166-432: (Redirected from Jesu Juva ) This page is one of a series listing English translations of notable Latin phrases, such as veni, vidi, vici and et cetera . Some of the phrases are themselves translations of Greek phrases , as ancient Greek rhetoric and literature started centuries before the beginning of Latin literature in ancient Rome . This list covers
332-620: A Latin version, originating from before Jerome and distinct from that in the Vetus Latina , of the Greek Esdras ;A, now commonly termed 3 Ezra ; and also a Latin version of an Ezra Apocalypse, commonly termed 4 Ezra . God Schools Relations with: The Vulgate was given an official capacity by the Council of Trent (1545–1563) as the touchstone of the biblical canon concerning which parts of books are canonical. The Vulgate
498-637: A century in an earlier Latin version (the Cyprianic Version), before it was superseded by the Vetus Latina version in the 4th century. Jerome, in his preface to the Vulgate gospels, commented that there were "as many [translations] as there are manuscripts"; subsequently repeating the witticism in his preface to the Book of Joshua. The base text for Jerome's revision of the gospels was a Vetus Latina text similar to
664-502: A complete revised New Testament text by 410 at the latest, when Pelagius quoted from it in his commentary on the letters of Paul . In Jerome's Vulgate, the Hebrew Book of Ezra–Nehemiah is translated as the single book of "Ezra". Jerome defends this in his Prologue to Ezra, although he had noted formerly in his Prologue to the Book of Kings that some Greeks and Latins had proposed that this book should be split in two. Jerome argues that
830-637: A contemporary of Jerome, states in Book ;XVII ch. 43 of his The City of God that "in our own day the priest Jerome, a great scholar and master of all three tongues, has made a translation into Latin, not from Greek but directly from the original Hebrew." Nevertheless, Augustine still maintained that the Septuagint, alongside the Hebrew, witnessed the inspired text of Scripture and consequently pressed Jerome for complete copies of his Hexaplar Latin translation of
996-568: A corner with a book Quote by Thomas à Kempis in ovo in the egg An experiment or process performed in an egg or embryo (e.g. in ovo electroporation of chicken embryo). in pace ut sapiens aptarit idonea bello in peace, like the wise man, make preparations for war Horace , Satires 2/2:111; similar to si vis pacem, para bellum and igitur qui desiderat pacem, praeparet bellum . in pace requiescat in peace may he rest Alternate form of requiescat in pace ("let him rest in peace"). Found in this form at
1162-462: A court's jurisdiction over a piece of property rather than a legal person ; contrast with personal ( ad personam ) jurisdiction . See In rem jurisdiction ; Quasi in rem jurisdiction in rerum natura in the nature of things See also Lucretius ' De rerum natura ( On the Nature of Things ). in retentis among things held back Used to describe documents kept separately from
1328-428: A decedent's property ius ad bellum law towards war Refers to the laws that regulate the reasons for going to war. Typically, this would address issues of self-defense or preemptive strikes. ius cogens compelling law A peremptory norm , a fundamental principle of international law considered to have acceptance among the international community of states as a whole and from which no derogation
1494-526: A faster pace. It is characterised by greater use of prepositions, and word order that is closer to modern Romance languages, for example, while grammatically retaining more or less the same formal rules as Classical Latin. Ultimately, Latin diverged into a distinct written form, where the commonly spoken form was perceived as a separate language, for instance early French or Italian dialects, that could be transcribed differently. It took some time for these to be viewed as wholly different from Latin however. After
1660-718: A few in German , Dutch , Norwegian , Danish and Swedish . Latin is still spoken in Vatican City, a city-state situated in Rome that is the seat of the Catholic Church . The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part, in substantial works or in fragments to be analyzed in philology . They are in part the subject matter of the field of classics . Their works were published in manuscript form before
1826-404: A few. Famous and well regarded writers included Petrarch, Erasmus, Salutati , Celtis , George Buchanan and Thomas More . Non fiction works were long produced in many subjects, including the sciences, law, philosophy, historiography and theology. Famous examples include Isaac Newton 's Principia . Latin was also used as a convenient medium for translations of important works first written in
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#17330852125441992-502: A general prologue to the whole Bible. Notably, this letter was printed at the head of the Gutenberg Bible . Jerome's letter promotes the study of each of the books of the Old and New Testaments listed by name (and excluding any mention of the deuterocanonical books ); and its dissemination had the effect of propagating the belief that the whole Vulgate text was Jerome's work. The prologue to
2158-443: A judicial proceeding may not have formally designated adverse parties or is otherwise uncontested. The term is commonly used in case citations of probate proceedings, for example, In re Smith's Estate ; it is also used in juvenile courts , as, for instance, In re Gault . in rebus in the thing [itself] Primarily of philosophical use to discuss properties and property exemplification. In philosophy of mathematics , it
2324-568: A living thing An experiment or process performed on a living specimen. in vivo veritas in a living thing [there is] truth An expression used by biologists to express the fact that laboratory findings from testing an organism in vitro are not always reflected when applied to an organism in vivo . Pun on in vino veritas . incepto ne desistam May I not shrink from my purpose! Motto of Westville Boys' High School and Westville Girls' High School , from Virgil, Aeneid , Book 1. Used by Juno, queen of heaven, who hated
2490-548: A native language, Medieval Latin was used across Western and Catholic Europe during the Middle Ages as a working and literary language from the 9th century to the Renaissance , which then developed a classicizing form, called Renaissance Latin . This was the basis for Neo-Latin which evolved during the early modern period . In these periods Latin was used productively and generally taught to be written and spoken, at least until
2656-579: A noun form of the verb rapere in 1 Thes 4:17). The word " publican " comes from the Latin publicanus (e.g., Mt 10:3), and the phrase " far be it " is a translation of the Latin expression absit. (e.g., Mt 16:22 in the King James Bible ). Other examples include apostolus , ecclesia , evangelium , Pascha , and angelus . In translating the 38 books of the Hebrew Bible ( Ezra–Nehemiah being counted as one book), Jerome
2822-525: A partnership between Johannes Gutenberg and banker John Fust (or Faust). At the time, a manuscript of the Vulgate was selling for approximately 500 guilders . Gutenberg's works appear to have been a commercial failure, and Fust sued for recovery of his 2026 guilder investment and was awarded complete possession of the Gutenberg plant. Arguably, the Reformation could not have been possible without
2988-639: A phrase said by John the Baptist after baptizing Jesus . Motto of Saint John the Baptist Catholic School , San Juan, Metro Manila . imago Dei image of God From the religious concept that man was created in "God's image". imitatio dei imitation of a god A principle, held by several religions, that believers should strive to resemble their god(s). imperium in imperio an order within an order Group of people who owe utmost fealty to their leader(s), subordinating
3154-551: A result, the list has variants, as well as alternative names. In addition to the historical phases, Ecclesiastical Latin refers to the styles used by the writers of the Roman Catholic Church from late antiquity onward, as well as by Protestant scholars. The earliest known form of Latin is Old Latin, also called Archaic or Early Latin, which was spoken from the Roman Kingdom , traditionally founded in 753 BC, through
3320-467: A right exercised by a son on behalf of his mother iure uxoris in right of his wife Indicates a right exercised by a husband on behalf of his wife iuris ignorantia est cum ius nostrum ignoramus it is ignorance of the law when we do not know our own rights ius accrescendi right of accrual Commonly referred to as "right of survivorship": a rule in property law that surviving joint tenants have rights in equal shares to
3486-407: A separate language, existing more or less in parallel with the literary or educated Latin, but this is now widely dismissed. The term 'Vulgar Latin' remains difficult to define, referring both to informal speech at any time within the history of Latin, and the kind of informal Latin that had begun to move away from the written language significantly in the post-Imperial period, that led ultimately to
