeks to achieve ideals such as the ending of a particular war (or wars) or minimizing inter-human violence in a particular place or situation. They are often linked to

4183-454: The United States many FOR members refused military service. Many of the members of the FOR were accused for supporting of being pro-German because of their peace endeavours and this led even to physical assaults of the members of FOR. After the end of war, in 1919, the deported Kees Boeke and Henry Hodgkin met in Holland, where they decided to organize the first international conference, which led to

4272-443: The United States to demonstrate against nuclear weapons. It was the century's largest national women's peace protest . In 1958, Linus Pauling and his wife presented the United Nations with a petition signed by more than 11,000 scientists calling for an end to nuclear weapons testing . The 1961 Baby Tooth Survey , co-founded by Dr. Louise Reiss , indicated that above-ground nuclear testing posed significant public health risks in

4361-617: The United States was the New York Peace Society , founded in 1815 by theologian David Low Dodge , followed by the Massachusetts Peace Society . The groups merged into the American Peace Society , which held weekly meetings and produced literature that was spread as far as Gibraltar and Malta describing the horrors of war and advocating pacifism on Christian grounds. The London Peace Society , also known as

4450-576: The United States. In 1986, hundreds of people walked from Los Angeles to Washington, D.C. in the Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament . Many Nevada Desert Experience protests and peace camps were held at the Nevada Test Site during the 1980s and 1990s. Forty thousand anti-nuclear and anti-war protesters marched past the United Nations in New York on May 1, 2005, 60 years after

4539-460: The Women Peacemakers Program, and helps coordinate international campaigns, delegations and urgent actions. IFOR has ECOSOC status at the United Nations . The first body to use the name " Fellowship of Reconciliation " was formed as a result of a pact made in August 1914 at the outbreak of the First World War by two Christians , Henry Hodgkin (an English Quaker ) and Friedrich Siegmund-Schultze (a German Lutheran ), who were participating in

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4628-418: The arbitration of disputes and guarantee the territorial integrity of its members by maintaining military forces sufficient to defeat those of any non-member. The ensuing debate among prominent internationalists modified Holt's plan to align it more closely with proposals in Great Britain put forth by Viscount James Bryce , a former ambassador from the U.K. to the U.S. These and other initiatives were pivotal to

4717-425: The arms you have as being useless for saving you or humanity. You will invite Herr Hitler and Signor Mussolini to take what they want of the countries you call your possessions ... If these gentlemen choose to occupy your homes, you will vacate them. If they do not give you free passage out, you will allow yourselves man, woman, and child to be slaughtered, but you will refuse to owe allegiance to them." Although

4806-434: The arts, attached their names to the organization. Large numbers of demonstrators were essential to their strategy but police violence, the arrest and imprisonment of demonstrators, and preemptive arrests for conspiracy diminished support. Although several prominent people took part in sit-down demonstrations (including Russell, whose imprisonment at age 89 was widely reported), many of the 100 signatories were inactive. Since

4895-409: The attitude changes which gave rise to the League of Nations after the war. In addition to the peace churches, groups which protested against the war included the Woman's Peace Party (organized in 1915 and led by Jane Addams ), the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace (ICWPP) (also organized in 1915), the American Union Against Militarism , the Fellowship of Reconciliation , and

4984-478: The belief that humans should not wage war or engage in ethnic cleansing about language, race, or natural resources , or engage in ethical conflict over religion or ideology . Long-term opponents of war are characterized by the belief that military power does not equal justice . The peace movement opposes the proliferation of dangerous technology and weapons of mass destruction , particularly nuclear weapons and biological warfare . Many adherents object to

5073-415: The end of 2012. IFOR maintains permanent representatives at the United Nations (UN) in New York, Geneva, Vienna and Paris (UNESCO) who regularly participate in conferences and meetings of UN bodies, providing testimony and expertise from different regional perspectives, promoting non-violent alternatives in the fields of human rights, development, and disarmament. IFOR has observer and consultative status to

