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45-507: Jernegan is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Helen Jernegan (1839–1934), American woman and wife of a whaler John D. Jernegan (1911–1981), American Foreign Service Officer and Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Marcus Jernegan (1872–1949), American historian and a professor at the University of Chicago [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with

90-463: A Tierra early in 1915, although she was in Chilean territorial waters, where it was scuttled after a brief battle with British cruisers. In 1966 the Chilean government renamed Más Afuera as Alejandro Selkirk Island and Más a Tierra as Robinson Crusoe Island, in order to promote tourism. Incidentally, Selkirk never set foot on Más Afuera, only on Más a Tierra. On 30 July 2007, a constitutional reform gave

135-426: A high percentage of rare and endemic plants and animals, and are recognized as a distinct ecoregion . The volcanic origin and remote location of the islands meant that the islands' flora and fauna had to reach the archipelago from far across the sea; as a result, the island is home to relatively few plant species and very few animal species. The closest relatives of the archipelago 's plants and animals are found in

180-523: A ship carrying Mormon missionaries visited the archipelago, re-stocking before travelling onward. During their stop, they buried the body a pregnant woman, Laura Graham, who had died during a storm. In 1908, the islands were visited by the Swedish Magellanic Expedition and Carl Skottsberg is believed to have been the last to have seen the Santalum fernandezianum tree alive. Late in 1914

225-723: A train to take the fifty mile journey to Panama City . Boarding another steamer, Jernegan sailed for ten days to reach San Francisco, where she was delayed two weeks awaiting passage to Honolulu. When she arrived in Honolulu, the couple spent a month there before starting the return voyage. Sailing aboard the Oriole for Aitutaki in the Cook Islands , they made their way back to New Bedford, Massachusetts , after passing Cape Horn , arriving in September 1866. Three months later, on December 17, 1866,

270-522: A very limited fauna, with no native land mammals , reptiles , or amphibians . Seventeen land and sea-bird species breed on the islands. The island has three endemic bird species, and three endemic subspecies. Introduced fauna by humans include rats and goats . Robinson Crusoe Island is home to an endemic and endangered hummingbird , the Juan Fernández firecrown ( Sephanoides fernandensis ). This large hummingbird , about 11 cm (4 in) long,

315-555: Is 1,081 mm (42.6 in), varying from 318 mm (12.5 in) to 1,698 mm (66.9 in) year to year. Much of the variability in rainfall depends on the El Niño-Southern Oscillation . Rainfall is higher in the winter months, and varies with elevation and exposure; elevations above 500 m (1,640 ft) experience almost daily rainfall, while the western, leeward side of Robinson Crusoe and Santa Clara are quite dry. The Juan Fernández islands are home to

360-746: Is at approximately 950 m (3,100 ft), above which is alpine shrubland and grassland, dominated by temperate Magellanic vegetation such as Acaena , Dicksonia , Drimys , Empetrum , Gunnera , Myrteola , Pernettya , and Ugni . On Robinson Crusoe, grasslands predominate from 0 to 100 m (300 ft); introduced shrubs from 100 to 300 m (300 to 1,000 ft); tall forests from 300 to 500 m (1,000 to 1,600 ft); montane forests from 500 to 700 m (1,600 to 2,300 ft), with dense tree cover of Cuminia fernandezia , Fagara , and Rhaphithamnus venustus ; tree fern forests from 700 to 750 m (2,300 to 2,500 ft), and brushwood forests above 750 m (2,500 ft). Santa Clara

405-403: Is covered with grassland. Three endemic species dominate the tall and lower montane forests of the archipelago , Drimys confertifolia on both main islands, Myrceugenia fernandeziana on Robinson Crusoe, and M. schulzei on Alexander Selkirk. Endemic tree fern species of southern hemisphere genus Dicksonia ( D. berteroana on Robinson Crusoe and D. externa on Alexander Selkirk) and

450-546: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Helen Jernegan Hellen Meriah Clark was born on September 8, 1839, in Gorham , Cumberland County, Maine , to Eveline D. (née McLellan) and Aaron Clark. She was raised in Maine until the age of twelve, when she began living with her mother's sister, Charlotte (née McLellan) Coffin and her family to Edgartown, Massachusetts , on Martha's Vineyard . She attended school on

495-515: Is the largest of the Juan Fernández Islands at 49.5 km (19.1 sq mi), and its highest peak, Cerro de Los Inocentes , is also the highest point of the archipelago at 1,268 m (4,160 ft). The island's population was 57 in 2012. Robinson Crusoe is the second largest island in the archipelago at 47.9 km (18 sq mi); its highest peak, El Yunque, is 915 m (3,002 ft). The population of Robinson Crusoe