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#17330852125443652-529: A set of Priscillianist prologues to the gospels . The Latin biblical texts in use before Jerome's Vulgate are usually referred to collectively as the Vetus Latina , or "Vetus Latina Bible". "Vetus Latina" means that they are older than the Vulgate and written in Latin , not that they are written in Old Latin . Jerome himself uses the term "Latin Vulgate" for the Vetus Latina text, so intending to denote this version as
3818-695: A small number of Latin services held in the Anglican church. These include an annual service in Oxford, delivered with a Latin sermon; a relic from the period when Latin was the normal spoken language of the university. In the Western world, many organizations, governments and schools use Latin for their mottos due to its association with formality, tradition, and the roots of Western culture . Canada's motto A mari usque ad mare ("from sea to sea") and most provincial mottos are also in Latin. The Canadian Victoria Cross
3984-429: A sort of informal language academy dedicated to maintaining and perpetuating educated speech. Philological analysis of Archaic Latin works, such as those of Plautus , which contain fragments of everyday speech, gives evidence of an informal register of the language, Vulgar Latin (termed sermo vulgi , "the speech of the masses", by Cicero ). Some linguists, particularly in the nineteenth century, believed this to be
4150-565: A spoken and written language by the scholarship by the Renaissance humanists . Petrarch and others began to change their usage of Latin as they explored the texts of the Classical Latin world. Skills of textual criticism evolved to create much more accurate versions of extant texts through the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and some important texts were rediscovered. Comprehensive versions of authors' works were published by Isaac Casaubon , Joseph Scaliger and others. Nevertheless, despite
4316-432: A strictly left-to-right script. During the late republic and into the first years of the empire, from about 75 BC to AD 200, a new Classical Latin arose, a conscious creation of the orators, poets, historians and other literate men, who wrote the great works of classical literature , which were taught in grammar and rhetoric schools. Today's instructional grammars trace their roots to such schools , which served as
4482-578: A thousand years (c. AD 400–1530), the Vulgate was the most commonly used edition of the most influential text in Western European society. Indeed, for most Western Christians , especially Catholics , it was the only version of the Bible ever encountered, only truly being eclipsed in the mid-20th century. In about 1455, the first Vulgate published by the moveable type process was produced in Mainz by
4648-531: A trial carried out in the absence of the accused. in absentia lucis, tenebrae vincunt in the absence of light, darkness prevails in actu in act In the very act; in reality. [ Dominica ] in albis [ depositis ] [Sunday in Setting Aside the] White Garments Latin name of the Octave of Easter . in articulo mortis at the point of death in bono veritas truth
4814-689: A vernacular, such as those of Descartes . Latin education underwent a process of reform to classicise written and spoken Latin. Schooling remained largely Latin medium until approximately 1700. Until the end of the 17th century, the majority of books and almost all diplomatic documents were written in Latin. Afterwards, most diplomatic documents were written in French (a Romance language ) and later native or other languages. Education methods gradually shifted towards written Latin, and eventually concentrating solely on reading skills. The decline of Latin education took several centuries and proceeded much more slowly than
4980-534: A void In a vacuum; isolated from other things. in varietate concordia united in diversity The motto of the European Union in verbo tuo at your word a reference to the response of Peter when he was invited by Jesus to "Put out into the deep and let down your nets for a catch" (Luke 5:4–5). invidiae prudentia victrix prudence conquers jealousy in vino veritas in wine [there is] truth That is, wine loosens
5146-411: Is Veritas ("truth"). Veritas was the goddess of truth, a daughter of Saturn, and the mother of Virtue. Switzerland has adopted the country's Latin short name Helvetia on coins and stamps, since there is no room to use all of the nation's four official languages . For a similar reason, it adopted the international vehicle and internet code CH , which stands for Confoederatio Helvetica ,
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5312-466: Is Jerome's preference for the Hebraica veritas (i.e., Hebrew truth) over the Septuagint, a preference which he defended from his detractors. After Jerome had translated some parts of the Septuagint into Latin, he came to consider the text of the Septuagint as being faulty in itself, i.e. Jerome thought mistakes in the Septuagint text were not all mistakes made by copyists , but that some mistakes were part of
5478-857: Is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages . Latin was originally spoken by the Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio ), the lower Tiber area around Rome , Italy. Through the expansion of the Roman Republic it became the dominant language in the Italian Peninsula and subsequently throughout the Roman Empire . By the late Roman Republic , Old Latin had evolved into standardized Classical Latin . Vulgar Latin refers to
5644-560: Is a late-4th-century Latin translation of the Bible . It is largely the work of Jerome who, in 382, had been commissioned by Pope Damasus I to revise the Vetus Latina Gospels used by the Roman Church . Later, of his own initiative, Jerome extended this work of revision and translation to include most of the books of the Bible . The Vulgate became progressively adopted as
5810-626: Is a reversal of the original phrase Non terrae plus ultra ("No land further beyond", "No further!"). According to legend , this phrase was inscribed as a warning on the Pillars of Hercules , the rocks on both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar and the western end of the known, Mediterranean world. Charles adopted the motto following the discovery of the New World by Columbus, and it also has metaphorical suggestions of taking risks and striving for excellence. In
5976-491: Is also commonly spelled ius . ius primae noctis law of the first night The droit du seigneur , supposed right of a lord to have sexual relations with a newly married female subject iustitia dilata est iustitia negata justice delayed is justice denied iustitia fundamentum regni justice is the foundation of a reign Motto of the Supreme Public Prosecutor's Office of
6142-461: Is being used in the classical sense of "compassion" (cf. agape ). Motto of the Cartellverband der katholischen deutschen Studentenverbindungen . Often misattributed to Augustine of Hippo . in nocte consilium advice comes in the night; "sleep on it" Motto of Birkbeck College , University of London, an evening higher-education institution in nomine diaboli in the name of
6308-460: Is different from Wikidata Articles containing Latin-language text Pages with numeric Bible version references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024 Latin Latin ( lingua Latina , pronounced [ˈlɪŋɡʷa ɫaˈtiːna] , or Latinum [ɫaˈtiːnʊ̃] )
6474-548: Is found in any widespread language, the languages of Spain, France, Portugal, and Italy have retained a remarkable unity in phonological forms and developments, bolstered by the stabilising influence of their common Christian (Roman Catholic) culture. It was not until the Muslim conquest of Spain in 711, cutting off communications between the major Romance regions, that the languages began to diverge seriously. The spoken Latin that would later become Romanian diverged somewhat more from
6640-417: Is in the good in camera in the chamber In secret. See also camera obscura . in casu ( i.c. ) in the event In this case. in cauda venenum the poison is in the tail Using the metaphor of a scorpion , this can be said of an account that proceeds gently, but turns vicious towards the end—or more generally waits till the end to reveal an intention or statement that
6806-526: Is indeed one of at least five revised versions of the mid-4th century Vetus Latina Psalter, but compared to the other four, the revisions in the Roman Psalter are in clumsy Latin, and fail to follow Jerome's known translational principles, especially in respect of correcting harmonised readings. Nevertheless, it is clear from Jerome's correspondence (especially in his defence of the Gallican Psalter in
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6972-519: Is known as a red herring . Elenchi is from the Greek elenchos . ignotum per ignotius unknown by means of the more unknown An explanation that is less clear than the thing to be explained. Synonymous with obscurum per obscurius . ignotus ( ign. ) unknown illum oportet crescere me autem minui He must become greater; I must become less In the Gospel of John 3:30 ,
