Misplaced Pages

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74-546: The Jay Street Bridge crosses the West Branch Susquehanna River between Lock Haven on the south bank and Lockport on the north. The original structure, completed for the Lock Haven Bridge Company by the E. Kirkbride Company in 1852, was a covered bridge about 800 feet (240 m) long. A two-story toll house , 48 feet (15 m) long and 18 feet (5.5 m) wide was later added at the foot of

148-564: A composite material comprising an outer layer of vinyl and hard acrylonitrile butadiene styrene plastic (ABS) and an inner layer of ABS foam bonded by heat treatment — was another plastic alternative for canoes until 2014. As a canoe material, Royalex is lighter, more resistant to UV damage, and more rigid, and has greater structural memory than non-composite plastics such as polyethylene . Canoes made of Royalex are, however, more expensive than canoes made from aluminum or from traditionally molded or roto-molded polyethylene hulls. Royalex

222-686: A logjam without needing to be portaged . The Kootenai of the Canadian province of British Columbia made sturgeon-nosed canoes from pine bark, designed to be stable in windy conditions on Kootenay Lake . In recent years, First Nations in British Columbia and Washington State have been revitalizing the ocean-going canoe tradition. Beginning in the 1980s, the Heiltsuk and Haida were early leaders in this movement. The Paddle to Expo 86 in Vancouver by

296-661: A designer of canoes, some experimental, at the end of the 19th century. Sprint canoe was a demonstration sport at the 1924 Paris Olympics and became an Olympic discipline at the 1936 Berlin Olympics . When the International Canoe Federation was formed in 1946, it became the umbrella organization of all national canoe organizations worldwide. Hull design must meet different, often conflicting, requirements for speed, carrying capacity, maneuverability, and stability The canoe's hull speed can be calculated using

370-500: A few pre-Columbian Caribbean canoes have been found. Several families of trees could have been used to construct Caribbean canoes, including woods of the mahogany family (Meliaceae) such as the Cuban mahogany ( Swietenia mahagoni ), that can grow up to 30–35 m tall and the red cedar ( Cedrela odorata ), that can grow up to 60 m tall, as well as the ceiba genus (Malvacae), such as Ceiba pentandra , that can reach 60–70 m in height. It

444-550: A framework. Examples include the kayak and umiak . In 19th-century North America, the birch-on-frame construction technique evolved into the wood-and-canvas canoes made by fastening an external waterproofed canvas shell to planks and ribs by boat builders such as Old Town Canoe , E. M. White Canoe , Peterborough Canoe Company and at the Chestnut Canoe Company in New Brunswick . Though similar to bark canoes in

518-651: A large zigzag arc through central Pennsylvania around the north end of the Allegheny Mountains . In colonial times, the river valley provided an important route to the Ohio River valley. In the 19th century, its lower valley became a significant industrial heartland of Pennsylvania. In the 20th century, the upper reaches of the West Branch turned a yellow/orange color due to sulfurous drainage from nearby and abandoned deep bituminous coal mines. The West Branch rises on

592-474: A link to cultural tradition. The Māori , indigenous Polynesian people , arrived in New Zealand in several waves of canoe (called waka ) voyages. Canoe traditions are important to the identity of Māori. Whakapapa (genealogical links) back to the crew of founding canoes served to establish the origins of tribes, and defined tribal boundaries and relationships. Modern canoe types are usually categorized by

666-440: A maximum length of 4.3 m (14 ft). C2s must have a minimum weight and width of 18 kg (40 lb) and 0.8 metres (2 ft 7 in), and a maximum length of 5 metres (16 ft). Rudders are prohibited. The canoes are decked boats which must be propelled by single bladed paddles, with the paddler kneeling inside. Marathons are long-distance races which may include portages . Under ICF rules, minimum canoe weight

740-675: A means of transport, with industrialization they became popular as recreational or sporting watercraft. John MacGregor popularized canoeing through his books, founding the Royal Canoe Club in London in 1866 and the American Canoe Association in 1880. The Canadian Canoe Association was founded in 1900 and the British Canoe Union in 1936. In Sweden, naval officer Carl Smith was both an enthusiastic promoter of canoeing and

