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62-592: As a child he played tuba in the Briançon town band and after early studies at the école de musique de Briançon he attended for two years the Conservatoire de Marseille before entering the Conservatoire national supérieur de musique de Paris . There he followed courses in conducting with Jean-Sébastien Bérault, musicology and composition with Pierre Villette , vocal studies (tenor) with Christiane Eda-Pierre , and piano. He

124-673: A draft period, and tried to promote understanding between France and Germany. As conflict became imminent, he tried to organise general strikes in France and Germany in order to force the governments to back down and negotiate. This proved difficult, however, as many Frenchmen sought revenge ( revanche ) for their country's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War and the return of the lost Alsace-Lorraine territory. Then, in May 1914, with Jaurès intending to form an alliance with Joseph Caillaux for

186-513: A bill with Jules Guesde that proposed nationalization of the wine estates. After troops had shot wine growing demonstrators later that month, Parliament renewed its confidence in the government. Jaurès's L'Humanité carried the headline, "The House acquits the mass killers of the Midi". In the general elections of 1906 , Jaurès was again elected for the Tarn. His ability was now generally recognized, but

248-556: A decade director of the European Academy of Music (French: Académie européenne de musique ) at the Aix-en-Provence Festival , was appointed as the Conservatoire's first woman director on 14 December 2019. Currently, the conservatories train more than 1,200 students in structured programs, with 350 professors in nine departments. A concert hall, designed by the architect François-Jacques Delannoy  [ fr ] ,

310-498: A devout Catholic. In 1889, after unsuccessfully contesting the Castres seat, this time under the banner of Socialism, he returned to his professional duties at Toulouse , where he took an active interest in municipal affairs and helped to found the medical faculty of the university. He also prepared two theses for his doctorate in philosophy, De primis socialismi germanici lineamentis apud Lutherum , Kant , Fichte et Hegel ( "On

372-531: A diploma. Historically, students who failed to pass the exam on the first attempt would return for another one to two years additional study and try a second time. A student failing to earn either level diploma after two additional attempts would be terminated from the program. CNSMDP moved to its new facilities in the Cité de la Musique in September 1990. After over two centuries of male directors, Émilie Delorme , for

434-557: A link in the chain of international solidarity. Speaking at Jaurès's funeral a few days later, CGT leader Léon Jouhaux declared, "All working men ... we take the field with the determination to drive back the aggressor." As if in reverence to his memory, the Socialists in the Chamber agreed to suspend all sabotage activity in support of the Union Sacrée . Poincaré commented that, "In

496-433: A political outlook and social philosophy that came to dominate revolutionary movements on the left. Jaurès was initially a moderate republican, opposed to both Clemenceau 's Radicalism and socialism. He developed into a socialist during the late 1880s, when he was in his late 20s. In 1892 the miners of Carmaux went on strike over the dismissal of their leader, Jean Baptiste Calvignac . Jaurès 's campaigning forced

558-526: A singing career, in which he was engaged at the ( Opéra Bastille , Festival d'Aix-en-Provence , Opéra de Lyon ), he also began to conduct. He was involved in film, radio and television including some of his own compositions. He is the musical director of Pro 05, the chamber orchestra of the Hautes-Alpes , as well as the Festival lyrique des châteaux de Bruniquel ( Tarn-et-Garonne ). Since 2004, he has directed

620-519: A work set to the libretto had been premiered at the Bouffes-Parisiens in 1858, the music had been lost, and Keck composed an entirely new score. Keck is also a producer and presenter for France Musique . Conservatoire National Sup%C3%A9rieur de Musique de Paris The Conservatoire de Paris ( French: [kɔ̃sɛʁvatwaʁ də paʁi] ), also known as the Paris Conservatory ,

682-474: Is a college of music and dance founded in 1795. Officially known as the Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique et de Danse de Paris ( [kɔ̃sɛʁvatwaʁ nasjɔnal sypeʁjœʁ də myzik e də dɑ̃s də paʁi] , CNSMDP ), it is situated in the avenue Jean Jaurès in the 19th arrondissement of Paris , France. The Conservatoire offers instruction in music and dance, drawing on the traditions of