7138-661: Is modelled after the British Victoria Cross which has the inscription "For Valour". Because Canada is officially bilingual, the Canadian medal has replaced the English inscription with the Latin Pro Valore . Spain's motto Plus ultra , meaning "even further", or figuratively "Further!", is also Latin in origin. It is taken from the personal motto of Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain (as Charles I), and
7304-416: Is not satisfied unless it be perfectly blessed ". indignor quandoque bonus dormitat Homerus I too am annoyed whenever good Homer falls asleep Horace , Ars Poetica 358 indivisibiliter ac inseparabiliter indivisible and inseparable Motto of Austria-Hungary before it was divided and separated into independent states in 1918. infinitus est numerus stultorum unending
7470-668: Is permitted. ius est ars boni et aequi the law is the art of goodness and equity Appears on the front of the Sievekingplatz 2, a courthouse of the Hanseatisches Oberlandesgericht , in Hamburg , Germany . ius in bello law in war Refers to the "laws" that regulate the conduct of combatants during a conflict. Typically, this would address issues of who or what is a valid target, how to treat prisoners, and what sorts of weapons can be used. The word jus
7636-587: Is reborn whole An alchemical aphorism invented as an alternate meaning for the acronym INRI . igni ferroque with fire and iron Phrase describing scorched earth tactics. Also rendered as igne atque ferro , ferro ignique , and other variations. ignis aurum probat fire tests gold Phrase referring to the refining of character through difficult circumstances ignis fatuus foolish fire Will-o'-the-wisp . ignorantia juris non excusat (or ignorantia legis non excusat or ignorantia legis neminem excusat ) ignorance of
7802-958: Is taught at many high schools, especially in Europe and the Americas. It is most common in British public schools and grammar schools, the Italian liceo classico and liceo scientifico , the German Humanistisches Gymnasium and the Dutch gymnasium . Occasionally, some media outlets, targeting enthusiasts, broadcast in Latin. Notable examples include Radio Bremen in Germany, YLE radio in Finland (the Nuntii Latini broadcast from 1989 until it
7968-512: Is the memory of past troubles Cicero , De finibus bonorum et malorum 2, 32, 105 iugulare mortuos to cut the throat of corpses From Gerhard Gerhards' (1466–1536) (better known as Erasmus ) collection of annotated Adagia (1508). It can mean attacking the work or personality of deceased person. Alternatively, it can be used to describe criticism of an individual already heavily criticised by others. iuncta iuvant together they strive also spelled juncta juvant ; from
8134-630: Is the number of fools infirma mundi elegit Deus God chooses the weak of the world The motto of Venerable Vital-Justin Grandin , the bishop of the St. Albert Diocese, which is now the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Edmonton infra dignitatem ( infra dig ) beneath (one's) dignity ingenio stat sine morte decus the honors of genius are eternal Propertius , Elegies Book III, 2 initium sapientiae timor Domini
8300-570: Is the third and latest official Bible of the Catholic Church; it was published in 1979, and is a translation from modern critical editions of original language texts of the Bible. A number of manuscripts containing or reflecting the Vulgate survive today. Dating from the 8th century, the Codex Amiatinus is the earliest surviving manuscript of the complete Vulgate Bible. The Codex Fuldensis , dating from around 545, contains most of
8466-432: Is typically contrasted with "ante rem" and, more recently, "post res" structuralism . Sometimes in re is used in place of in rebus . in regione caecorum rex est luscus In the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king. Quote of Desiderius Erasmus from Adagia (first published 1500, with numerous expanded editions through 1536), III, IV, 96. in rem against the thing Legal term indicating
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#17330852125448632-817: Is undesirable in the listener's ears. in com. Ebor. In the county of Yorkshire Abbreviation of in comitatu Eboraci . Eboracum was the Roman name for York and this phrase is used in some Georgian and Victorian books on the genealogy of prominent Yorkshire families. in Christi lumine pro mundi vita in the light of Christ for the life on the world Motto of Pontifical Catholic University of Chile . incurvatus in se turned/curved inward on oneself in Deo speramus in God we hope Motto of Brown University . in dubio pro reo in doubt, on behalf of
8798-531: The Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL). Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same: volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance and relevant information. The reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy . About 270,000 inscriptions are known. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. In
8964-820: The Codex Veronensis , with the text of the Gospel of John conforming more to that in the Codex Corbiensis . Jerome's work on the Gospels was a revision of the Vetus Latina versions, and not a new translation. "High priest" is rendered princeps sacerdotum in Vulgate Matthew; as summus sacerdos in Vulgate Mark; and as pontifex in Vulgate John. The Vetus Latina gospels had been translated from Greek originals of
9130-523: The Comma Johanneum was open to dispute. Later, in the 20th century, Pope Pius XII declared the Vulgate as "free from error whatsoever in matters of faith and morals" in his encyclical Divino Afflante Spiritu : Hence this special authority or as they say, authenticity of the Vulgate was not affirmed by the Council particularly for critical reasons, but rather because of its legitimate use in
9296-684: The Gallican Psalms , Song of Songs, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, the minor prophets, the gospels. The final prologue is to the Pauline epistles and is better known as Primum quaeritur ; this prologue is considered not to have been written by Jerome. Related to these are Jerome's Notes on the Rest of Esther and his Prologue to the Hebrew Psalms . A theme of the Old Testament prologues
9462-399: The Holy See , the primary language of its public journal , the Acta Apostolicae Sedis , and the working language of the Roman Rota . Vatican City is also home to the world's only automatic teller machine that gives instructions in Latin. In the pontifical universities postgraduate courses of Canon law are taught in Latin, and papers are written in the same language. There are
9628-523: The Ides of March In the Roman calendar , the Ides of March refers to the 15th day of March. In modern times, the term is best known as the date on which Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC; the term has come to be used as a metaphor for impending doom. Jesu juva ( J.J. ) Jesus, help! Used by Johann Sebastian Bach at the beginning of his compositions, which he ended with "S.D.G." ( Soli Deo gloria ). Compare Besiyata Dishmaya . Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum ( INRI ) Jesus
9794-489: The Latin Church . The Clementine edition of the Vulgate became the standard Bible text of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, and remained so until 1979 when the Nova Vulgata was promulgated. The term Vulgate has been used to designate the Latin Bible only since the 16th century. An example of the use of this word in this sense at the time is the title of the 1538 edition of the Latin Bible by Erasmus : Biblia utriusque testamenti juxta vulgatam translationem . While
9960-450: The Middle Ages , borrowing from Latin occurred from ecclesiastical usage established by Saint Augustine of Canterbury in the 6th century or indirectly after the Norman Conquest , through the Anglo-Norman language . From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed " inkhorn terms ", as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by
10126-554: The Nazarene , King of the Jews From Vulgate ; John 19:19 . John 19:20 states that this inscription was written in three languages—Aramaic, Latin and Greek—at the top of the cross during the crucifixion of Jesus . igitur qui desiderat pacem, praeparet bellum Therefore whoever desires peace, let him prepare for war Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus , De re militari ; similar to si vis pacem, para bellum and in pace ut sapiens aptarit idonea bello . igne natura renovatur integra through fire, nature
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#173308521254410292-404: The Roman Rite of the Catholic Church at the Vatican City . The church continues to adapt concepts from modern languages to Ecclesiastical Latin of the Latin language. Contemporary Latin is more often studied to be read rather than spoken or actively used. Latin has greatly influenced the English language , along with a large number of others, and historically contributed many words to
10458-400: The Romance languages . During the Classical period, informal language was rarely written, so philologists have been left with only individual words and phrases cited by classical authors, inscriptions such as Curse tablets and those found as graffiti . In the Late Latin period, language changes reflecting spoken (non-classical) norms tend to be found in greater quantities in texts. As it
