51-461: Jazz standards are musical compositions that are an important part of the musical repertoire of jazz musicians, in that they are widely known, performed, and recorded by jazz musicians, and widely known by listeners. There is no definitive list of jazz standards , and the list of songs deemed to be standards changes over time. Songs included in major fake book publications (sheet music collections of popular tunes) and jazz reference works offer
102-415: A sheet music "score" , which is then performed by the composer or by other musicians. In popular music and traditional music , songwriting may involve the creation of a basic outline of the song, called the lead sheet , which sets out the melody , lyrics and chord progression. In classical music, orchestration (choosing the instruments of a large music ensemble such as an orchestra which will play
153-410: A string section , wind and brass sections used in a standard orchestras to electronic instruments such as synthesizers . Some common group settings include music for full orchestra (consisting of strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion), concert band (which consists of larger sections and greater diversity of woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments than are usually found in the orchestra), or
204-584: A chamber group (a small number of instruments, but at least two). The composer may also choose to write for only one instrument, in which case this is called a solo . Solos may be unaccompanied, as with works for solo piano or solo cello, or solos may be accompanied by another instrument or by an ensemble. Composers are not limited to writing only for instruments, they may also decide to write for voice (including choral works, some symphonies, operas , and musicals ). Composers can also write for percussion instruments or electronic instruments . Alternatively, as
255-495: A circular issued by the United States Copyright Office on Copyright Registration of Musical Compositions and Sound Recordings, a musical composition is defined as "A musical composition consists of music, including any accompanying words, and is normally registered as a work of the performing arts. The author of a musical composition is generally the composer, and the lyricists if any. A musical composition may be in
306-434: A composition for different musical ensembles is called arranging or orchestration , may be undertaken by the composer or separately by an arranger based on the composer's core composition. Based on such factors, composers, orchestrators, and arrangers must decide upon the instrumentation of the original work. In the 2010s, the contemporary composer can virtually write for almost any combination of instruments, ranging from
357-531: A huge hit after Coleman Hawkins 's 1939 recording. 1930s saw the rise of swing jazz as a dominant form in American music. Duke Ellington and his band members composed numerous swing era hits that have later become standards: " It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing) " (1932), " Sophisticated Lady " (1933) and " Caravan " (1936), among others. Other influential band leaders of this period were Benny Goodman and Count Basie . The swing era lasted until
408-418: A jazz feel by well known jazz players. A commonly played song can only be considered a jazz standard if it is widely played among jazz musicians. The jazz standard repertoire has some overlap with blues and pop standards . The most recorded standard composed by a jazz musician, and one of the most covered songs of all time, is Duke Ellington 's and Juan Tizol 's " Caravan " with over 500 uses. Originally,
459-584: A large number of Tin Pan Alley popular songs in their repertoire, and record companies often used their power to dictate which songs were to be recorded by their artists. Certain songs were pushed by recording executives and therefore quickly achieved standard status; this started with the first jazz recordings in 1916, with That Funny Jas Band from Dixieland (1916) by Collins and Harlan for Thomas A. Edison, Inc. on Blue Amberol in December 1916 and in 1917, when
510-481: A lesser degree than in popular music. Music from the Baroque music era (1600–1750), for example, used only acoustic and mechanical instruments such as strings, brass, woodwinds, timpani and keyboard instruments such as harpsichord and pipe organ . A 2000s-era pop band may use an electric guitar played with electronic effects through a guitar amplifier , a digital synthesizer keyboard and electronic drums . Piece