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540-460: Is thought to number only about 500 individuals. The other endemic bird species are the Juan Fernández tit-tyrant ( Anairetes fernandezianus ) of Robinson Crusoe Island, and the Masafuera rayadito ( Aphrastura masafuerae ) of Alejandro Selkirk Island. The islands support the entire known breeding populations of two petrel species, Stejneger's Petrel Pterodroma longirostris ( IUCN status VU) and

585-784: The Antarctic flora , and are related to plants found in southern South America, New Zealand and Australia. Vegetation zones generally correspond to elevation, with grasslands and shrublands at lower elevations, tall and montane forests at middle elevations, and shrublands at the highest elevations. The two main islands have somewhat distinct plant communities. Alejandro Selkirk is mostly covered with grassland from 0 to 400 m (1,300 ft), interspersed with wooded ravines (quebradas) , home to dry forests of Myrceugenia and Zanthoxylum fagara . From 400 to 600 m (1,300 to 2,000 ft) are lower montane forests, with upper montane forest from 600 to 950 m (2,000 to 3,100 ft). The treeline

630-620: The Desventuradas Islands , located some 780 km (485 mi) to the north. The actual population of the Desventuradas may be higher, because the species tends to hide in sea caves. There seems to be a yearly population increase of 16–17 percent. A 2008 report by archaeologists from the Australian National University states that, "a combination of palaeoecology and archaeology in the Juan Fernández Islands showed it

675-548: The Juan Fernandez Petrel Pterodroma externa ( IUCN status VU). In addition, the Juan Fernandez Islands may still support a third breeding petrel species, De Filippi's Petrel Pterodroma defilippiana ( IUCN status VU), whose only other known breeding grounds are on the Desventuradas Islands . The Magellanic penguin breeds on Robinson Crusoe Island within the archipelago . All three islands of

720-601: The NBC Radio program Inheritance featured an episode, "The Whale Hunters" which was narrated by George Lefferts about the Jernigan family voyage of 1870–1871. Juan Fern%C3%A1ndez Islands The Juan Fernández Islands ( Spanish : Archipiélago Juan Fernández ) are a sparsely inhabited series of islands in the South Pacific Ocean reliant on tourism and fishing. Situated 670 km (362 nmi; 416 mi) off

765-573: The Roman made landfall at Honolulu and Jernegan and the children disembarked. They lived in a rented cottage on Fort Street while Jared continued north to the Arctic. By October, Jared had returned and unwilling to be separated longer from his family, they joined him aboard ship when he sailed in November to hunt whales near the equator. The family spent five months at sea making stops at Ohitahoo , where Jernegan

810-626: The Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregions of southern South America, including the Valdivian temperate rain forests , Magellanic subpolar forests , and Desventuradas Islands . There are 209 native species of vascular plants in the Juan Fernandez Islands, approximately 150 of which are flowering plants , and 50 are ferns. There are 126 species (62 percent) that are endemic, with 12 endemic genera and two endemic families , Lactoridaceae and Thyrsopteridaceae . Many plants are characteristic of

855-413: The surname Jernegan . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jernegan&oldid=1150474555 " Category : Surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

900-605: The Arctic, but sent Jernegan and the children back to Edgartown by way of San Francisco. Jared's ship was lost on the voyage, but he returned to join his family in Edgartown, where the couple's youngest child, Marcus Jernegan , was born in 1872. Jernigan did not return to sea, though Jared completed seven more whaling voyages before he retired in 1888. After his death in 1899, Jernigan lived with her son Marcus until 1900, but thereafter supported herself from her own income. Jernigan died on February 26, 1934, in Edgartown. In 1954,

945-556: The Juan Fernandez archipelago have been recognised as Important Bird Areas (IBAs) by BirdLife International . The endemic Juan-Fernandez spiny lobster (without claws) lives in the marine waters ( Jasus frontalis ). The Juan Fernández fur seal ( Arctophoca philippii ) also lives on the islands. This species was nearly exterminated in the sixteenth to nineteenth century, but it was rediscovered in 1965. A census in 1970 found about 750 fur seals living there. Only two were sighted on

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990-485: The Juan Fernández Islands and Easter Island the status of "special territories" of Chile. Pending the enactment of a charter the archipelago will continue to be governed as a commune of the Valparaíso Region . On 27 February 2010, a tsunami following the 8.8 magnitude earthquake off Maule, Chile struck the islands causing at least 8 deaths. Eleven people were reported as missing. Some early reports described