814-416: A section of river (although whitewater canoeists will often stop and play en route). Specialized canoes known as playboats can be used. A square-stern canoe is an asymmetrical canoe with a squared-off stern for the mounting of an outboard motor , and is meant for lake travel or fishing. Since mounting a rudder on the square stern is very easy, such canoes often are adapted for sailing . A canoe launch

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888-545: A single-blade paddle . Since canoes have no rudder , they must be steered by the athlete's paddle using a J-stroke . Canoes may be entirely open or be partly covered. The minimum length of the opening on a C1 is 280 cm (110 in). Boats are long and streamlined with a narrow beam , which makes them very unstable. A C4 can be up to 9 m (30 ft) long and weigh 30 kg (66 lb). International Canoe Federation (ICF) classifications include C1 (solo), C2 (crew of two), and C4 (crew of four). Race distances at

962-457: A typical length of 4.3 m (14 ft) and weight of 23 kg (50 lb), the canoes were light enough to be portaged , yet could carry a lot of cargo, even in shallow water. Although susceptible to damage from rocks, they are easily repaired. Their performance qualities were soon recognized by early European settler colonials , and canoes played a key role in the exploration of North America , with Samuel de Champlain canoeing as far as

1036-407: A vacuum process can be used to remove excess resin to reduce weight. A gel coat on the outside gives a smoother appearance. With stitch and glue , plywood panels are stitched together to form a hull shape, and the seams are reinforced with fiber reinforced composites and varnished. A cedar strip canoe is essentially a composite canoe with a cedar core. Usually fiberglass is used to reinforce

1110-529: A wood frame, construction materials later evolved to canvas on a wood frame, then to aluminum. Most modern canoes are made of molded plastic or composites such as fiberglass , or those incorporating kevlar or graphite . The word canoe came into English from the French word "casnouey" adopted from the Saint-Lawrence Iroquoians language in the 1535 Jacques Cartier Relations translated in 1600 by

1184-521: Is 10 and 14 kg (22 and 31 lb) for C1 and C2, respectively. Other rules can vary by race. For example, athletes in the Classique Internationale de Canots de la Mauricie race in C2s, with a maximum length of 5.6 m (18 ft 6 in), minimum width of 69 cm (27 in) at 8 cm (3 in) from the bottom of the centre of the craft, minimum height of 38 cm (15 in) at

1258-437: Is a French-Canadian tale of voyageurs who, after a night of heavy drinking on New Year's Eve at a remote timber camp want to visit their sweethearts some 100 leagues (about 400 km) away. Since they have to be back in time for work the next morning they make a pact with the devil . Their canoe will fly through the air, on condition that they not mention God's name or touch the cross of any church steeple as they fly by in

1332-410: Is easy to repair. Kevlar is popular with paddlers looking for a light, durable boat that will not be taken in whitewater. Fiberglass and Kevlar are strong but lack rigidity. Carbon fiber is used in racing canoes to create a very light, rigid construction usually combined with Kevlar for durability. Boats are built by draping the cloth in a mold, then impregnating it with a liquid resin . Optionally,

1406-427: Is great in these waters, full of cataracts or waterfalls, and rapids through which it is impossible to take any boat. When you reach them you load canoe and baggage upon your shoulders and go overland until the navigation is good; and then you put your canoe back into the water, and embark again." American painter, author and traveler George Catlin wrote that the bark canoe was "the most beautiful and light model of all

1480-428: Is heavier and less suited for high-performance paddling than fiber-reinforced composites such as fiberglass , kevlar , or graphite . Roto-molded polyethylene is a cheaper alternative to Royalex. Modern canoes are generally constructed by layering a fiber material inside a "female" mold. Fiberglass is the most common material used in manufacturing canoes. Fiberglass is not expensive, can be molded to any shape, and

1554-480: Is likely that these canoes were built in a variety of sizes, ranging from fishing canoes holding just one or a few people to larger ones able to carry as many as a few dozen, and could have been used to reach the Caribbean Islands from the mainland. Reports by historical chroniclers claim to have witnessed a canoe "containing 40 to 50 Caribs [...] when it came out to trade with a visiting English ship". There

