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13-619: Jean Richard may refer to: Full name Jean Michel Claude Richard (1787–1868), French botanist Jean Richard (actor) , French actor and comedian Jean Richard (historian) (1921–2021), French historian Given name Jean-Richard Bloch (1884–1947), French critic, novelist and playwright Jean-Richard Germont (born ]1945), French former sports shooter Jean-Richard Geurts (born 1957), also known under his pseudonym Janry, Belgian comics artist See also [ edit ] Eugene Richards (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

26-586: A diary of his experiences, he developed a catalog of the garden's species, and left Senegal in 1825. In January 1831 Richard became second director of the Jardin du Roy (now the Jardin de l'État ) in the Île Bourbon (now Réunion ), succeeding Nicolas Bréon . Under his leadership the garden achieved its golden age. He introduced some 3,000 plant species to the colony, by his reckoning, while studying cryptogams , ferns , and orchids . He also sent lichens from Mauritius to

39-415: A method to quickly pollinate the vanilla orchid using a thin stick or blade of grass and a simple thumb gesture. Using the stick or grass blade, field hands lift the rostellum , the flap that separates the male anther from the female stigma , and then, with their thumbs, smear the sticky pollen from the anther over the stigma. Albius's manual pollination method is still used today, as nearly all vanilla

52-420: A reward or a government stipend for Albius. In 1848, France outlawed slavery in its colonies, and Albius left the plantation for St. Denis , where he worked as a kitchen servant. He adopted Albius as his new surname from alba "white" in reference to the vanilla orchid's colour. He was convicted of stealing jewelry and sentenced to ten years in prison, but the sentence was commuted after five years when

65-474: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Jean Michel Claude Richard Richard was born in Volon , Haute-Saône . He was sent to Senegal in 1816 as the colony's gardener-in-chief, but served without obvious distinction until the arrival in 1822 of Baron Jacques-François Roger (1787–1849) who entrusted to Richard the creation of an experimental garden on

78-588: Is pollinated by hand. After Albius's discovery, Réunion became for a time the world's largest supplier of vanilla. French colonists used Albius's technique in Madagascar to cultivate vanilla, and Madagascar remains the world's chief vanilla producer. Noted French botanist and plant collector Jean Michel Claude Richard falsely claimed to have discovered the technique three or four years earlier. In gratitude for – and in recognition of – his discovery, locals on Réunion attempted (unsuccessfully) to obtain

91-580: The German specialist Ferdinand Christian Gustav Arnold (1828–1901). In retrospect, Richard's life has been marred by controversy. In 1841, when the young slave Edmond Albius (1829–1880) discovered the process of hand-pollination of vanilla , Richard claimed to have discovered the technique three or four years earlier. His story created serious doubts about Albius' claims, despite the support for Albius of Féréol Marie Bellier de Beaumont (1759–1831), naturalist Eugène Volcy Focard , and Méziaires of Lepervanche. By

104-450: The cultivation of vanilla and made it possible to profitably grow Vanilla planifolia away from its native habitat ( Mexico to Brazil ). Albius was born in St. Suzanne , Réunion . His mother, an enslaved woman, died during his birth. The colonist keeping Edmond in slavery was Féréol Bellier Beaumont. French colonists brought vanilla beans to Réunion and nearby Mauritius in the 1820s with

117-443: The end of the 20th century, Albius was considered the true discoverer. Other botanists called Richard are: Edmond Albius Edmond Albius (c. 1829 – 9 August 1880) was a horticulturalist from Réunion . Born into slavery, Albius became an important figure in the cultivation of vanilla . At the age of 12, he invented a technique for pollinating vanilla orchids quickly and profitably. Albius's technique revolutionized

130-583: The governor granted him clemency in light of his enormous contribution to vanilla production in Réunion. Albius died in poverty in St. Suzanne in 1880. Albius' story is explored in "The Enslaved Teen Who Cracked Vanilla’s Secret", an episode of Ideas on CBC Radio. Also in 2023 the French- Réunionese novelist Gaëlle Bélem published an award-winning historical novel Le fruit le plus rare : ou la vie d'Edmond Albius based on Albius's life. The story

143-583: The hope of starting production there. However, the vines were sterile because no insect would pollinate them. In 1837, Charles Morren , a professor of botany at the University of Liège in Belgium , published a method of hand-pollination, but his technique was slow and required too much effort to make cultivating vanilla a moneymaking proposition. Albius's master, Mr. Beaumont, taught him the basics of botany, including how to fertilize flowers. In 1841, Albius invented

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156-538: The left bank of the Sénégal River , near the village of Nghiao, and named it Richard Toll (toll means "garden" in the Wolof language ). Richard was responsible for all plants, buildings, and facilities, and under his direction a number of new species were introduced to Senegal, including bananas , manioc , oranges , sugar cane , and coffee . In February 1824 Richard was sent to Cayenne . Directed on 30 July 1824 to keep

169-460: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Jean Richard . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Richard&oldid=1180270368 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

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