561-804: A new style of music called bossa nova evolved in the late 1950s. Based on the Brazilian samba as well as jazz, bossa nova was championed by João Gilberto , Antonio Carlos Jobim and Luiz Bonfá . Gilberto and Stan Getz started a bossa nova craze in the United States with their 1963 album Getz/Gilberto . Among the genre's songs that are now considered standards are Bonfá's " Manhã de Carnaval " (1959), Marcos Valle 's " Summer Samba " (1966), and numerous Jobim's songs, including " Desafinado " (1959), " The Girl from Ipanema " (1962) and " Corcovado " (1962). The jazz fusion movement fused jazz with other musical styles such as rock and classical music. Its golden age
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#1732876448027612-416: A performer. Copyright is a government-granted monopoly which, for a limited time, gives a composition's owner—such as a composer or a composer's employer, in the case of work for hire —a set of exclusive rights to the composition, such as the exclusive right to publish sheet music describing the composition and how it should be performed. Copyright requires anyone else wanting to use the composition in
663-442: A recording. If music is composed before being performed, music can be performed from memory (the norm for instrumental soloists in concerto performances and singers in opera shows and art song recitals), by reading written musical notation (the norm in large ensembles, such as orchestras, concert bands and choirs ), or through a combination of both methods. For example, the principal cello player in an orchestra may read most of
714-588: A rough guide to which songs are considered standards. Not all jazz standards were written by jazz composers. Many are originally Tin Pan Alley popular songs , Broadway show tunes or songs from Hollywood musicals – the Great American Songbook . In Europe, jazz standards and " fake books " may even include some traditional folk songs (such as in Scandinavia) or pieces of a minority ethnic group's music (such as gypsy music ) that have been played with
765-646: A specific mode ( maqam ) often within improvisational contexts , as does Indian classical music in both the Hindustani and the Carnatic system. As technology has developed in the 20th and 21st century, new methods of music composition have come about. EEG headsets have also been used to create music by interpreting the brainwaves of musicians. This method has been used for Project Mindtunes, which involved collaborating disabled musicians with DJ Fresh, and also by artists Lisa Park and Masaki Batoh. The task of adapting
816-542: Is Hoagy Carmichael and Mitchell Parish 's " Stardust ". Several songs written by Broadway composers in the 1920s have become standards, such as George and Ira Gershwin 's " The Man I Love " (1924), Irving Berlin 's " Blue Skies " (1927) and Cole Porter 's " What Is This Thing Called Love? " (1929). However, it was not until the 1930s that musicians became comfortable with the harmonic and melodic sophistication of Broadway tunes and started including them regularly in their repertoire. Broadway theatre contributed some of
867-530: Is "compulsory" because the copyright owner cannot refuse or set terms for the license. Copyright collectives also typically manage the licensing of public performances of compositions, whether by live musicians or by transmitting sound recordings over radio or the Internet. Even though the first US copyright laws did not include musical compositions, they were added as part of the Copyright Act of 1831 . According to
918-403: Is a "general, non-technical term [that began to be] applied mainly to instrumental compositions from the 17th century onwards....other than when they are taken individually 'piece' and its equivalents are rarely used of movements in sonatas or symphonies....composers have used all these terms [in their different languages] frequently in compound forms [e.g. Klavierstück]....In vocal music...the term
969-417: Is called aleatoric music and is associated with contemporary composers active in the 20th century, such as John Cage , Morton Feldman and Witold Lutosławski . A more commonly known example of chance-based, or indeterminate, music is the sound of wind chimes jingling in a breeze. The study of composition has traditionally been dominated by examination of methods and practice of Western classical music, but
1020-428: Is most frequently used for operatic ensembles..." Composition techniques draw parallels from visual art's formal elements . Sometimes, the entire form of a piece is through-composed , meaning that each part is different, with no repetition of sections; other forms include strophic , rondo , verse-chorus , and others. Some pieces are composed around a set scale , where the compositional technique might be considered
1071-421: Is the case with musique concrète , the composer can work with many sounds often not associated with the creation of music, such as typewriters , sirens , and so forth. In Elizabeth Swados ' Listening Out Loud , she explains how a composer must know the full capabilities of each instrument and how they must complement each other, not compete. She gives an example of how in an earlier composition of hers, she had