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1628-415: Is marked by a shallow arch hull with a relatively large amount of rocker, giving optimal balance for wilderness tripping over lakes and rivers with some rapids . A touring canoe is sometimes covered with a greatly extended deck, forming a "cockpit" for the paddlers. A cockpit has the advantage that the gunwales can be made lower and narrower so the paddler can reach the water more easily. A freestyle canoe

1702-404: Is specialized for whitewater play and tricks. Most are identical to short, flat-bottomed kayak playboats except for their internal outfitting. The paddler kneels and uses a single-blade canoe paddle. Playboating is a discipline of whitewater canoeing where the paddler performs various technical moves in one place (a playspot), as opposed to downriver where the objective is to travel the length of

1776-537: Is still much dispute regarding the use of sails in Caribbean canoes. Some archaeologists doubt that oceanic transportation would have been possible without the use of sails, as winds and currents would have carried the canoes off course. However, no evidence of a sail or a Caribbean canoe that could have made use of a sail has been found. Furthermore, no historical sources mention Caribbean canoes with sails. One possibility could be that canoes with sails were initially used in

1850-524: Is still used as such, sometimes with the addition of an outboard motor . Where the canoe played a key role in history, such as the Northern United States , Canada, and New Zealand, it remains an important theme in popular culture . For instance, the birch bark canoe of the largely birch-based culture of the First Nations of Quebec, Canada, and North America provided these hunting peoples with

1924-421: The 2012 Olympic Games were 200 and 1000 meters. In ICF whitewater slalom , paddlers negotiate their way down 300 m (980 ft) of whitewater rapids through a series of up to 25 gates (pairs of hanging poles). The colour of the poles indicates the direction in which the paddlers must pass through; time penalties are assessed for striking poles or missing gates. Categories are C1 (solo) and C2 (tandem),

1998-483: The Amazon commonly used Hymenaea ( Fabaceae ) trees. Some Australian aboriginal peoples made bark canoes. They could be made only from the bark of certain trees (usually red gum or box gum ) and during summer. After cutting the outline of the required size and shape, a digging stick was used to cut through the bark to the hardwood, and the bark was then slowly prised out using numerous smaller sticks. The slab of bark

2072-530: The Chestnut Prospector and Old Town Tripper derivates, are touring canoes for wilderness trips. They are typically made of heavier and tougher materials and designed with the ability to carry large amounts of gear while being maneuverable enough for rivers with some whitewater . Prospector is now a generic name for derivates of the Chestnut model, a popular type of wilderness tripping canoe. The Prospector

2146-661: The Georgian Bay in 1615. In 1603 a canoe was brought to Sir Robert Cecil 's house in London and rowed on the Thames by Virginian Indians from Tsenacommacah . In 1643 David Pietersz. de Vries recorded a Mohawk canoe in Dutch possession at Rensselaerswyck capable of transporting 225 bushels of maize. René de Bréhant de Galinée , a French missionary who explored the Great Lakes in 1669, declared: "The convenience of these canoes

2220-534: The Heiltsuk and the 1989 Paddle to Seattle by multiple Native American tribes on the occasion of Washington State's centennial year were early instances of this. In 1993 a large number of canoes paddled from up and down the coast to Bella Bella in its first canoe festival – Qatuwas. The revitalization continued, and Tribal Journeys began with trips to various communities held in most years. Australian aboriginal people made canoes from hollowed out tree trunks , as well as from tree bark. The indigenous people of

2294-580: The Treaty of Fort Stanwix of 1768, opening what is now Lycoming County to settlement. However, the Line of Property (or Purchase Line ) border defined by "Tiadaghton Creek" dividing colonial and Native American lands was disputed. The colonists claimed this was Pine Creek , the Iroquois and other tribes Lycoming Creek . The area between Pine and Lycoming creeks was disputed territory. The illegal settlers there were part of