10624-449: The Vetus Latina text of the four Gospels from the best Greek texts. By the time of Damasus' death in 384, Jerome had completed this task, together with a more cursory revision from the Greek Common Septuagint of the Vetus Latina text of the Psalms in the Roman Psalter, a version which he later disowned and is now lost. How much of the rest of the New Testament he then revised is difficult to judge, but none of his work survived in
10790-456: The Vetus Latina , considered as being made by Pelagian circles or by Rufinus the Syrian , or by Rufinus of Aquileia . Several unrevised books of the Vetus Latina Old Testament also commonly became included in the Vulgate. These are: 1 and 2 Maccabees , Wisdom , Ecclesiasticus , Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah . Having separately translated the book of Psalms from the Greek Hexapla Septuagint , Jerome translated all of
10956-510: The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 and Germanic kingdoms took its place, the Germanic people adopted Latin as a language more suitable for legal and other, more formal uses. While the written form of Latin was increasingly standardized into a fixed form, the spoken forms began to diverge more greatly. Currently, the five most widely spoken Romance languages by number of native speakers are Spanish , Portuguese , French , Italian , and Romanian . Despite dialectal variation, which
11122-407: The Western text-type . Comparison of Jerome's Gospel texts with those in Vetus Latina witnesses, suggests that his revision was concerned with substantially redacting their expanded "Western" phraseology in accordance with the Greek texts of better early Byzantine and Alexandrian witnesses. One major change Jerome introduced was to re-order the Latin Gospels. Most Vetus Latina gospel books followed
11288-517: The infidels "; used to refer to bishoprics that remain as titular sees even after the corresponding territory was conquered, usually by Muslim rulers. in pectore in the heart A cardinal named in secret by the pope . See also ab imo pectore . in personam against a person Directed towards a particular person in posse in potential In the state of being possible; as opposed to in esse . in propria persona in one's own person For one's self, for
11454-517: The "Western" order of Matthew, John, Luke, Mark; Jerome adopted the "Greek" order of Matthew, Mark, Luke, John. His revisions became progressively less frequent and less consistent in the gospels presumably done later. In places Jerome adopted readings that did not correspond to a straightforward rendering either of the Vetus Latina or the Greek text, so reflecting a particular doctrinal interpretation; as in his rewording panem nostrum supersubstantialem at Matthew 6:11 . The unknown reviser of
11620-449: The 22-letter Hebrew alphabet. Alternatively, he numbered the books as 24, which he identifies with the 24 elders in the Book of Revelation casting their crowns before the Lamb . In the prologue to Ezra, he sets the "twenty-four elders" of the Hebrew Bible against the "Seventy interpreters" of the Septuagint. In addition, many medieval Vulgate manuscripts included Jerome's epistle number 53, to Paulinus bishop of Nola , as
11786-703: The 60s and 50s BC. Famously quoted in the essay Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau as "The clatter of arms drowns out the voice of the law". This phrase has also been jokingly translated as "In a time of arms, the legs are silent." inter caetera among others Title of a papal bull . inter mutanda constantia steadfast in the midst of change Motto of Rockwell College in Ireland and Francis Libermann Catholic High School in Ontario , Canada inter spem et metum between hope and fear inter faeces et urinam nascimur we are born between feces and urine Attributed to Saint Augustine . inter vivos between
11952-425: The 8th century. The Gutenberg Bible is a notable printed edition of the Vulgate by Johann Gutenberg in 1455. The Sixtine Vulgate (1590) is the first official Bible of the Catholic Church. The Clementine Vulgate (1592) is a standardized edition of the medieval Vulgate, and the second official Bible of the Catholic Church. The Stuttgart Vulgate is a 1969 critical edition of the Vulgate. The Nova Vulgata
12118-463: The 9th century the Vetus Latina texts of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah were introduced into the Vulgate in versions revised by Theodulf of Orleans and are found in a minority of early medieval Vulgate pandect bibles from that date onward. After 1300, when the booksellers of Paris began to produce commercial single volume Vulgate bibles in large numbers, these commonly included both Baruch and
12284-584: The Bible into vernacular languages. In English, the interlinear translation of the Lindisfarne Gospels as well as other Old English Bible translations , the translation of John Wycliffe , the Douay–Rheims Bible , the Confraternity Bible , and Ronald Knox 's translation were all made from the Vulgate. The Vulgate had significant cultural influence on literature for centuries, and thus
12450-509: The Bible text within the Western Church . Over succeeding centuries, it eventually eclipsed the Vetus Latina . By the 13th century it had taken over from the former version the designation versio vulgata (the "version commonly used" ) or vulgata for short. The Vulgate also contains some Vetus Latina translations that Jerome did not work on. The Catholic Church affirmed
12616-617: The British Crown. The motto is featured on all presently minted coinage and has been featured in most coinage throughout the nation's history. Several states of the United States have Latin mottos , such as: Many military organizations today have Latin mottos, such as: Some law governing bodies in the Philippines have Latin mottos, such as: Some colleges and universities have adopted Latin mottos, for example Harvard University 's motto
12782-544: The Churches throughout so many centuries; by which use indeed the same is shown, in the sense in which the Church has understood and understands it, to be free from any error whatsoever in matters of faith and morals; so that, as the Church herself testifies and affirms, it may be quoted safely and without fear of error in disputations, in lectures and in preaching [...]" The inerrancy is with respect to faith and morals, as it says in
12948-501: The Czech Republic. iustitia nemini neganda est justice is to be denied to nobody iustitia non est neganda, non differenda justice is not to be denied, not to be delayed iustitia omnibus justice for all The motto of Washington, D.C. iuventuti nil arduum to the young nothing is difficult Motto of Canberra Girls Grammar School iuventutis veho fortunas I bear
13114-656: The English lexicon , particularly after the Christianization of the Anglo-Saxons and the Norman Conquest . Latin and Ancient Greek roots are heavily used in English vocabulary in theology , the sciences , medicine , and law . A number of phases of the language have been recognized, each distinguished by subtle differences in vocabulary, usage, spelling, and syntax. There are no hard and fast rules of classification; different scholars emphasize different features. As
13280-734: The English county of Kent and the city of Oporto invictus maneo I remain unvanquished Motto of the Armstrong clan Iohannes est nomen eius John is his name Luke 1:63, referring to John the Baptist . Motto of the coat of arms of Puerto Rico . ipsa scientia potestas est knowledge itself is power Famous phrase written by Sir Francis Bacon in 1597 ipse dixit he himself said it Commonly said in Medieval debates and referring to Aristotle . Used in general to emphasize that some assertion comes from some authority, i.e., as an argument from authority , and
13446-690: The Great claimed to have seen in a vision before the Battle of the Milvian Bridge . in hunc effectum for this purpose Describes a meeting called for a particular stated purpose only. in ictu oculi in the blink of an eye in illo ordine ( i.o. ) in that order Recent academic substitution for the spacious and inconvenient "..., respectively". in illo tempore in that time At that time, found often in Gospel lectures during Masses, used to mark an undetermined time in
13612-580: The Grinch Stole Christmas! , The Cat in the Hat , and a book of fairy tales, " fabulae mirabiles ", are intended to garner popular interest in the language. Additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissner's Latin Phrasebook . Some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series,
13778-1075: The Illiterati . London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415917751 – via Internet Archive. v t e Latin phrases Latin phrases A B C D E F G H I L M N O P Q R S T U V Complete list Others Latin abbreviations Latin honorifics Latin words with English derivatives Legal Latin terms Latin proverbs Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin_phrases_(I)&oldid=1252962547#Jesu_Juva " Category : Lists of Latin phrases Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