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#17328764480271122-490: Is the ordering and disposing of several sounds...in such a manner that their succession pleases the ear. This is what the Ancients called melody . The second is the rendering audible of two or more simultaneous sounds in such a manner that their combination is pleasant. This is what we call harmony and it alone merits the name of composition. Since the invention of sound recording , a classical piece or popular song may exist as
1173-504: The Original Dixieland Jass Band recorded " Darktown Strutters' Ball " and " Indiana ". The first record with 'Jass' on the label, The Original Dixieland One-Step was issue 18255 by Victor Talking Machine Company in 1917. Originally simply called "jazz", the music of early jazz bands is today often referred to as " Dixieland " or "New Orleans jazz", to distinguish it from more recent subgenres. The origins of jazz are in
1224-525: The accompaniment parts in a symphony, where she is playing tutti parts, but then memorize an exposed solo, in order to be able to watch the conductor . Compositions comprise a huge variety of musical elements, which vary widely from between genres and cultures. Popular music genres after about 1960 make extensive use of electric and electronic instruments, such as electric guitar and electric bass . Electric and electronic instruments are used in contemporary classical music compositions and concerts, albeit to
1275-431: The structure of a musical piece or to the process of creating or writing a new piece of music. People who create new compositions are called composers . Composers of primarily songs are usually called songwriters ; with songs, the person who writes lyrics for a song is the lyricist . In many cultures, including Western classical music , the act of composing typically includes the creation of music notation , such as
1326-675: The " Jazz Age " started in the United States in the 1920s. Jazz had become popular music in the country, although older generations considered the music immoral and threatening to old cultural values. Dances such as the Charleston and the Black Bottom were very popular during the period, and jazz bands typically consisted of seven to twelve musicians. Important orchestras in New York were led by Fletcher Henderson , Paul Whiteman and Duke Ellington . Many New Orleans jazzmen had moved to Chicago during
1377-422: The 1750s onwards, there are many decisions that a performer or conductor has to make, because notation does not specify all of the elements of musical performance. The process of deciding how to perform music that has been previously composed and notated is termed "interpretation". Different performers' or conductor's interpretations of the same work of music can vary widely, in terms of the tempos that are chosen and
1428-447: The 1920s were pop hits such as " Sweet Georgia Brown ", " Dinah " and " Bye Bye Blackbird ". The first jazz artist to be given some liberty in choosing his material was Louis Armstrong , whose band helped popularize many of the early standards in the 1920s and 1930s. Some compositions written by jazz artists have endured as standards, including Fats Waller 's " Honeysuckle Rose " and " Ain't Misbehavin' ". The most recorded 1920s standard
1479-643: The 1950s. Bebop emerged in the early 1940s, with Charlie Parker , Dizzy Gillespie and Thelonious Monk leading the way. It appealed to a more specialized audiences than earlier forms of jazz, with sophisticated harmonies , fast tempos and often virtuoso musicianship. Bebop musicians often used 1930s standards, especially those from Broadway musicals, as part of their repertoire. Among standards written by bebop musicians are Gillespie's " Salt Peanuts " (1941) and " A Night in Tunisia " (1942), Parker's " Anthropology " (1946), " Yardbird Suite " (1946) and " Scrapple from
1530-514: The Apple " (1947), and Monk's " 'Round Midnight " (1944), which is currently one of the most recorded jazz standards composed by a jazz musician. Modal jazz recordings, such as Miles Davis 's Kind of Blue (1959), became popular in the late 1950s. Popular jazz standards include Miles Davis's " Round About Midnight " (1959), John Coltrane 's " My Favorite Things " (1961) and Herbie Hancock 's " Watermelon Man " and " Cantaloupe Island ". In Brazil ,
1581-531: The composer's work. Contract law, not copyright law, governs these composer–publisher contracts, which ordinarily involve an agreement on how profits from the publisher's activities related to the work will be shared with the composer in the form of royalties . The scope of copyright in general is defined by various international treaties and their implementations, which take the form of national statutes , and in common law jurisdictions, case law . These agreements and corresponding body of law distinguish between