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744-560: Is an independent thinker: that is to say, there is much we can expect from him, and it is with joy that we welcome his nomination." Fauré appointed forward-thinking representatives (such as Debussy, Paul Dukas , and André Messager ) to the governing council, loosened restrictions on repertoire, and added conducting and music history to the courses of study. Widor's composition students during this period included Darius Milhaud , Arthur Honegger , and Germaine Tailleferre . Other students included Lili Boulanger and Nadia Boulanger . New to

806-726: The 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State . In 1904, he founded the socialist paper L'Humanité . According to Geoffrey Kurtz, Jaures was "instrumental" in the reforms carried out by the administration, Emile Combes, "influencing the content of legislation and keeping the factions within the Bloc united." Following the Amsterdam Congress of the Second International ,

868-564: The 19th arrondissement of Paris as part of the Cité de la Musique , designed by Christian de Portzamparc . The new facilities were inaugurated in 1990. The organ on site was built in 1991 by the Austrian Rieger Orgelbau firm . It has 53 stops on 3 manuals and pedals. A larger organ of over 7,000 pipes with 91 stops was made in 2015 by the same company for the symphony hall of the nearby Philharmonie de Paris . A list of former students can be found at List of former students of

930-518: The Albi lycée before lecturing at the University of Toulouse . He was elected Republican deputy for the département of Tarn in 1885, sitting alongside the moderate Opportunist Republicans , opposed both to Georges Clemenceau 's Radicals and to the Socialists. He then supported both Jules Ferry and Léon Gambetta . On 29 June 1886 Jaurès married Louise Bois who despite Jaurès's secularism remained

992-471: The Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique et de Danse de Lyon (CNSMDL). On 3 December 1783 Papillon de la Ferté , intendant of the Menus-Plaisirs du Roi , proposed that Niccolò Piccinni should be appointed director of a future École Royale de Chant (Royal School of Singing). The school was instituted by a decree of 3 January 1784 and opened on 1 April with the composer François-Joseph Gossec as

1054-722: The Reign of Terror . On 3 August 1795, the government combined the École Royale with the Institut National de Musique, creating the Conservatoire de Musique under the direction of Sarrette . The combined organization remained in the facilities on the rue Bergère. The first 351 pupils commenced their studies in October 1796. By 1800, the staff of the Conservatory included some of the most important names in music in Paris, including, besides Gossec,

1116-454: The concours , has required students, at the end of their course of study, to perform in public a prepared set of musical pieces for a jury consisting of the professors and internationally renowned professionals on the particular instrument, the composer of the solo de concours, and the Director. Behind closed doors, the candidates would be given additional tasks to perform such as sight-reading. In

1178-457: The 'French School'. Formerly the conservatory also included drama, but in 1946 that division was moved into a separate school, the Conservatoire National Supérieur d'Art Dramatique (CNSAD), for acting, theatre and drama. Today the conservatories operate under the auspices of the Ministry of Culture and Communication and are associate members of PSL University . The CNSMDP is also associated with

1240-455: The 1858 version of Orphée aux enfers has been highly praised. His researches have led him to acquire many important related documents and manuscripts. In a 2013 article he predicted that the edition OEK would when complete comprise 43 volumes, although he added "that won't be in my lifetime". Keck featured in the 2004 documentary directed by Gérald Caillat The Missing Manuscript , about the textual history of Les Contes d'Hoffmann . In 2002

1302-573: The 20th century, the candidates were judged against a standard, and those who demonstrated outstanding mastery and artistry receive the Premier Prix , the equivalent of a diploma with high honor. Those who earned Deuxieme Prix, also received a diploma but could elect to remain to try again a year later for the top prize. Two lesser levels of distinction existed, the Premier Accessit and Deuxieme Accessit , equivalent to Honorable Mentions but without

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1364-455: The 20th of that month, Jaurès voted against a parliamentary subsidy for Poincaré's visit to St. Petersburg; which he condemned as both dangerous and provocative. The Caillaux–Jaurès alliance was dedicated to defeating military objectives that were aimed at precipitating war. France sent a mission, headed by Poincaré, to coordinate French and Russian responses. Always a pacifist, Jaurès rushed back to Paris to attempt an impossible reconciliation with