13944-622: The Letter of Jeremiah as the Book of Baruch . Also beginning in the 9th century, Vulgate manuscripts are found that split Jerome's combined translation from the Hebrew of Ezra and the Nehemiah into separate books called 1 Ezra and 2 Ezra. Bogaert argues that this practice arose from an intention to conform the Vulgate text to the authoritative canon lists of the 5th/6th century, where 'two books of Ezra' were commonly cited. Subsequently, many late medieval Vulgate bible manuscripts introduced
14110-583: The Old Testament, a request that Jerome ducked with the excuse that the originals had been lost "through someone's dishonesty". Prologues written by Jerome to some of his translations of parts of the Bible are to the Pentateuch , to Joshua , and to Kings (1–2 Kings and 1–2 Samuel) which is also called the Galeatum principium . Following these are prologues to Chronicles, Ezra, Tobit, Judith, Esther, Job,
14276-767: The Pauline Epistles in the Vulgate defends the Pauline authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews , directly contrary to Jerome's own views—a key argument in demonstrating that Jerome did not write it. The author of the Primum quaeritur is unknown, but it is first quoted by Pelagius in his commentary on the Pauline letters written before 410. As this work also quotes from the Vulgate revision of these letters, it has been proposed that Pelagius or one of his associates may have been responsible for
14442-633: The Trojans led by Aeneas. When she saw the fleet of Aeneas on its way to Italy, after the sack of Troy by the Greeks, she planned to scatter it by means of strong winds. In her determination to accomplish her task she cried out "Incepto ne desistam!" incertae sedis of uncertain position (seat) Term used to classify a taxonomic group when its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. incredibile dictu incredible to say Variant on mirabile dictu . intus et in cute inwardly and in
14608-461: The United States the unofficial national motto until 1956 was E pluribus unum meaning "Out of many, one". The motto continues to be featured on the Great Seal . It also appears on the flags and seals of both houses of congress and the flags of the states of Michigan, North Dakota, New York, and Wisconsin. The motto's 13 letters symbolically represent the original Thirteen Colonies which revolted from
14774-552: The University of Kentucky, the University of Oxford and also Princeton University. There are many websites and forums maintained in Latin by enthusiasts. The Latin Misplaced Pages has more than 130,000 articles. Italian , French , Portuguese , Spanish , Romanian , Catalan , Romansh , Sardinian and other Romance languages are direct descendants of Latin. There are also many Latin borrowings in English and Albanian , as well as
14940-574: The Vulgate as its official Latin Bible at the Council of Trent (1545–1563), though there was no authoritative edition of the book at that time. The Vulgate did eventually receive an official edition to be promulgated among the Catholic Church as the Sixtine Vulgate (1590), then as the Clementine Vulgate (1592), and then as the Nova Vulgata (1979). The Vulgate is still currently used in
15106-571: The Vulgate contains Vetus Latina which are independent from Jerome's work. The Alcuinian pandects contain: The 13th-century Paris Bibles remove the Epistle to the Laodiceans , but add: Another text which is considered as part of the Vulgate is: Jerome did not embark on the work with the intention of creating a new version of the whole Bible, but the changing nature of his program can be tracked in his voluminous correspondence. He had been commissioned by Damasus I in 382 to revise
15272-621: The Vulgate text of these books. The revised text of the New Testament outside the Gospels is the work of other scholars. Rufinus of Aquileia has been suggested, as has Rufinus the Syrian (an associate of Pelagius ) and Pelagius himself, though without specific evidence for any of them; Pelagian groups have also been suggested as the revisers. This unknown reviser worked more thoroughly than Jerome had done, consistently using older Greek manuscript sources of Alexandrian text-type . They had published
15438-473: The [alleged] culprit Expresses the judicial principle that in case of doubt the decision must be in favor of the accused (in that anyone is innocent until there is proof to the contrary). in duplo in double In duplicate in effigie in the likeness In (the form of) an image; in effigy (as opposed to "in the flesh" or "in person"). in esse in existence In actual existence; as opposed to in posse . in extenso in
15604-453: The above quote: "free from any error whatsoever in matters of faith and morals", and the inerrancy is not in a philological sense: [...] and so its authenticity is not specified primarily as critical, but rather as juridical. The Catholic Church has produced three official editions of the Vulgate: the Sixtine Vulgate , the Clementine Vulgate , and the Nova Vulgata (see below). For over
15770-608: The affirmative or negative of the question (e.g., "Are you hungry?" was answered by "I am hungry" or "I am not hungry", not "yes" or "no"). ite, missa est go, it is the dismissal Loosely: "You have been dismissed", literally "Go. Mass is over". Concluding words addressed to the people in the Mass of the Roman Rite . iter legis the path of the law The path a law takes from its conception to its implementation iucunda memoria est praeteritorum malorum pleasant
15936-475: The author and then forgotten, but some useful ones survived, such as 'imbibe' and 'extrapolate'. Many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French . Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and Dutch vocabularies. Those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Vulgate The Vulgate ( / ˈ v ʌ l ɡ eɪ t , - ɡ ə t / )
16102-425: The benefit of those who do not understand Latin. There are also songs written with Latin lyrics . The libretto for the opera-oratorio Oedipus rex by Igor Stravinsky is in Latin. Parts of Carl Orff 's Carmina Burana are written in Latin. Enya has recorded several tracks with Latin lyrics. The continued instruction of Latin is seen by some as a highly valuable component of a liberal arts education. Latin
16268-522: The books of the Jewish Bible —the Hebrew book of Psalms included—from Hebrew himself. He also translated the books of Tobit and Judith from Aramaic versions, the additions to the Book of Esther from the Common Septuagint and the additions to the Book of Daniel from the Greek of Theodotion . The Vulgate is "a composite collection which cannot be identified with only Jerome's work," because
16434-409: The careful work of Petrarch, Politian and others, first the demand for manuscripts, and then the rush to bring works into print, led to the circulation of inaccurate copies for several centuries following. Neo-Latin literature was extensive and prolific, but less well known or understood today. Works covered poetry, prose stories and early novels, occasional pieces and collections of letters, to name
16600-564: The character or manner of a pauper in girum imus nocte et consumimur igni We enter the circle at night and are consumed by fire A palindrome said to describe the behavior of moths. Also the title of a film by Guy Debord . in harmonia progressio progress in harmony Motto of Bandung Institute of Technology , Indonesia. in hoc sensu , or in sensu hoc ( s.h. ) in this sense Recent academic abbreviation for "in this sense". in hoc signo vinces by this sign you will conquer Words Constantine
16766-415: The classicised Latin that followed through to the present are often grouped together as Neo-Latin , or New Latin, which have in recent decades become a focus of renewed study , given their importance for the development of European culture, religion and science. The vast majority of written Latin belongs to this period, but its full extent is unknown. The Renaissance reinforced the position of Latin as
16932-630: The common Latin rendering of the Greek Vulgate or Common Septuagint (which Jerome otherwise terms the "Seventy interpreters"). This remained the usual use of the term "Latin Vulgate" in the West for centuries. On occasion Jerome applies the term "Septuagint" ( Septuaginta ) to refer to the Hexaplar Septuagint, where he wishes to distinguish this from the Vulgata or Common Septuagint. The earliest known use of
17098-424: The context. id quod plerumque accidit that which generally happens Phrase used in legal language to indicate the most probable outcome from an act, fact, event or cause idem ( id. ) the same Used to refer to something that has already been cited; ditto. See also ibidem . idem quod ( i.q. ) the same as Not to be confused with an intelligence quotient . Idus Martiae
17264-563: The council listed the books included in the canon, it qualified the books as being "entire with all their parts, as they have been used to be read in the Catholic Church , and as they are contained in the Vetus Latina vulgate edition". The fourth session of the Council specified 72 canonical books in the Bible: 45 in the Old Testament, 27 in the New Testament with Lamentations not being counted as separate from Jeremiah. On 2 June 1927, Pope Pius XI clarified this decree, allowing that