Jay Street Bridge - Misplaced Pages Continue

2368-664: The West Branch Susquehanna Valley along the foot of Bald Eagle Mountain ridge past Williamsport , the largest city on the river, then turns south at the end of the ridge. From there it winds around Muncy , emerging from a water gap between Montour Ridge and Shamokin Mountain and joining the north (main) branch of the Susquehanna from the northwest approximately 2 miles (3 km) north of Sunbury . From its upper reaches to its lower reaches, it receives: Up through

2442-459: The pitch of balsam fir . The ribs of the canoe, called verons in Canadian French , were made of white cedar , and the hull, ribs, and thwarts were fastened using watap , a binding usually made from the roots of various species of conifers , such as the white spruce , black spruce , or cedar , and caulked with pitch . Skin canoes are constructed using animal skins stretched over

2516-529: The " Big Runaway " occurred throughout the West Branch Susquehanna valley. Settlers fled feared and actual attacks by the British and their allies. Homes and fields were abandoned, with livestock driven along and a few possessions floated on rafts on the river east to Muncy , then further south to Sunbury . The abandoned property was burnt by the attackers. Some settlers soon returned, only to flee again in

2590-535: The " Fair Play Men " system of self-government, with their own Declaration of Independence from Britain on July 4, 1776. In the American Revolutionary War , settlements throughout the Susquehanna valley were attacked by Loyalists and Native Americans allied with the British. After the Wyoming Valley battle and massacre in the summer of 1778 (near what is now Wilkes-Barre ) and smaller local attacks,

2664-517: The American distinction between a kayak and a canoe is almost always adopted. At the Olympics, both conventions are used: under the umbrella terms Canoe Slalom and Canoe Sprint, there are separate events for canoes and kayaks. Canoes were developed in cultures all over the world, including some designed for use with sails or outriggers . Until the mid-19th century, the canoe was an important means of transport for exploration and trade, and in some places

2738-788: The Caribbean but later abandoned before European contact. This, however, seems unlikely, as long-distance trade continued in the Caribbean even after the prehistoric colonisation of the islands. Hence, it is likely that early Caribbean colonists made use of canoes without sails. Native American groups of the north Pacific coast made dugout canoes in a number of styles for different purposes, from western red cedar ( Thuja plicata ) or yellow cedar ( Chamaecyparis nootkatensis ), depending on availability. Different styles were required for ocean-going vessels versus river boats, and for whale-hunting versus seal-hunting versus salmon -fishing. The Quinault of Washington State built shovel-nose canoes with double bows, for river travel that could slide over

2812-645: The English geographer Richard Hackluyt. Many peoples have made dugout canoes throughout history, carving them out of a single piece of wood: either a whole trunk or a slab of trunk from particularly large trees. Dugout canoes go back to ancient times. The Dufuna canoe , discovered in Nigeria, dates back to 8500–8000 BC. The Pesse canoe , discovered in the Netherlands, dates back to 8200–7600 BC. Excavations in Denmark reveal

2886-525: The Pacific Ocean and the Mackenzie River , and continued to be used up to the end of the 19th century. The indigenous peoples of eastern Canada and the northeast United States made canoes using the bark of the paper birch , which was harvested in early spring by stripping off the bark in one piece, using wooden wedges. Next, the two ends ( stem and stern ) were sewn together and made watertight with

2960-475: The West Branch were vital hunting grounds and agricultural lands for Native Americans . During Pennsylvania's great lumbering era, the most significant log drive was conveyed on the West Branch of the Susquehanna River. The Susquehanna's West Branch Canal Division further shaped the corridor, linking towns and villages and providing vital opportunities for commerce. Finally, railroads in the corridor fused

3034-587: The attacking British forces to burn it down, Fort Antes was one of only two structures in the valley to survive the Big Runaway. The Susquehanna Boom was a system of cribs in the West Branch Susquehanna River designed to hold timber in the river until it could be processed at one of the nearly 60 sawmills along the river between Lycoming and Loyalsock creeks in Lycoming County . The boom

Jay Street Bridge - Misplaced Pages Continue

3108-465: The average daily traffic count for the bridge was 3,646 vehicles. West Branch Susquehanna River The West Branch, which is 243 miles (391 km) long, is entirely within the state of Pennsylvania , draining a large mountainous area within the Allegheny Plateau in the western part of the state. Along most of its course it meanders past mountain ridges and through water gaps , forming