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1632-533: The definition of composition is broad enough to include the creation of popular music and traditional music songs and instrumental pieces, and to include spontaneously improvised works like those of free jazz performers and African percussionists such as Ewe drummers . In the 2000s, composition is considered to consist of the manipulation of each aspect of music ( harmony , melody, form, rhythm and timbre ), according to Jean-Benjamin de Laborde (1780 , 2:12): Composition consists in two things only. The first
1683-509: The different parts of music, such as the melody, accompaniment , countermelody , bassline and so on) is typically done by the composer, but in musical theatre and in pop music , songwriters may hire an arranger to do the orchestration. In some cases, a pop or traditional songwriter may not use written notation at all and instead compose the song in their mind and then play, sing or record it from memory. In jazz and popular music, notable sound recordings by influential performers are given
1734-455: The form of a notated copy (for example sheet music) or in the form of a phonorecord (for example cassette tape, LP, or CD). Sending a musical composition in the form of a phonorecord does not necessarily mean that there is a claim to copyright in the sound recording." Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 defines a musical work to mean "a work consisting of music, exclusive of any words or action intended to be sung, spoken or performed with
1785-413: The jazz standard repertoire, including "Indiana" and " After You've Gone ". Others, such as " Some of These Days " and "Darktown Strutters' Ball", were introduced by vaudeville performers. The most often recorded standards of this period are W. C. Handy 's "St. Louis Blues", Turner Layton and Henry Creamer 's "After You've Gone" and James Hanley and Ballard MacDonald 's "Indiana". A period known as
1836-498: The late 1910s in search of employment; among others, the New Orleans Rhythm Kings , King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band and Jelly Roll Morton recorded in the city. However, Chicago's importance as a center of jazz music started to diminish toward the end of the 1920s in favor of New York. In the early years of jazz, record companies were often eager to decide what songs were to be recorded by their artists. Popular numbers in
1887-524: The lyrics and a third person orchestrates the songs. A piece of music can also be composed with words, images or, since the 20th century, with computer programs that explain or notate how the singer or musician should create musical sounds. Examples range from 20th century avant-garde music that uses graphic notation , to text compositions such as Karlheinz Stockhausen 's Aus den sieben Tagen , to computer programs that select sounds for musical pieces. Music that makes heavy use of randomness and chance
1938-439: The mid-1940s, and produced popular tunes such as Duke Ellington 's " Cotton Tail " (1940) and Billy Strayhorn 's " Take the 'A' Train " (1941). With the big bands struggling to keep going during World War II , a shift was happening in jazz in favor of smaller groups. Some swing era musicians, such as Louis Jordan , later found popularity in a new kind of music, called " rhythm and blues ", that would evolve into rock and roll in
1989-583: The most popular standards of the 1930s, including George and Ira Gershwin 's " Summertime " (1935), Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart 's " My Funny Valentine " (1937) and Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II 's " All the Things You Are " (1939). These songs still rank among the most recorded standards of all time. The most popular 1930s standard, Johnny Green 's " Body and Soul ", was introduced in Broadway and became
2040-494: The most recorded jazz standard was W. C. Handy 's " St. Louis Blues " for over 20 years from the 1930s onward, after which Hoagy Carmichael 's " Stardust " replaced it. Following this, the place was held by " Body and Soul " by Johnny Green . From its conception at the change of the twentieth century, jazz was music intended for dancing. This influenced the choice of material played by early jazz groups: King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band , New Orleans Rhythm Kings and others included
2091-503: The music." After You%27ve Gone (song) " After You've Gone " is a 1918 popular song composed by Turner Layton with lyrics by Henry Creamer . It was recorded by Marion Harris on July 22, 1918, and released by Victor Records . The song became so popular that the sheet music was later decorated with tiny photographs of the 45 men who made the song famous, including Paul Whiteman , Rudy Vallée , B.A. Rolfe , Guy Lombardo , and Louis Armstrong . The chorus adheres to