5162-510: The end of the century. One, rooted in the secular Age of Enlightenment , promoted peace as the rational antidote to the world's ills; the other was part of the evangelical religious revival which had played an important role in the campaign for the abolition of slavery . Representatives of the former included Jean-Jacques Rousseau , in Extrait du Projet de Paix Perpetuelle de Monsieur l'Abbe Saint-Pierre (1756); Immanuel Kant in Thoughts on Perpetual Peace , and Jeremy Bentham , who proposed

5251-455: The export of weapons (including hand-held machine guns and grenades ) by leading economic nations to developing countries. The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute has voiced a concern that artificial intelligence , molecular engineering , genetics and proteomics have destructive potential. The peace movement intersects with Neo-Luddism and primitivism , and with mainstream critics such as Green parties , Greenpeace and

5340-428: The form of radioactive fallout spread primarily via milk from cows which ate contaminated grass. Public pressure and the research results then led to a moratorium on above ground nuclear weapons testing, followed by the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed in 1963 by John F. Kennedy , Nikita Khrushchev , and Harold Macmillan . On the day that the treaty went into force, the Nobel Prize Committee awarded Pauling

5429-411: The formation of " Movement towards a Christian international " (Christian international), which later became the "International Fellowship of Reconciliation." The conference was held in Boekes house in the town of Bilthoven where 50 pacifists from ten different countries met. Many of the pacifists became straight to Bilthoven from the conference of World Alliance organized in Haag day before. In relation to

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5518-490: The formation of a peace association in 1789. One representative of the latter was William Wilberforce ; Wilberforce thought that by following the Christian ideals of peace and brotherhood, strict limits should be imposed on British involvement in the French Revolutionary Wars . During the Napoleonic Wars (1793-1814), no formal peace movement was established in Britain until hostilities ended. A significant grassroots peace movement, animated by universalist ideals, emerged from

5607-414: The futility of war and the slaughter of youth by old fools were published, including Death of a Hero by Richard Aldington , Erich Maria Remarque 's All Quiet on the Western Front and Beverley Nichols ' Cry Havoc! A 1933 University of Oxford debate on the proposed motion that "one must fight for King and country" reflected the changed mood when the motion was defeated. Dick Sheppard established

5696-413: The global peace movement seek to guarantee health security by ending war and ensure what they view as basic human rights , including the right of all people to have access to clean air, water, food, shelter and health care . Activists seek social justice in the form of equal protection and equal opportunity under the law for groups which had been disenfranchised. The peace movement is characterized by

5785-843: The global spread of active nonviolence movement. IFOR has 71 member organizations in 48 countries in all continents. Since the initiation of the United Nations Decade for a Culture of Peace and Nonviolence for the Children of the World, in 2001, IFOR members have been active in working for peace education and in working to establish national coalitions to support the Decade. IFOR assists groups and individuals to find ways in which they can transform conflicts into positive and growth oriented interactions that involve dialogue and lead to reconciliation. The Nonviolent Education Program aims at supporting sustainable implementation of nonviolence/nonviolent education, peace education and violence prevention in compulsory kindergarten and school education and thus consequent implementation of Children's Rights expressed in

5874-551: The globe. Immediately after Bilthoven IFOR appointed travelling secretaries such as John Nevin Sayre , André Trocmé , Muriel Lester , Henri Rose and Percy Bartlett. They travelled carrying the Fellowship's messages around Europe, in Scandinavia, Central Europe, Poland, the Baltic States and the Balkans, giving life to several international conferences that took place between the two world wars. The first one gathered 200 delegates from 20 nations (also India, Burma and Ukraine) in Sonntagberg in Austria. Many others followed and, in such

5963-602: The goal of achieving world peace . Some of the methods used to achieve these goals include advocacy of pacifism , nonviolent resistance , diplomacy , boycotts , peace camps , ethical consumerism , supporting anti-war political candidates, supporting legislation to remove profits from government contracts to the military–industrial complex , banning guns , creating tools for open government and transparency , direct democracy , supporting whistleblowers who expose war crimes or conspiracies to create wars , demonstrations , and political lobbying . The political cooperative