3182-600: The bank of the river. During the height of the lumber industry in Lycoming County, 1861–1891, the various mills produced 5.5 billion board feet (13 million m ) of lumber. Williamsport became one of the most prosperous cities in Pennsylvania and in the United States. Men like James H. Perkins, Peter Herdic , and Mahlon Fisher became millionaires while many of the men who actually worked in the river struggled to survive on

3256-460: The bark and tying it at each end, with a framework of cross-ties and ribs. This type was known as a pleated or tied bark canoe. Bark strips could also be sewn together to make larger canoes, known as sewn bark canoes. Many indigenous peoples of the Americas built bark canoes. They were usually skinned with birch bark over a light wooden frame, but other types could be used if birch was scarce. At

3330-421: The bow and 25 cm (10 in) at the centre and stern. The Texas Water Safari , at 422 km (262 mi), includes an open class, the only rule being the vessel must be human-powered . Although novel setups have been tried, the fastest so far has been the six-man canoe. A "touring" or "tripping" canoe is a boat for traveling on lakes and rivers with capacity for camping gear. Tripping canoes, such as

3404-476: The bridge on the Lock Haven side. Travelers using the bridge passed through an archway in the center of the toll house. The bridge included a covered pedestrian walkway on the downstream side. After the wooden bridge was destroyed by fire in 1919, it was replaced by an iron bridge, and a steel girder bridge replaced the iron bridge in 1986. State Route 664 , the southern terminus of which is in Lock Haven, crosses

3478-555: The canoe since it is clear and allows a view of the cedar. Before the invention of fiberglass, aluminum was the standard choice for whitewater canoeing due to its value and strength by weight. This material was once more popular but is being replaced by modern lighter materials. "It is tough, durable, and will take being dragged over the bottom very well", as it has no gel or polymer outer coating which would make it subject to abrasion. The hull does not degrade from long term exposure to sunlight, and "extremes of hot and cold do not affect

3552-477: The canoe. One version of this fable ends with the coup de grâce when, still high in the sky, the voyageurs complete the hazardous journey but the canoe overturns, so the devil can honour the pact to deliver the voyageurs and still claim their souls. In John Steinbeck 's novella The Pearl , set in Mexico, the main character's canoe is a means of making a living that has been passed down for generations and represents

3626-536: The competitor must kneel. In ICF wildwater canoeing , athletes paddle a course of class III to IV whitewater (using the International Scale of River Difficulty ), passing over waves, holes and rocks of a natural riverbed in events lasting either 20–30 minutes ("Classic" races) or 2–3 minutes ("Sprint" races). Categories are C1 and C2 for both women and men. C1s must have a minimum weight and width of 12 kg (26 lb) and 0.7 m (2 ft 4 in), and

3700-682: The early 18th century. The lands of the West Branch Susquehanna River Valley were then chiefly occupied by the Munsee phratry of the Lenape (or Delaware) people and were under the nominal control of the Five (later Six) Nations of the Iroquois . Madame Montour 's village of Otstonwakin or Ostuagy was a vitally important location during the settlement of what is now Lycoming County. Her village at

3774-637: The early 19th century the river provided the principal canoe route across the Alleghenies connecting the Susquehanna and Ohio valleys, with a portage at Cherry Tree to Blacklick Creek , a tributary of the Conemaugh River . In the late 18th century, Cherry Tree marked the frontier between the Pennsylvania Colony and the Shawnee and Lenape lands to the west as specified by treaty. The lands along

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3848-533: The group. In a remarkable coincidence, the Fair Play Men made their own declaration of independence from Britain on July 4, 1776, beneath the "Tiadaghton Elm" on the banks of Pine Creek . Fort Antes was a stockade surrounding the home of Colonel John Henry Antes, built circa 1778 in Revolutionary Pennsylvania in the United States. The fort was built under the direction of Colonel Antes, who