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2142-504: The music." In India The Copy Right Act, 1957 prevailed for original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic work until the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 1984 was introduced. Under the amended act, a new definition has been provided for musical work which states "musical works means a work consisting of music and included any graphical notation of such work but does not included any words or any action intended to be sung, spoken or performed with
2193-431: The musical traditions of early twentieth-century New Orleans , including brass band music, the blues , ragtime and spirituals , and some of the most popular early standards come from these influences. Ragtime songs " Twelfth Street Rag " and " Tiger Rag " have become popular numbers for jazz artists, as have blues tunes "St. Louis Blues" and " St. James Infirmary ". Tin Pan Alley songwriters contributed several songs to
2244-406: The non-lyrical elements. Many jurisdictions allow for compulsory licensing of certain uses of compositions. For example, copyright law may allow a record company to pay a modest fee to a copyright collective to which the composer or publisher belongs, in exchange for the right to make and distribute CDs containing a cover band 's performance of the composer or publisher's compositions. The license
2295-414: The playing or singing style or phrasing of the melodies. Composers and songwriters who present their own music in a concert are interpreting their songs, just as much as those who perform the music of others. The standard body of choices and techniques present at a given time and a given place is referred to as performance practice , whereas interpretation is generally used to mean the individual choices of
2346-428: The rights applicable to sound recordings and the rights applicable to compositions. For example, Beethoven 's 9th Symphony is in the public domain , but in most of the world, recordings of particular performances of that composition usually are not. For copyright purposes, song lyrics and other performed words are considered part of the composition, even though they may have different authors and copyright owners than
2397-408: The same ways to obtain a license (permission) from the owner. In some jurisdictions, the composer can assign copyright , in part, to another party. Often, composers who are not doing business as publishing companies themselves will temporarily assign their copyright interests to formal publishing companies, granting those companies a license to control both the publication and the further licensing of
2448-502: The tuba playing with the piccolo. This would clearly drown the piccolo out. Each instrument chosen to be in a piece must have a reason for being there that adds to what the composer is trying to convey within the work. Arranging is composition which employs prior material so as to comment upon it such as in mash-ups and various contemporary classical works. Even when music is notated relatively precisely, as in Western classical music from
2499-462: The usage of a particular scale. Others are composed during performance (see improvisation ), where a variety of techniques are also sometimes used. Some are used from particular songs which are familiar. The scale for the notes used, including the mode and tonic note, is important in tonal musical composition. Similarly, music of the Middle East employs compositions that are rigidly based on
2550-402: The weight that written or printed scores play in classical music . Although a musical composition often uses musical notation and has a single author, this is not always the case. A work of music can have multiple composers, which often occurs in popular music when all members of a band collaborate to write a song or in musical theatre, when one person writes the melodies, a second person writes
2601-897: Was 1970s. Famous fusion artists, such as Weather Report , Chick Corea and Return to Forever , Herbie Hancock and The Headhunters , The Manhattan Transfer , and the Mahavishnu Orchestra , achieved cross-over popularity, although public interest in the genre faded at the turn of the 1980s. Fusion's hits were Daodato's " Also Sprach Zarathustra (2001) " (1973), and Bob James's "Night on Bald Mountain" (1974), and Herbie Hancock's " Chameleon " (1973). Weather Report and The Manhattan Transfer covered Joe Zawinul 's jazz standard " Birdland ". Linda Ronstadt 's What's New , Chaka Kahn 's Echoes of an Era , and Carly Simon 's Torch were 80s jazz standard albums. Musical composition Musical composition can refer to an original piece or work of music , either vocal or instrumental ,
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