17430-461: The country's full Latin name. Some film and television in ancient settings, such as Sebastiane , The Passion of the Christ and Barbarians (2020 TV series) , have been made with dialogue in Latin. Occasionally, Latin dialogue is used because of its association with religion or philosophy, in such film/television series as The Exorcist and Lost (" Jughead "). Subtitles are usually shown for
17596-493: The decline in written Latin output. Despite having no native speakers, Latin is still used for a variety of purposes in the contemporary world. The largest organisation that retains Latin in official and quasi-official contexts is the Catholic Church . The Catholic Church required that Mass be carried out in Latin until the Second Vatican Council of 1962–1965 , which permitted the use of the vernacular . Latin remains
17762-482: The development of the English language, especially in matters of religion. Many Latin words were taken from the Vulgate into English nearly unchanged in meaning or spelling: creatio (e.g. Genesis 1:1, Heb 9:11), salvatio (e.g. Is 37:32, Eph 2:5), justificatio (e.g. Rom 4:25, Heb 9:1), testamentum (e.g. Mt 26:28), sanctificatio (1 Ptr 1:2, 1 Cor 1:30), regeneratio (Mt 19:28), and raptura (from
17928-717: The devil in nomine Domini in the name of the Lord Motto of Trinity College, Perth , Australia; the name of a 1050 papal bull in nomine patris, et filii, et spiritus sancti in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit invocation of the Holy Trinity ; part of the Latin Mass in nuce in a nut in a nutshell; briefly stated; potential; in
18094-487: The diaspora of biblical knowledge that was permitted by the development of moveable type. Aside from its use in prayer, liturgy, and private study, the Vulgate served as inspiration for ecclesiastical art and architecture , hymns , countless paintings, and popular mystery plays . The fifth volume of Walton's London Polyglot of 1657 included several versions of the New Testament: in Greek, Latin (a Vulgate version and
18260-570: The educated and official world, Latin continued without its natural spoken base. Moreover, this Latin spread into lands that had never spoken Latin, such as the Germanic and Slavic nations. It became useful for international communication between the member states of the Holy Roman Empire and its allies. Without the institutions of the Roman Empire that had supported its uniformity, Medieval Latin
18426-653: The embryonic phase in odium fidei in hatred of the faith Used in reference to the deaths of Christian martyrs in omnia paratus ready for anything Motto of the United States Army 's 18th Infantry Regiment in omnibus amare et servire Domino in everything, love and serve the Lord The motto of Ateneo de Iloilo , a school in the Philippines in omnibus requiem quaesivi, et nusquam inveni nisi in angulo cum libro Everywhere I have searched for peace and nowhere found it, except in
18592-401: The end of The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe . in pari materia upon the same matter or subject In statutory interpretation , when a statute is ambiguous, its meaning may be determined in light of other statutes on the same subject matter. in pari delicto in equal fault in partibus infidelium in the parts of the infidels "In the land of
18758-405: The endless ( sine fine ) empire. impossibilium nulla obligatio est there is no obligation to do the impossible Publius Juventius Celsus , Digesta L 17, 185. imprimatur let it be printed An authorization to publish, granted by some censoring authority (originally a Catholic bishop). in absentia in the absence Used in a number of situations, such as in
18924-483: The extended In full; at full length; complete or unabridged in extremis in the furthest reaches At the very end. In extremity; in dire straits; also "at the point of death" (cf. in articulo mortis ). in facie in the face Refers to contempt of court committed in open court in front of the judge; contrast ex facie . in fide scientiam To our faith add knowledge Motto of Newington College . in fidem into faith To
19090-688: The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom Psalm 111:10 . Motto of the University of Aberdeen , Scotland. iniuriae qui addideris contumeliam you who have added insult to injury Phaedrus , Fables 5/3:5. inopiae desunt multa, avaritiae omnia to poverty many things are lacking; to avarice, everything Publilius Syrus . insita hominibus libidine alendi de industria rumores men have an innate desire to propagate rumors or reports Titus Livius (XXVII, XXIV); Michel de Montaigne , Essays . instante mense ( inst. ) in
19256-671: The first translation of the Old Testament into Latin directly from the Hebrew Tanakh rather than from the Greek Septuagint. Jerome's extensive use of exegetical material written in Greek, as well as his use of the Aquiline and Theodotiontic columns of the Hexapla, along with the somewhat paraphrastic style in which he translated, makes it difficult to determine exactly how direct the conversion of Hebrew to Latin was. Augustine of Hippo ,
19422-416: The forest Horace , Satires 1:10 in situ in the place In the original place, appropriate position, or natural arrangement. in somnis veritas In dreams there is truth in spe in hope "future" ("my mother-in-law in spe ", i.e. "my future mother-in-law"), or "in embryonic form", as in " Locke 's theory of government resembles, in spe , Montesquieu 's theory of
19588-1930: The fortunes of youth Motto of Dollar Academy References [ edit ] ^ Peter A. Mackridge ; Robert Browning ; Donald William Lucas ; et al. "Greek literature" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 5 August 2024 . ^ "The Birkbeck College coat of arms" (PDF) . Birkbeck's Magazine . No. 35. 2016. pp. 10–11 . Retrieved 6 December 2023 . ^ "pro per" . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 2023-09-04 . ^ Hendrickson, G. L. (1910). " "Integer Vitae" ". The Classical Journal . 5 (6): 250–258. ISSN 0009-8353 . JSTOR 3286962 . ^ Baehrens, Emil , ed. (1882). "Excerpta ex Petronio, 74" . Poetae Latini Minores . Vol. IV. p. 88 – via Internet Archive . ^ "Introduction" . Nature in Cambridgeshire . Cambridgeshire Wildlife Trust/Cambridge Natural History Society. December 2015 . Retrieved July 8, 2017 . ^ Adrian Fortescue (1910). "Ite Missa Est" . Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton . Retrieved 5 August 2024 . ^ Şirin, Tolga (14 June 2019), "Producing Legal History", Verfassungsblog: On Matters Constitutional , doi : 10.17176/20190614-165845-0 ^ Aaron X. Fellmeth; Maurice Horwitz (2009). Guide to Latin in International Law (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195369380 . Further reading [ edit ] Adeleye, Gabriel G. (1999). Thomas J. Sienkewicz; James T. McDonough Jr. (eds.). World Dictionary of Foreign Expressions . Wauconda, Illinois: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. ISBN 0865164223 – via Internet Archive . Stone, Jon R. (1996). Latin for
19754-558: The great uncial codices of the mid-4th century, most similar to the Codex Sinaiticus . The reviser's changes generally conform very closely to this Greek text, even in matters of word order—to the extent that the resulting text may be only barely intelligible as Latin. After the Gospels, the most widely used and copied part of the Christian Bible is the Book of Psalms. Consequently, Damasus also commissioned Jerome to revise
19920-417: The interests of the larger group to the authority of the internal group's leader(s). A " fifth column " organization operating against the organization within which they seemingly reside. " State within a state " imperium sine fine an empire without an end In Virgil 's Aeneid , Jupiter ordered Aeneas to found a city ( Rome ) from which would come an everlasting, never-ending empire,
20086-679: The invention of printing and are now published in carefully annotated printed editions, such as the Loeb Classical Library , published by Harvard University Press , or the Oxford Classical Texts , published by Oxford University Press . Latin translations of modern literature such as: The Hobbit , Treasure Island , Robinson Crusoe , Paddington Bear , Winnie the Pooh , The Adventures of Tintin , Asterix , Harry Potter , Le Petit Prince , Max and Moritz , How
20252-629: The language of the Roman Rite . The Tridentine Mass (also known as the Extraordinary Form or Traditional Latin Mass) is celebrated in Latin. Although the Mass of Paul VI (also known as the Ordinary Form or the Novus Ordo) is usually celebrated in the local vernacular language, it can be and often is said in Latin, in part or in whole, especially at multilingual gatherings. It is the official language of
20418-440: The large areas where it had come to be natively spoken. However, even after the fall of Western Rome , Latin remained the common language of international communication , science, scholarship and academia in Europe until well into the early 19th century, by which time modern languages had supplanted it in common academic and political usage. Late Latin is the literary language from the 3rd century AD onward. No longer spoken as
20584-512: The late seventeenth century, when spoken skills began to erode. It then became increasingly taught only to be read. Latin grammar is highly fusional , with classes of inflections for case , number , person , gender , tense , mood , voice , and aspect . The Latin alphabet is directly derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets . Latin remains the official language of the Holy See and