3922-413: The intended use. Many modern canoe designs are hybrids (a combination of two or more designs, meant for multiple uses). The purpose of the canoe will also often determine the materials used. Most canoes are designed for either one person (solo) or two people ( tandem ), but some are designed for more than two people. Sprint canoe is also known as flatwater racing. The paddler kneels on one knee and uses

3996-468: The latter for two men, and C2M (mixed) for one woman and one man. C1 boats must have a minimum weight and width of 10 kg (22 lb) and 0.65 m (2 ft 2 in) and be not more than 3.5 m (11 ft) long. C2s must have a minimum weight and width of 15 kg (33 lb) and 0.75 m (2 ft 6 in), and be not more than 4.1 m (13 ft). Rudders are prohibited. Canoes are decked and propelled by single-bladed paddles, and

4070-492: The links between communities and commerce within the corridor. The first recorded inhabitants of the West Branch Susquehanna River valley were the Iroquoian -speaking Susquehannocks . Their name meant "people of the muddy river", from the Lenape name of the Susquehanna River, Siskuwihane ( sisku "mud", hane "river"). Decimated by diseases and warfare, they had died out, moved away, or been assimilated into other tribes by

4144-527: The material". It can dent, is difficult to repair, is noisy, can get stuck on underwater objects, and requires buoyancy chambers to assist in keeping the canoe afloat in a capsize. In Canada, the canoe has been a theme in history and folklore, and is a symbol of Canadian identity . From 1935 to 1986 the Canadian silver dollar depicted a canoe with the Northern Lights in the background. The Chasse-galerie

4218-424: The mobility essential to this way of life. Canoes are now widely used for competition — indeed, canoeing has been part of the Olympics since 1936 — and pleasure, such as racing , whitewater , touring and camping , freestyle and general recreation . The intended use of the canoe dictates its hull shape, length , and construction material. Although canoes were historically dugouts or made of bark on

4292-452: The mouth of Loyalsock Creek on the West Branch Susquehanna River was an important stopping point for the Moravian missionaries who were spreading the gospel throughout the wilderness of Pennsylvania during the 1740s. Count Zinzendorf , a missionary being guided by Conrad Weiser with the permission of Shikellamy , came to Ostuagy in 1742. The British purchased land from the Iroquois in

4366-460: The pool behind the dam by means of a cable ferry between Lock No. 34, about 2,000 feet (610 m) east of the bridge on the Lockport side, and Lock No. 35 on the Lock Haven side. The steel bridge is 8.5 metres (28 ft) wide and about 250.5 metres (822 ft) long. It has an operating rating (maximum allowable weight of a vehicle using the bridge) of 60.8 metric tons (67.0 short tons). In 2007,

4440-419: The principles of ship resistance and propulsion . Folding canoes usually consist of a PVC skin around an aluminum frame. Inflatable canoes contain no rigid frame members and can be deflated, inflated, folded, and stored in bags and boxes. The more durable types consist of an abrasion-resistant nylon or rubber outer shell with separate PVC air chambers for the two side tubes and the floor. Royalex —

4514-638: The river over the steel bridge. The bridge is slightly upstream of Lock Haven's Canal Park, featuring remnants of the Bald Eagle Crosscut Canal. It is also slightly upstream of the Lock Haven Dam (also known as the Dunnstown Dam), built in the 19th century to provide water to the West Branch Canal , which ran parallel to the Lockport and Dunnstown side of the river. Canal boats crossed

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4588-401: The river, beginning on the south side near Duboistown and ending on the north side near Linden. The boom was made of 352 separate cribs that were 22 feet (7 m) high. The boom was opened and closed at the upper end by a device known as a "sheer boom". It was 1,000 feet (300 m) long and was controlled with a hand-powered windlass . The sheer boom gathered the logs into the main boom that

4662-536: The summer of 1779 in the "Little Runaway". The Sullivan Expedition helped stabilize the area and encouraged resettlement, which continued after the war. In 1790, Timothy Matlack , Samuel Maclay and John Adlum were commissioned by the Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to survey the headwaters of the Susquehanna and explore a route for a passageway to connect the West Branch with