6052-403: The only effective protection." French pacifists André and Magda Trocmé helped to conceal hundreds of Jews fleeing the Nazis in the village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon . After the war, the Trocmés were declared Righteous Among the Nations . Pacifists in Nazi Germany were treated harshly. German pacifist Carl von Ossietzky and Norwegian pacifist Olaf Kullmann (who remained active during

6141-436: The onset of the First World War was generally greeted with enthusiastic patriotism across Europe, peace groups were active in condemning the war. Many socialist groups and movements were antimilitarist . They argued that by its nature, war was a type of governmental coercion of the working class for the benefit of capitalist elites. In 1915, the League of Nations Society was formed by British liberal leaders to promote

6230-478: The peace movement's earliest victories by securing a commitment for arbitration from the Great Powers in the Treaty of Paris (1856) at the end of the Crimean War . Wracked by social upheaval , the first peace congress on the European continent was held in Brussels in 1848; a second was held in Paris a year later. By the 1850s, these movements were becoming well organized in the major countries of Europe and North America, reaching middle-class activists beyond

6319-429: The perception that Britain fought in a reactionary role and the increasingly visible impact of the war on the nation's welfare in the form of higher taxes and casualties. Sixteen peace petitions to Parliament were signed by members of the public; anti-war and anti- Pitt demonstrations were held, and peace literature was widely disseminated. The first formal peace movements appeared in 1815 and 1816. The first movement in

6408-631: The range of the earlier religious connections. Support decreased during the resurgence of militarism during the American Civil War and the Crimean War, the movement began to spread across Europe and infiltrate fledgling working-class socialist movements. In 1870, Randal Cremer formed the Workman's Peace Association in London. Cremer and the French economist Frédéric Passy were the founding fathers of

6497-419: The society convened the first International Peace Congress in London in 1843. The congress decided on two goals: to achieve the ideal of peaceable arbitration of the affairs of nations, and to create an international institution to achieve it. Richard became the society's full-time secretary in 1850; he held the position for the next 40 years, and became known as the "Apostle of Peace". He helped secure one of

6586-571: The strategy of those seeking to end a war, such as the Vietnam War . Global protests against the U.S. invasion of Iraq in early 2003 are an example of a specific, short-term, loosely affiliated single-issue "movement" consisting of relatively-scattered ideological priorities ranging from pacifism to Islamism and Anti-Americanism . Those involved in multiple, similar short-term movements develop trust relationships with other participants, and tend to join more-global, long-term movements. Elements of

6675-400: The threat of fascism, pacifist thinkers such as Richard B. Gregg devised plans for a campaign of nonviolent resistance in the event of a fascist invasion or takeover. At the beginning of World War II , pacifist and anti-war sentiment declined in nations affected by the war. The communist-controlled American Peace Mobilization reversed its anti-war activism, however, when Germany invaded

6764-444: The unconditional renunciation of the use, production, or dependence upon nuclear weapons by Britain, and the creation of a general disarmament convention. Although the country was progressing towards de-nuclearization, the CND declared that Britain should halt the flight of nuclear-armed planes, end nuclear testing, stop using missile bases, and not provide nuclear weapons to any other country. The first Aldermaston March , organized by

6853-461: The very best way at the very lowest possible price the world would be kept out of war, for commercialists would not have to search for outside markets which the other fellow covets." Ford admitted that munitions makers enjoyed wars, but he argued the typical capitalist wanted to avoid wars to concentrate on manufacturing and selling what people wanted, hiring good workers, and generating steady long-term profits. In late 1915, Ford sponsored and funded

6942-597: The war, to help conscientious objectors, and struggled against internment of Japanese Americans. In France, IFOR members André and Magda Trocmé , with the help of the villagers of le Chambon sur Lignon , saved the lives of thousands of Jews escaping the Holocaust. In Belgium, feminist Magda Yoors Peeters defends Jewish refugees and conscientious objectors. After the war, travelling secretaries continued their work. IFOR branches and affiliates in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and