1035-549: The Juan Fernández Islands have "great similarity in ichthyofauna with Oceania more so than with the nearing South America." The islands have a subtropical Mediterranean climate , moderated by the cold Humboldt Current , which flows northward to the east of the islands, and the southeast trade winds. Temperatures range from 10 °C (50 °F) to 22 °C (72 °F), with an annual mean of 15.4 °C (60 °F). Higher elevations are generally cooler, with occasional frosts on Robinson Crusoe. Average annual precipitation

1080-500: The between season of 1870. Soon, they struck a reef, but emerged unscathed. Returning to Ohitahoo, they anchored in Resolution Bay with the intent of restocking supplies and repairing some rot on the topsail. As they were preparing to sail back to Honolulu, seventeen crewmen, who had gone ashore and returned drunk, mutinied. The second mate and second officer were badly injured. Jared, armed with his Henry rifle , locked Jernegan and

1125-406: The capital, San Juan Bautista , located at Cumberland Bay on the island's north coast. The group of islands is part of Chile's Valparaíso Region (which also includes Easter Island ) and, along with the Desventuradas Islands , forms one of the nine communes of Valparaíso Province . The islands are named after Juan Fernández , the explorer who discovered them in the 1570s. Alejandro Selkirk

1170-504: The children in the stateroom and took up a position in the saloon. Soon the mutineers lowered three whaleboats and left the whaler under threat that they would return and burn it. During the mutiny, the fourth mate and his party were en route to the Roman and arrived in time to release the second mate and Jared. Though only nine sailors remained on board, Jared slipped anchor and put to sea. Arriving in Honolulu in March 1871, Jared returned to

1215-487: The coast of Chile , they are composed of three main volcanic islands: Robinson Crusoe , Alejandro Selkirk and Santa Clara . The group is part of Insular Chile . The islands are primarily known for having been the home to the marooned sailor Alexander Selkirk for more than four years from 1704, which may have inspired English writer Daniel Defoe 's Robinson Crusoe . Most of the archipelago 's present-day inhabitants reside on Robinson Crusoe Island, and mainly in

1260-415: The couple's second child, Prescott Ford Jernegan was born. Jared had earned enough from the trip aboard the Oriole to support the family for the next two years, but in 1868, he decided to take command of the Roman and sail with the entire family. Jernegan spent her days aboard ship watching the children and piecing by hand a log cabin quilt , which would contain 2310 strips of fabric. While on board

1305-401: The endemic genus Thyrsopteris (T. elegans) are the predominant species in the tree-fern forests. An endemic species of sandalwood, Santalum fernandezianum , was overexploited for its fragrant wood, has not been seen since 1908, and is believed extinct. The Chonta palm ( Juania australis ), which is endemic to the Juan Fernández Islands, is endangered. The Juan Fernández Islands have

1350-563: The island and worked as a teacher after her graduation at North Primary School, starting in 1859. In 1861, she met the ship captain Jared Jernegan, a widower with a son, Aylmer, who had been born in 1854. Though Jared was fifteen years older than she, they married that June in Maine. Within a year of the marriage, in June 1862, Jared set sail for the Sandwich Islands , as Hawaii was known at

1395-615: The islands were the rendezvous for Admiral Maximilian von Spee 's East Asia Squadron as he gathered his ships together before defeating the British under Admiral Christopher Cradock at the Battle of Coronel . Following the Royal Navy 's win at the Battle of the Falkland Islands a month later, the only surviving German cruiser, SMS  Dresden , was hunted down and cornered illegally at Más

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1440-581: The islands, at 5.8 million years old, followed by Robinson Crusoe, 3.8 – 4.2 million years old, and Alexander Selkirk, 1.0 – 2.4 million years old. The seafloor around Juan Fernández Islands is rich in Manganese–Iron nodules , which might be of potential economic interest . Some consider the islands to be one of the easternmost points of Oceania , rather than an outlying region of South America . In their book Shore Fishes of Easter Island , authors John E. Randall and Alfredo Cea Egana claim that

1485-564: The islands, starting with the London (Captain Joshua Coffin) in 1795. During the maritime fur trade era of the early 19th century the islands were a source of fur seal skins, and the Juan Fernández fur seal was nearly driven to extinction. In his book Two Years Before the Mast (Chapter VII), Richard Henry Dana Jr. described the islands as he found them circa 1834. At this time the main island