20750-431: The later part of the Roman Republic , up to 75 BC, i.e. before the age of Classical Latin . It is attested both in inscriptions and in some of the earliest extant Latin literary works, such as the comedies of Plautus and Terence . The Latin alphabet was devised from the Etruscan alphabet . The writing later changed from what was initially either a right-to-left or a boustrophedon script to what ultimately became
20916-408: The law is no excuse Legal principle whereby ignorance of a law does not allow one to escape liability ignoratio elenchi ignorance of the issue The logical fallacy of irrelevant conclusion: making an argument that, while possibly valid, doesn't prove or support the proposition it claims to. An ignoratio elenchi that is an intentional attempt to mislead or confuse the opposing party
21082-516: The legal principle quae non valeant singula, iuncta iuvant ("What is without value on its own, helps when joined") iura novit curia the court knows the law Legal principle in civil law countries of the Roman-German tradition that says that lawyers need not argue the law, as that is the office of the court. Sometimes miswritten as iura novat curia (the court renews the laws). iure matris in right of his mother Indicates
21248-421: The less prestigious colloquial registers , attested in inscriptions and some literary works such as those of the comic playwrights Plautus and Terence and the author Petronius . While often called a "dead language", Latin did not undergo language death . By the 6th to 9th centuries, natural language change eventually resulted in Latin as a vernacular language evolving into distinct Romance languages in
21414-546: The letter I . See List of Latin phrases for the main list. Lists of Latin phrases A B C D E F G H I L M N O P Q R S T U V full References Latin Translation Notes I, Vitelli, dei Romani sono belli Go, O Vitellius, at the war sound of the Roman god Perfectly correct Latin sentence usually reported as funny by modern Italians because
21580-408: The light Motto of Columbia University New York City, Presbyterian Boys' Senior High School Ghana, Ohio Wesleyan University , University of Fort Hare South Africa in manus tuas commendo spiritum meum into your hands I entrust my spirit According to Luke 23:46, the last words of Jesus on the cross in medias res into the middle of things From Horace . Refers to
21746-703: The literary technique of beginning a narrative in the middle of, or at a late point in, the story, after much action has already taken place. Examples include the Iliad , the Odyssey , Os Lusíadas , Othello , and Paradise Lost . Compare ab initio . in memoriam into the memory Equivalent to "in the memory of". Refers to remembering or honoring a deceased person. in natura in nature in necessariis unitas, in dubiis libertas, in omnibus caritas in necessary things unity, in doubtful things liberty, in all things charity " Charity " ( caritas )
21912-405: The living Describes property transfers between living persons, as opposed to a testamentary transfer upon death such as an inheritance; often relevant to tax laws. intra muros within the walls Not public; source of the word intramural . Can also refer to the portion of a city within the city walls (current or past); for example, Intramuros , Manila. intra vires within
22078-400: The long and detailed Epistle 106) that he was familiar with the Roman Psalter text, and consequently it is assumed that this revision represents the Roman text as Jerome had found it. Wisdom , Ecclesiasticus , 1 and 2 Maccabees and Baruch (with the Letter of Jeremiah) are included in the Vulgate, and are purely Vetus Latina translations which Jerome did not touch. In
22244-454: The majority of the Vulgate's translation is traditionally attributed to Jerome (directly helped by Paula of Rome ), the Vulgate has a compound text that is not entirely Jerome's work. Jerome's translation of the four Gospels are revisions of Vetus Latina translations he did while having the Greek as reference. The Latin translations of the rest of the New Testament are revisions to
22410-505: The minute quoted has been taken from a fuller record of other matters, or when alluding to the parent group after quoting a particular example. inter alios among others Often used to compress lists of parties to legal documents inter arma enim silent leges in a time of war, the law falls silent Said by Cicero in Pro Milone as a protest against unchecked political mobs that had virtually seized control of Rome in
22576-691: The original text itself as it was produced by the Seventy translators . Jerome believed that the Hebrew text more clearly prefigured Christ than the Greek of the Septuagint, since he believed some quotes of the Old Testament in the New Testament were not present in the Septuagint, but existed in the Hebrew version; Jerome gave some of those quotes in his prologue to the Pentateuch. In the Galeatum principium (a.k.a. Prologus Galeatus ), Jerome described an Old Testament canon of 22 books, which he found represented in
22742-462: The other varieties, as it was largely separated from the unifying influences in the western part of the Empire. Spoken Latin began to diverge into distinct languages by the 9th century at the latest, when the earliest extant Romance writings begin to appear. They were, throughout the period, confined to everyday speech, as Medieval Latin was used for writing. For many Italians using Latin, though, there
22908-440: The past. in inceptum finis est lit.: in the beginning is the end or: the beginning foreshadows the end in limine at the outset/threshold Preliminary, in law, a motion in limine is a motion that is made to the judge before or during trial, often about the admissibility of evidence believed prejudicial. in loco in the place, on the spot That is, 'on site'. "The nearby labs were closed for
23074-674: The powers Within one's authority. Contrasted with ultra vires . invenias etiam disiecti membra poetae you would still recognize the scattered fragments of a poet Horace , Satires , I, 4, 62, in reference to the earlier Roman poet Ennius . inveniet quod quisque velit each shall find what he desires Attributed to Petronius or Prudentius . Motto of the journal Nature in Cambridgeshire : Inveniet quod quisque velit; non omnibus unum est, quod placet; hic spinas colligit, ille rosas ("Each shall find what he desires; no one thing pleases all; one gathers thorns, another roses"). invicta unconquered Motto of
23240-583: The present month Used in formal correspondence to refer to the current month, sometimes abbreviated as inst ; e.g.: "Thank you for your letter of the 17th inst."— ult. mense = last month, prox. mense = next month. Instrumentum regni instrument of government Used to express the exploitation of religion by State or ecclesiastical polity as a means of controlling the masses, or in particular to achieve political and mundane ends. Instrumentum vocale instrument with voice So Varro in his De re rustica ( On Agriculture ) defines
23406-524: The psalter in use in Rome, to agree better with the Greek of the Common Septuagint. Jerome said he had done this cursorily when in Rome, but he later disowned this version, maintaining that copyists had reintroduced erroneous readings. Until the 20th century, it was commonly assumed that the surviving Roman Psalter represented Jerome's first attempted revision, but more recent scholarship—following de Bruyne—rejects this identification. The Roman Psalter
23572-414: The record of Jesus' teaching found in the New Testament (specifically, the four Gospels). ipsissima voce in the very voice itself To approximate the main thrust or message without using the exact words ipso facto by the fact itself By that very fact ipso iure by the law itself Automatically as a consequence of law ira deorum wrath of the gods Like
23738-614: The regular records of a court for special reasons. in saecula ( saeculorum ), in saeculum saeculi roughly : down to the times of the times forever (and ever); liturgical in saeculo in the times In the secular world, esp. outside a monastery , or before death. in salvo in safety in scientia et virtue in knowledge and virtue Motto of St. Joseph's College, Colombo , Colombo. Sri Lanka in se magna ruunt great things collapse of their own weight Lucan , Pharsalia 1:81 in silvam non ligna feras Do not carry wood to
23904-515: The rest of the New Testament shows marked differences from Jerome, both in editorial practice and in their sources. Where Jerome sought to correct the Vetus Latina text with reference to the best recent Greek manuscripts, with a preference for those conforming to the Byzantine text-type, the Greek text underlying the revision of the rest of the New Testament demonstrates the Alexandrian text-type found in
24070-547: The revision of the Vulgate New Testament outside the Gospels. At any rate, it is reasonable to identify the author of the preface with the unknown reviser of the New Testament outside the gospels. Some manuscripts of the Pauline epistles contain short Marcionite prologues to each of the epistles indicating where they were written, with notes about where the recipients dwelt. Adolf von Harnack , citing De Bruyne, argued that these notes were written by Marcion of Sinope or one of his followers. Many early Vulgate manuscripts contain