7031-515: The week and times of the year when the nobility was able to employ violence. These peace movements "set the foundations for modern European peace movements." The Reformation gave rise to a number of Protestant sects beginning in the 16th century, including the peace churches . Foremost among these churches were the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ), Amish , Mennonites , and the Church of

7120-541: The widespread popular fear of, and opposition to, nuclear weapons after the development of the first hydrogen bomb . During the late 1950s and early 1960s, anti-nuclear marches attracted large numbers of people. Popular opposition to nuclear weapons produced a Labour Party resolution for unilateral nuclear disarmament at the 1960 party conference, but the resolution was overturned the following year and did not appear on later agendas. The experience disillusioned many anti-nuclear protesters who had previously put their hopes in

7209-546: The work of FOR. Because of this and the peace work of Boeke, he was deported to his home country Holland by the national court of England. During the war time, Fellowship of Reconciliation focused its activities mainly on trying to influence public opinion, to help victims of war and war prisoners. 600 people in England went to prison for helping more than 16.000 imprisoned during the war. When conscription began in Britain in 1916 and in

7298-713: The world, helping to establish its work in many countries. She met Mahatma Gandhi , first in London when, in 1931, he spent some time at Kingsley Hall , a community center with educational, social and recreational purposes, run by her and her sister Doris, and then in India when she went with him in Bihar on his anti-untouchability tour during 1934. When World War II broke out, travels and communications became almost impossible. In many countries IFOR members suffered persecution for publicly preaching pacifism. IFOR's members, especially in America tried by inter-church mediation to find ways of ending

7387-475: Was " merchants of death " alleging the promotion of war by armaments makers, based on a widely read nonfiction exposé Merchants of Death (1934), by H. C. Engelbrecht and F. C. Hanighen . The immense loss of life during the First World War for what became known as futile reasons caused a sea-change in public attitudes to militarism. Organizations formed at this time included War Resisters' International ,

7476-583: Was a time when people listened to me because I showed them how to give fight to the British without arms when they had no arms ... but today I am told that my non-violence can be of no avail against the Hindu–Moslem riots; therefore, people should arm themselves for self-defense." Gandhi's views were criticized in Britain during the Battle of Britain . He told the British people in 1940, "I would like you to lay down

7565-828: Was organized by the government of Norway , the Nuclear Threat Initiative , and the Hoover Institute . The conference, entitled "Achieving the Vision of a World Free of Nuclear Weapons", was intended to build consensus between states with and without nuclear weapons in the context of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons . In May 2010, 25,000 people (including members of peace organizations and 1945 atomic-bomb survivors) marched for about two kilometers from lower Manhattan to United Nations headquarters calling for

7654-471: Was published in 37 editions and translated into 12 languages. She helped organize the German Peace Society and became known internationally as the editor of the international pacifist journal Die Waffen nieder! In 1905 she became the first woman to win a Nobel Peace Prize. Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948) was one of the 20th century's most influential spokesmen for peace and non-violence, and Gandhism

7743-457: Was spearheaded by bishops as a response to increasing violence against monasteries after the fall of the Carolingian dynasty . The movement was promoted at a number of subsequent church councils, including Charroux (989 and c. 1028), Narbonne (990), Limoges (994 and 1031), Poitiers (c. 1000), and Bourges (1038). The Truce of God sought to restrain violence by limiting the number of days of

7832-510: Was the Swiss pacifist Pierre Cérésole jailed several times for his peace witness. He established the Service Civil (International Voluntary Service for Peace), initially organizing work camps in areas torn apart by war, with volunteers from former enemy countries. Relief for the victims of war was carried out, and international conferences and meetings spread the work of peace to many other parts of

7921-517: Was widespread, and an "estimated 35 million signatures were collected on petitions calling for bans on nuclear weapons". In the United Kingdom, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) held an inaugural public meeting at Central Hall Westminster on 17 February 1958 which was attended by five thousand people. After the meeting, several hundred demonstrated at Downing Street . The CND advocated

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