1426-597: The Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique et de Danse de Paris (CNSMDP). Delvincourt was succeeded by Dupré in 1954, Raymond Loucheur in 1956, Raymond Gallois-Montbrun in 1962, Marc Bleuse in 1984, and Alain Louvier in 1986. Plans to move CNSMDP to more modern facilities in the Parc de la Villette were initiated under Bleuse and completed under Louvier. The tradition of the final or exit examination,

1488-541: The Conservatoire de Paris and former teachers at List of former teachers at the Conservatoire de Paris . 48°53′20″N 2°23′27″E  /  48.88889°N 2.39083°E  / 48.88889; 2.39083 Jean Jaur%C3%A8s Independent Socialists French Socialist Party Auguste Marie Joseph Jean Léon Jaurès (3 September 1859 – 31 July 1914), commonly referred to as Jean Jaurès ( French: [ʒɑ̃ ʒɔʁɛs] ; Occitan : Joan Jaurés [dʒuˈan dʒawˈɾes] ),

1550-557: The Conservatoire de Paris on the rue du Conservatoire at rue Sainte-Cécile in the 9th arrondissement of Paris . Free public performances by students at the CNSAD are given frequently in the Conservatory of Music's former theatre. The music and dance divisions of the Conservatoire de Paris are now officially known as the Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique et de Danse de Paris (CNSMDP) (National Superior Conservatory of Paris for Music and Dance). The French government built its new campus in

1612-502: The Conservatoire was ruled by Nazi Germany and the collaborationist Vichy government during the Occupation of France of 1940–1944. Under the regime's antisemitic policies , Conservatoire administrators alternated between actively collaborating to purge the school of Jewish students (in the case of Rabaud) or working to conceal and protect Jewish students and faculty (in the case of Rabaud's successor, Claude Delvincourt ). Delvincourt

1674-680: The Festival de Radio-France Montpellier saw the recreation of Offenbach's grand opéra romantique Les Fées du Rhin in Keck's edition. The revival of this important work won various prizes including the Prix Michel Garcin (Meilleure initiative discographique) of the Académie du disque lyrique. The Opéra-Théâtre de Metz created his opéra-bouffe Monsieur de Chimpanzé on a libretto by Jules Verne in November 2005, conducted by Dominique Trottein. Although

1736-635: The French socialist groups held a Congress at Rouen in March 1905, which resulted in a new consolidation, with the merger of Jaurès's French Socialist Party and Guesde's Socialist Party of France. The new party, headed by Jaurès and Guesde, ceased to co-operate with the Radical groups, and became known as the Parti Socialiste Unifié (PSU, Unified Socialist Party), pledged to advance a collectivist programme. All

1798-706: The Offenbach concerts of the Orchestre des Concerts Pasdeloup . In April 2012 he conducted Ba-ta-clan and Mesdames de la Halle for the Academy of Music Hanns Eisler Berlin. For some years Jean-Christophe Keck has been leading the work to create a critical edition of all the works of Offenbach. The Offenbach Edition Keck is being published by Boosey & Hawkes . Already Keck's editions of La Périchole , La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein , La Vie parisienne and Les Brigands have been successfully performed. His edition of

1860-454: The President's secret deal with Russia. This would have led to a policy of détente with Germany, preventing war and the inevitable carnage. Russia had covertly subsidized Poincaré's election campaign. Poincaré had, in this theory, therefore abandoned socialism for another party and warfare. Even if Germany intentionally condemned Belgium to occupation, they had already accused Russia of starting

1922-707: The Socialist Workers of France and Jean Allemane 's Revolutionary Socialist Workers Party to form the French Socialist Party, of which Jaurès became the leader. They represented a social democratic stance, opposed to Jules Guesde's revolutionary Socialist Party of France. During the Combes administration his influence secured the coherence of the Radical -Socialist coalition known as the Bloc des gauches , which enacted

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1984-588: The belligerent parties from going ahead with the war. Villain also intended to murder Henriette Caillaux with his two engraved pistols. Tried after World War I and acquitted, he was later killed by the Republicans in 1936 during the Spanish Civil War . Shock waves ran through the streets of Paris. One of the government's most charismatic and compelling orators had been assassinated. His opponent, President Poincaré, sent his sympathies to Jaurès's widow. Paris