24236-420: The said old and vulgate edition, which, by the lengthened usage of so many years, has been approved of in the Church, be, in public lectures, disputations, sermons and expositions, held as authentic; and that no one is to dare, or presume to reject it under any pretext whatever. The qualifier "Latin editions, now in circulation" and the use of "authentic" (not "inerrant") show the limits of this statement. When
24402-433: The sake of one's personhood ; acting on one's own behalf, especially a person representing themselves in a legal proceeding; abbreviated pro per . See also pro se : litigant in person , pro se legal representation in the United States . in principio erat Verbum in the beginning was the Word ( Logos ) Beginning of the Gospel of John in re in the matter [of] Legal term used to indicate that
24568-460: The same exact words, in Italian, mean "Romans' calves are beautiful", which has a ridiculously different meaning. ibidem ( ibid. ) in the same place Usually used in bibliographic citations to refer to the last source previously referenced. id est ( i.e. ) that is (literally "it is") "That is (to say)" in the sense of "that means" and "which means", or "in other words", "namely", or sometimes "in this case", depending on
24734-528: The separation of powers." in specialibus generalia quaerimus To seek the general in the specifics That is, to understand the most general rules through the most detailed analysis. in statu nascendi in the state of being born Just as something is about to begin in theatro ludus like a scene in a play Surreal in toto in all Totally; entirely; completely. in triplo in triple In triplicate. in umbra, igitur, pugnabimus Then we will fight in
24900-405: The shade Laconic phrase supposedly given by the Spartans in response to the Persian boast at the Battle of Thermopylae that their arrows would obscure the sun. The response, though not in this form, was variously attributed to the soldier Dienekes or to King Leonidas I . in utero in the womb in utrumque paratus prepared for either (event) in vacuo in
25066-412: The skin Intimately, without reservation. Persius , Satire 3:30. Index Librorum Prohibitorum Index of prohibited (or, forbidden) books List of books considered heretical by the Roman Catholic Church . indigens Deo being in need of God, beggar before God From Augustine , De Civitate Dei XII, 1.3: beatitudinem consequatur nec expleat indigentiam suam , " since it
25232-535: The slave: an instrument (as a simple plow, or etc.) with voice. intaminatis fulget honoribus untarnished, she shines with honor From Horace 's Odes (III.2.18). Motto of Wofford College . integer vitae scelerisque purus unimpaired by life and clean of wickedness From Horace 's Odes (I.22.1) Used as a funeral hymn. intelligenti pauca few words suffice for him who understands inter alia ( i.a. ) among other things Term used in formal extract minutes to indicate that
25398-543: The term Vulgata to describe the "new" Latin translation was made by Roger Bacon in the 13th century. The translations in the Vetus Latina had accumulated piecemeal over a century or more. They were not translated by a single person or institution, nor uniformly edited. The individual books varied in quality of translation and style, and different manuscripts and quotations witness wide variations in readings. Some books appear to have been translated several times. The book of Psalms , in particular, had circulated for over
25564-431: The term ipse-dixitism has come to mean any unsupported rhetorical assertion that lacks a logical argument. Literal translation by Cicero (in his De Natura Deorum 1.10) of the Greek αὐτὸς ἔφα , an invocation by Pythagoreans when appealing to the pronouncements of the master. ipsissima verba the very words themselves "Strictly word for word" (cf. verbatim ). Often used in Biblical Studies to describe
25730-408: The tongue (referring to alcohol 's disinhibitory effects). in vitro in glass An experimental or process methodology performed in a "non-natural" setting (e.g. in a laboratory using a glass test tube or Petri dish), and thus outside of a living organism or cell. Alternative experimental or process methodologies include in vitro , ex vivo and in vivo . in vivo in life/in
25896-417: The two books of Ezra found in the Septuagint and Vetus Latina , Esdras A and Esdras B, represented "variant examples" of a single Hebrew original. Hence, he does not translate Esdras A separately even though up until then it had been universally found in Greek and Vetus Latina Old Testaments, preceding Esdras B, the combined text of Ezra–Nehemiah. The Vulgate is usually credited as being
26062-457: The vast majority of inhabitants of the ancient world, the ancient Romans practiced pagan rituals, believing it important to achieve a state of pax deorum (peace of the gods) instead of ira deorum (wrath of the gods): earthquakes, floods, famine, etc. ira furor brevis est wrath (anger) is but a brief madness ita vero thus indeed Useful phrase, as the Romans had no word for "yes", preferring to respond to questions with
26228-555: The verification of faith. in fieri in becoming In progress; pending. in fine ( i.f. ) in the end At the end. Used in footnotes, for example, "p. 157 in fine ": "the end of page 157". in flagrante delicto in a blazing wrong, while the crime is blazing Caught in the act (esp. a crime or in a "compromising position"); equivalent to "caught red-handed" in English idiom. in flore in blossom Blooming. in foro in forum In court ( legal term ). in forma pauperis in
26394-436: The version by Arius Montanus ), Syriac, Ethiopic, and Arabic. It also included a version of the Gospels in Persian. The Vulgate Latin is used regularly in Thomas Hobbes ' Leviathan of 1651; in the Leviathan Hobbes "has a worrying tendency to treat the Vulgate as if it were the original". Before the publication of Pius XII 's Divino afflante Spiritu , the Vulgate was the source text used for many translations of
26560-506: The weekend, so the water samples were analyzed in loco ." in loco parentis in the place of a parent Assuming parental or custodial responsibility and authority (e.g., schoolteachers over students); a legal term. in luce Tua videmus lucem in Thy light we see light Motto of Valparaiso University . The phrase comes from Psalm 36:9: "For with you is the fountain of life; in your light we see light." in lumine tuo videbimus lumen in your light we will see
26726-440: Was declared to "be held as authentic" by the Catholic Church by the Council of Trent. The Council of Trent cited long usage in support of the Vulgate's magisterial authority : Moreover, this sacred and holy Synod,—considering that no small utility may accrue to the Church of God, if it be made known which out of all the Latin editions, now in circulation, of the sacred books, is to be held as authentic,—ordains and declares, that
26892-413: Was free to develop on its own, there is no reason to suppose that the speech was uniform either diachronically or geographically. On the contrary, Romanised European populations developed their own dialects of the language, which eventually led to the differentiation of Romance languages . Late Latin is a kind of written Latin used in the 3rd to 6th centuries. This began to diverge from Classical forms at
27058-496: Was much more liberal in its linguistic cohesion: for example, in classical Latin sum and eram are used as auxiliary verbs in the perfect and pluperfect passive, which are compound tenses. Medieval Latin might use fui and fueram instead. Furthermore, the meanings of many words were changed and new words were introduced, often under influence from the vernacular. Identifiable individual styles of classically incorrect Latin prevail. Renaissance Latin, 1300 to 1500, and
27224-441: Was no complete separation between Italian and Latin, even into the beginning of the Renaissance . Petrarch for example saw Latin as a literary version of the spoken language. Medieval Latin is the written Latin in use during that portion of the post-classical period when no corresponding Latin vernacular existed, that is from around 700 to 1500 AD. The spoken language had developed into the various Romance languages; however, in
27390-401: Was relatively free in rendering their text into Latin, but it is possible to determine that the oldest surviving complete manuscripts of the Masoretic Text which date from nearly 600 years after Jerome, nevertheless transmit a consonantal Hebrew text very close to that used by Jerome. The Vulgate exists in many forms. The Codex Amiatinus is the oldest surviving complete manuscript from
27556-431: Was shut down in June 2019), and Vatican Radio & Television, all of which broadcast news segments and other material in Latin. A variety of organisations, as well as informal Latin 'circuli' ('circles'), have been founded in more recent times to support the use of spoken Latin. Moreover, a number of university classics departments have begun incorporating communicative pedagogies in their Latin courses. These include
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