4736-410: The use of ribs , and a waterproof covering, the construction method is different, being built by bending ribs over a solid mold. Once removed from the mold, the decks, thwarts and seats are installed, and canvas is stretched tightly over the hull. The canvas is then treated with a combination of varnishes and paints to render it more durable and watertight . Although canoes were once primarily

4810-455: The use of dugouts and paddles during the Ertebølle period, ( c.  5300  – c.  3950 BC ). Canoes played a vital role in the colonisation of the pre-Columbian Caribbean , as they were the only means of reaching the Caribbean Islands from mainland South America. Around 3500 BC, ancient Amerindian groups colonised the first Caribbean Islands using single-hulled canoes. Only

4884-471: The wages paid to them by the lumber barons. Canoe A canoe is a lightweight narrow water vessel , typically pointed at both ends and open on top, propelled by one or more seated or kneeling paddlers facing the direction of travel and using paddles. In British English , the term canoe can also refer to a kayak , whereas canoes are then called Canadian or open canoes to distinguish them from kayaks. However, for official competition purposes,

4958-628: The water crafts that ever were invented". The first explorer to cross the North American continent, Alexander Mackenzie , used canoes extensively, as did David Thompson and the Lewis and Clark Expedition . In the North American fur trade , the Hudson's Bay Company 's voyageurs used three types of canoe: The birch bark canoe was used in a 6,500-kilometre (4,000 mi) supply route from Montreal to

5032-692: The waters of the Allegheny River . The Fair Play Men were illegal settlers ( squatters ) who established their own system of self-rule from 1773 to 1785 in the West Branch Susquehanna River Valley of Pennsylvania. Because they settled in territory claimed by Native Americans , they had no recourse to the Pennsylvania colonial government. Accordingly, they established what was known as the Fair Play System, with three elected commissioners who ruled on land claims and other issues for

5106-452: The west side of the Alleghenies in northwestern Cambria County , just outside the borough of Carrolltown . It flows generally north, crossing the eastern corner of Indiana County at Cherry Tree , then into southern Clearfield County . Near Mahaffey it turns generally northeast and flows past Curwensville and Clearfield . In northern Clinton County it turns to the southeast to Lock Haven . At Lock Haven, it turns east, flowing through

5180-566: Was a member of the Pennsylvania militia . It was on the east side of Antes Creek , overlooking and on the left bank of the West Branch Susquehanna River on a plateau in Nippenose Township south of modern-day Jersey Shore in western Lycoming County . The local militia held the fort for a short period of time until it was ordered by Colonel Samuel Hunter to abandon Fort Antes during the Big Runaway . Despite being abandoned and attempts by

5254-457: Was capable of holding up to 300 million board feet (700,000 m ) of logs. The lower end of the boom was where the logs were sorted. The mills in Williamsport, South Williamsport , and Duboistown each had their own distinctive brand burnt into the logs. The men working at the end of the boom would sort the logs according to their corresponding brand and float them into the correct holding pond along

5328-587: Was constructed in 1846 under the supervision of James H. Perkins. A boom is a chain or line of connected floating timbers extended across a river, lake, or harbor, so as to obstruct passage or catch floating objects. The Susquehanna Boom extended 7 miles (11 km) upstream from Duboistown to the village of Linden in Woodward Township . The boom was constructed by creating a series of man-made islands known as "cribs". These cribs built of local mountain stone and sunken timber were stretched diagonally across

5402-403: Was held in place by branches or handwoven rope, and after separation from the tree, lowered to the ground. Small fires would then be lit on the inside of the bark to cause the bark to dry out and curl upwards, after which the ends could be pulled together and stitched with hemp and plugged with mud. It was then allowed to mature, with frequent applications of grease and ochre . The remaining tree

5476-427: Was later dubbed a canoe tree by Europeans. Because of the porosity of the bark, these bark canoes did not last too long (about two years ). They were mainly used for fishing or crossing rivers and lakes to avoid long journeys. They were usually propelled by punting with a long stick. Another type of bark canoe was made out of a type of stringybark gum known as Messmate stringybark ( Eucalyptus obliqua ), pleating

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