2046-561: The composers Luigi Cherubini , Jean-François Le Sueur , Étienne Méhul , and Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny , as well as the violinists Pierre Baillot , Rodolphe Kreutzer , and Pierre Rode . Sarrette was dismissed on 28 December 1814, after the Bourbon Restoration , but was reinstated on 26 May 1815, after Napoleon 's return to power during the Hundred Days . After his fall, Sarrette was compelled to retire on 17 November. The school

2108-421: The conflict. This theory, downplaying Germany's aggressive moves, was not widely supported in France. In the centenary year of his assassination, politicians from all sides of the political spectrum paid tribute to him and claimed he would have supported them. François Hollande declared that "Jaurès, the man of socialism, is today the man of all of France" while in 2007, Nicolas Sarkozy declared that his party

2170-528: The curator of the museum in 1871 and did much to expand and upgrade the collection. The collection is now located in the Musée de la Musique . The dramatics arts were separated from music and dance in 1946 and are now in the Conservatoire National Supérieur d'Art Dramatique (CNSAD) (National Superior Conservatory of the Dramatic Arts), a school for acting, drama. It is located in the original historic building of

2232-439: The events. His book Histoire Socialiste (1900–03) shaped interpretations—from Albert Mathiez (1874–1932), Albert Soboul (1914–1982) and Georges Lefebvre (1874–1959)—that came to dominate teaching analysis in class-conflict terms well into the 1980s. Jaurès emphasized the central role the middle class played in the aristocratic Brumaire , as well as the emergence of the working class " sans-culottes " who espoused

2294-546: The first delineations of German socialism in the writings of [Martin] Luther, [Immanuel] Kant, [Johann Gottlieb] Fichte and [Georg Wilhelm Friedrich] Hegel" ) (1891), and De la réalité du monde sensible . Jaurès became a highly influential historian of the French Revolution . Research in the archives in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris led him to the formulation of a theoretical Marxist interpretation of

2356-551: The first female student to win a prize on violin. In the Franco-Prussian War , during the siege of Paris (September 1870 – January 1871), the Conservatory was used as a hospital. On 13 May 1871, the day after Auber's death, the leaders of the Paris Commune appointed Francisco Salvador-Daniel as the director. Daniel was shot to death ten days later by troops of the French Army. He was replaced by Ambroise Thomas, who remained in

2418-601: The government to intervene and require Calvignac 's reinstatement. The following year , Jaurès was re-elected to the National Assembly as socialist deputy for Tarn, a seat he retained (apart from the four years 1898 to 1902 ) until his death. Defeated in the legislative election of 1898 , he spent four years without a legislative seat. His eloquent speeches nonetheless made him a force to be reckoned with as an intellectual champion of socialism. He edited La Petite République , and was, along with Émile Zola , one of

2480-540: The government. Russia had partially mobilized, which Germany took as an extreme provocation. On 31 July 1914, Jaurès was assassinated. At 9 pm, he went to dine at the Café du Croissant on Rue Montmartre . Forty minutes later, Raoul Villain , a 29-year-old French nationalist, walked up to the restaurant window and fired two shots into Jaurès's back. He died five minutes later at 9:45 pm. Jaurès had been due to attend an international conference on 9 August, in an attempt to dissuade

2542-459: The hall almost continuously until 1945, when it moved to the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées . The French composer Hector Berlioz premiered his Symphonie Fantastique in the conservatory's hall on 5 December 1830 with an orchestra of more than a hundred players. The concert hall is now part of CNSAD . The original library was created by Sarrette in 1801. After the construction of the concert hall,

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2604-598: The labour movement, the Socialists won the General Election. They planned to take office and "press for a policy of European peace". Jaurès accused French President Raymond Poincaré of being "more Russian than Russia" and premier René Viviani as being compliant. In July 1914, he attended the Socialist Congress in Brussels where he struck up a constructive solidarity with German socialist party leader Hugo Haase . On