1530-471: The location of a penal colony . It was during this period that Alexander Selkirk became marooned on the islands. In the 1740s, they were visited by Commodore Anson's flotilla during his ill-fated venture to the South Seas. The location of the archipelago was fixed by Alessandro Malaspina in 1790; previous charts had differed on the location. British and American whaling vessels were regular visitors to

1575-558: The meals for the family were purchased from the Chinese proprietor of a nearby hotel and Prescott had a native woman who served as his nanny. Jernegan reported watching native surfers ride the waves, while Jared returned to the Arctic for the season. Returned from the north by December, once again Jared took the family aboard and made for the equator by way of Maria Island (also known as the Peru atoll) in

1620-639: The movement of the Nazca Plate over the Juan Fernández hotspot . As the plate moved eastward over the hot spot, volcanic eruptions formed the Juan Fernández Ridge before being subducted under the South American continent at the Peru–Chile Trench . The islands occur where the peaks of the submarine ridge have protruded above sea level. Radiometric dating indicates that Santa Clara is the oldest of

1665-544: The ship, Jared chalked out an area for the children to run freely but be away from the men working with the whales. He also made a schoolhouse on deck for Jernegan to give lessons to Laura. To practice her writing, Jernegan had Laura keep a diary of the trip. They sailed around Cape Horn and made landfall on the Juan Fernández Islands . From there, they proceeded to Cecorius Island where they met Jared's brother Nathan to exchange news and trade salt. On March 29, 1869,

1710-504: The term 2021–2024 is Pablo Andrés Manríquez Angulo . Within the electoral divisions of Chile , the commune was represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Joaquín Godoy ( RN ) and Aldo Cornejo ( PDC ) as part of the 13th electoral district, together with Valparaíso and Easter Island . It was represented in the Senate by Francisco Chahuán Chahuán (RN) and Ricardo Lagos Weber ( PPD ) as part of

1755-459: The time. Within weeks of his leaving, Jernegan gave birth to their first child, Laura on June 29, 1862. Missing his family, Jared wrote asking Jernegan to meet him in Honolulu to make the return voyage with him. She left their daughter with her Aunt Pierce took a train to New York and boarded a steamship in September 1865. After an eight-day sea journey, she arrived in Aspinwall, Panama and boarded

1800-430: The tsunami as being 40 m (130 ft) high, but later reports measured it at 3 m (10 ft). Most of the town of San Juan Bautista on Robinson Crusoe Island was destroyed. As a commune , the Juan Fernández Islands are a third-level administrative division of Chile governed by a municipal council , headed by a mayor ( Spanish : alcalde ) who is directly elected every four years. The current mayor for

1845-469: Was 843 in 2012. Santa Clara is 2.2 km (0.8 sq mi) in area and reaches a height of 375 m (1,230 ft). Santa Clara is uninhabited. The maximum elevations of Juan Fernández, 915 m (3,002 ft) for Robinson Crusoe and 1,329 m (4,360 ft) for Alejandro Selkirk, respectively, are high enough to cause the phenomenon known as Kármán vortex street , which can be seen from space. The islands are volcanic in origin, produced by

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1890-524: Was being used as a penal colony . However, when Dr John Coulter visited it in the early 1840s, he reported the island deserted after the approximately 1000 convicts had risen up, killing the soldiers and Governor who had held them captive. The prisoners fled to mainland Chile , where "great numbers" were later hunted down and shot. The story appears in Coulter's book Adventures in the Pacific (1845). On 6 May 1846,

1935-482: Was discovered on 22 November 1574, by the Spanish sailor Juan Fernández , who was sailing south between Callao and Valparaíso along a route which he also discovered, hundreds of miles west of the coast of Chile , which avoided the northerly Humboldt current . He called the islands Más Afuera , Más a Tierra , and Santa Clara. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the islands were used as a hideout for pirates and became

1980-415: Was reported to have been the first white woman to land on that Marquesas Island and Nuku Hiva . They spent eight days on Ohitahoo and the children encountered bananas, breadfruit , coconuts, guavas , lemons, limes, mamey apples , oranges, pineapples and plantains, writing home about the variety of fruit. By March 1870, they were back in Honolulu, where they rented another small cottage on Fort Street. All

2025-429: Was unlikely there had been human activity in the islands before Europeans arrived." Ichthyologists Ingo Hahn and Uwe Römer wrote in 2002, "the geographically isolated Juan Fernández Islands were probably untouched by man until their discovery by European sailors in 1574. Polynesians did not reach further east than Easter Island and native Americans perhaps not west of the South American continent." The archipelago

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