2666-428: The latter's death in 1896. Professors included Charles-Marie Widor , Gabriel Fauré , and Charles Lenepveu for composition, Alexandre Guilmant for organ, Paul Taffanel for flute, and Louis Diémer for piano. Lenepveu had been expected to succeed Dubois as director, but after the " Affaire Ravel " in 1905, Ravel 's teacher Gabriel Fauré became director. Le Courrier Musical (15 June 1905) wrote: "Gabriel Fauré

2728-403: The library moved to a large room above the entrance vestibule. In the 1830s, Berlioz became a part-time curator in the library and was the librarian from 1852 until his death in 1869, when he was succeeded by Félicien David . The Conservatory Instrument Museum, founded in 1861, was formed from the instrument collection of Louis Clapisson . The French music historian Gustave Chouquet became

2790-520: The memory of man, there had never been anything more beautiful in France." On 23 November 1924, his remains were transferred to the Panthéon . Joseph Caillaux and Jaurès were fellow anti-militarists trying to halt the slide to war in July 1914. But Caillaux was paralyzed, politically and emotionally, by the trial of his wife for murder. With the trial over (July 28) Caillaux and Jaurès hoped they could expose

2852-674: The most energetic defenders of Alfred Dreyfus during the Dreyfus Affair . He approved of Alexandre Millerand , and the socialist's inclusion in the René Waldeck-Rousseau cabinet , though this led to an irredeemable split with the more revolutionary section led by Jules Guesde forming the Independent Socialists Party. In 1902 , Jaurès returned as deputy for Albi. The independent socialists merged with Paul Brousse 's " possibilist " (reformist) Federation of

2914-499: The post until 1896. Thomas's rather conservative directorship was vigorously criticized by many of the students, including Claude Debussy . During this period César Franck was ostensibly the organ teacher, but was actually giving classes in composition. His classes were attended by several students who were later to become important composers, including Ernest Chausson , Guy Ropartz , Guillaume Lekeu , Charles Bordes , and Vincent d'Indy . Théodore Dubois succeeded Thomas after

2976-479: The provisional director. Piccinni refused the directorship, but did join the faculty as a professor of singing. The new school was located in buildings adjacent to the Hôtel des Menus-Plaisirs at the junction of the rue Bergère and the rue du Faubourg Poissonnière . In June, a class in dramatic declamation was added, and the name was modified to École Royale de Chant et de Déclamation. In 1792, Bernard Sarrette created

3038-765: The socialist movements unified the same year in the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO). On 1 May 1905 Jaurès visited a newly formed wine making cooperative in Maraussan . He said the peasants had to unite instead of refusing to help each other. He told them to, "in the vat of the Republic, prepare the wine of the Social Revolution!". As the revolt of the Languedoc winegrowers developed, on 11 June 1907 Jaurès filed

3100-669: The staff were Alfred Cortot for piano and Eugène Gigout for organ. In 1911 the Conservatory moved to 14 rue de Madrid, into facilities that were formerly the collège of the École Saint-Ignace of the Jesuits , whose building had been purchased by the French state in 1905. Henri Rabaud succeeded Fauré in 1920 and served until April 1941. Notable students were Olivier Messiaen , Jean Langlais , and Jehan Alain . Staff included Dukas and Jean Roger-Ducasse for composition, Marcel Dupré for organ, Marcel Moyse for flute, and Claire Croiza for singing. Like all institutions in Paris,

3162-791: The strength of the SFIO still had to reckon with radical Georges Clemenceau, who was able to appeal to his countrymen (in a notable speech in the spring of 1906) to rally to a Radical programme which had no socialist ideas in view, although Clemenceau was sensitive to the conditions of the working class. Clemenceau's image as a strong and practical leader considerably diminished socialist populism. In addition to daily journalistic activity, Jaurès published Les preuves ; Affaire Dreyfus (1900); Action socialiste (1899); Études socialistes (1902), and, with other collaborators, Histoire socialiste (1901), etc. In 1911, he travelled to Lisbon and Buenos Aires . He supported, albeit not without criticisms,

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3224-567: The teaching of regional languages , such as Occitan , Basque and Breton , commonly known as " patois ", thus opposing, on this issue, traditional Republican Jacobinism . Jaures opposed imperialism, arguing that it posed a threat to peace in Europe. Jaurès was a committed antimilitarist who tried to use diplomatic means to prevent what became the First World War. In 1913, he opposed Émile Driant 's Three-Year Service Law , which implemented

3286-466: The École Gratuite de la Garde Nationale, which in the following year became the Institut National de Musique. The latter was also installed in the facilities of the former Menus-Plaisirs on the rue Bergère and was responsible for the training of musicians for the National Guard bands , which were in great demand for the enormous, popular outdoor gatherings put on by the revolutionary government after

3348-508: Was assassinated in 1914 at the outbreak of World War I but remains one of the main historical figures of the French Left . As a heterodox Marxist , Jaurès rejected the concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat and tried to conciliate idealism and materialism , individualism and collectivism , democracy and class struggle , and patriotism and internationalism . The son of an unsuccessful businessman and farmer, Jean Jaurès

3410-499: Was a French socialist leader. Initially a Moderate Republican , he later became a social democrat and one of the first possibilists (the reformist wing of the socialist movement) and in 1902 the leader of the French Socialist Party , which opposed Jules Guesde 's revolutionary Socialist Party of France . The two parties merged in 1905 in the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO). An antimilitarist , he

3472-582: Was born in Castres , Tarn , into a modest French provincial haut-bourgeois family. His younger brother, Louis , became an admiral and a Republican-Socialist deputy. A brilliant student, Jaurès was educated at the Lycée Sainte-Barbe in Paris and admitted first at the École normale supérieure , in philosophy , in 1878, ahead of Henri Bergson . He obtained his agrégation of philosophy in 1881, ending up third, and then taught philosophy for two years at

3534-719: Was closed in the first two years of the Bourbon Restoration, during the reign of Louis XVIII , but reopened in April 1816 as the École Royale de Musique, with François-Louis Perne as its director. In 1819, François Benoist was appointed professor of organ. Probably the best known director in the 19th century was Luigi Cherubini, who took over on 1 April 1822 and remained in charge until 8 February 1842. Cherubini maintained high standards and his staff included teachers such as François-Joseph Fétis , Habeneck, Fromental Halévy , Le Sueur, Ferdinando Paer , and Anton Reicha . Cherubini

3596-445: Was director from 1941 until his death in an automobile accident in 1954. Delvincourt was a progressive administrator, adding classes in harpsichord , saxophone, percussion, and the Ondes Martenot . Staff included Milhaud for composition and Messiaen for analysis and aesthetics. In 1946, the dramatic arts were transferred to a separate institution, the Conservatoire National Supérieur d'Art Dramatique (CNSAD). Music and dance became

3658-454: Was inaugurated on 7 July 1811. It is in the shape of a U (with the orchestra at the straight end). It holds an audience of 1055. The French composer and conductor Antoine Elwart described it as the Stradivarius of concert halls. In 1828 François Habeneck , a professor of violin and head of the conservatory's orchestra, founded the Société des Concerts du Conservatoire (forerunner of the Orchestre de Paris ). The society held concerts in

3720-449: Was on the brink of revolution: Jaurès had been advocating a general strike and had narrowly avoided sedition charges. One important consequence was that the cabinet postponed the arrest of socialist revolutionaries. Viviani reassured Britain of Belgian neutrality but also said that "the gloves were off". Jaurès's murder brought matters one step closer to world war. It helped to destabilise the French government, whilst simultaneously breaking

3782-451: Was struck early by a passion for the music of Offenbach, through the TV series Les Folies Offenbach with Michel Serrault , the recording of Belle Hélène conducted by René Leibowitz and that of Les Contes d'Hoffmann conducted by Pierre-Michel Le Conte , with Heinz Rehfuss . He also singles out conductors Jules Gressier , Marcel Cariven and Jean Doussard who managed to create miracles of music under difficult conditions. Alongside

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3844-425: Was succeeded by Daniel-François-Esprit Auber in 1842. Under Auber, composition teachers included Adolphe Adam , Halévy, and Ambroise Thomas ; piano teachers, Louise Farrenc , Henri Herz , and Antoine François Marmontel ; violin teachers, Jean-Delphin Alard and Charles Dancla ; and cello teachers, Pierre Chevillard and Auguste Franchomme . In 1852, Camille Urso , who studied with Lambert Massart , became

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