Jauharabad ( Urdu : جَوہرآباد ) is the headquarters of Khushab District in the Punjab province of Pakistan .
53-472: The Urdu word 'Jauhar' translates to 'gem' in English, but the city was named in honour of the renowned Pakistani freedom activist, Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar . The foundation of Jauharabad was laid in 1951 and completed in 1953, and developed under a master plan to serve as the new federal capital of Pakistan due to its central location until Ayub Khan eventually replaced it with Islamabad . It began serving as
106-763: A commemorative postage stamp for Mohammad Ali Jauhar in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series on his birth anniversary in 1978. A number of educational intuitions like Mohammad Ali Jauhar University in Rampur , India, Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar Academy of International Studies in Jamia Millia Islamia in Delhi, India, Maulana Mohammad Ali College in Bangladesh and places including Johar Town , Jauharabad , Gulistan-e-Jauhar in Pakistan are named after Jauhar. Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar
159-632: A court in Khaliqdina Hall in Karachi and punished him with two-and-a-half years' imprisonment in Karachi central jail . Besides this jail sentence, he had served many and frequent jail sentences due to his anti-government activities. However, he kept fighting for the Muslim League . Ultimately Mohammad Ali's frequent jail sentences, his diabetes and lack of proper nutrition while jailed, made him very sick. Despite his failing health, he wanted to attend
212-460: A distance of some 600 kilometres, to present themselves to Jamnabai. Eventually, Gopalrao was selected by the British Government as successor and was accordingly adopted by Maharani Jamnabai, on 27 May 1875. He was also given a new name, Sayajirao. On 16 June 1875, he ascended the throne as Sayajirao Gaekwad III , but being a minor, reigned under a Council of Regency until he came of age and
265-573: A million inhabitants to the state. The merged states were Pethapur on 1 February 1940, the Katosan Thana , with Deloli , Kalsapura , Maguna , Memadpura , Rampura , Ranipura , Tejpura , Varsora , the Palaj Taluka and both Ijpura States between June and July 1940. These were followed on 10 July 1943 by the states of Ambliara , Ghorasar , Ilol , Katosan , Khadal , Patdi , Punadra , Ranasan , Wasoda and Wao Also many small Talukas of
318-469: Is a 1984 documentary film directed by Saiyed Ahmad and produced by the Government of India 's Films Division , it covers his political career and life as an Indian freedom fighter . "I had long been convinced that here in this Country of hundreds of millions of human beings, intensely attached to religion, and yet infinitely split up into communities, sects and denominations, Providence had created for us
371-728: Is a free country, and if you do not give us freedom in India, you will have to give me a grave here." He died of a stroke in London on 4 January 1931 and was buried in Jerusalem by the choice of his relatives, friends and admirers. The inscription on his grave in the Khātūniyya Madrasa , which is near the Dome of the Rock , says: "Here lies al-Sayyid Muhammad Ali al-Hindi." Pakistan Postal Services issued
424-782: The All-India Muslim League , he represented the party in the first round-table conference held in London. Muhammad Ali was born in 1878 at Rampur in North-Western Provinces , British India . He was born to a wealthy family with roots in the city of Najibabad . His father, Abdul Ali Khan , died when he was five years old. His brothers were Shaukat Ali , who became a leader of the Khilafat Movement , and Zulfiqar Ali. His mother Abadi Begum (1852 – 1924), affectionately known as 'Bi Amman', inspired her sons to take up
477-548: The Bombay Presidency — Rewa Kantha Agency , Surat Agency , Nasik Agency , Kaira Agency and Thana Agency — in order to form the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency . A few years before independence the process of the ' Attachment Scheme ' began in order to integrate the smallest princely states, estates and thanas . Baroda State was one of the main beneficiaries of this measure by being able to add about 15,000 km and half
530-599: The English weekly The Comrade in 1911 in Calcutta . It quickly gained circulation and influence internationally. He moved to Delhi in 1912 and there he launched an Urdu -language daily newspaper Hamdard in 1913. He married Amjadi Bano Begum (c. 1886–1947) in 1902. Amjadi Begum was actively involved in the national and Khilafat movement. Jauhar worked hard to expand the Aligarh Muslim University, then known as
583-577: The Gaekwar's Baroda State Railway (GBSR), which started in 1862 as the first narrow-gauge in India. It consisted of 8 miles (13 km) of narrow gauge track from Dabhoi to Miyagam . The railway network extended to Goyagate, Chandod, Bodeli and Samalaya Jn with Dabhoi as its focal point. After independence in 1949 this railway merged with the Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway . The lines are under conversion to broad gauge currently. In late 18th century,
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#1732876079945636-688: The Governor-General of India . In 1911, Baroda State spanned 3,239 km (1,251 sq mi), and the population was 2,032,798 persons as per the 1911 census of India. The state was very wealthy. The Pittsburgh Press reported in 1927 that the diamond necklace, which contained the Star of the South diamond, was a part of a royal collection worth $ 10,000,000 at the time, housed in the Nazarbaug Palace (built 1721) in Baroda city; another important part of
689-530: The Lincoln College, Oxford , studying modern history. Upon his return to India, he served as education director for the Rampur state, and later joined the Baroda civil service. He became a writer and an orator of the first magnitude and a farsighted political leader, writing articles in major British and Indian newspapers like The Times , London, The Manchester Guardian and The Observer . He launched
742-516: The Marathas . However, the Gaekwads of Baroda (Vadodara) acknowledged British suzerainty and control of the state's external affairs in return for retaining internal autonomy. Following the death of Sir Khanderao Gaekwad (1828–1870), the popular Maharaja of Baroda, in 1870, it was expected that his brother, Malharrao (1831–1882), would succeed him. However, Malharrao had already proven himself to be of
795-744: The Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College , and was one of the co-founders of the Jamia Millia Islamia in 1920, which was later moved to Delhi. Jauhar had attended the founding meeting of the All India Muslim League in Dacca in 1906, and served as its president in 1918. He remained active in the League till 1928. Jauhar "had the unique distinction of having directed the affairs of the three most important political parties/movements in
848-603: The Sanskrit word vatodara , meaning 'in the heart of the Banyan ( Vata ) tree. It also has another name, Virakshetra or Virawati (land of warriors), mentioned alongside Vadodara by the 17th century Gujarati poet Premanand Bhatt , native to the city. Its name has been mentioned as Brodera by early English travellers and merchants, from which its later name Baroda was derived. Geographically it comprised several disjointed tracts of land, measuring over 1000 square miles, spread across
901-508: The independence of India , which initially did not include Baroda or many other princely states, an interim government under Prime Minister Dr. Jivraj Narayan Mehta , son-in-law of Manubhai Mehta , then Dewan of Baroda state, was inaugurated in the State, on 4 September 1948, by the then Maharaja at a special Durbar in the Laxmi Vilas Palace , Baroda. Finally on 1 May 1949, Baroda State,
954-665: The Baroda state established a Naval set up at Billimora , a port about 40 miles south of Surat , known as Bunder Billimora Suba Armor . Here a fleet of 50 vessels was stationed, which included mostly sails, cargo vessels for trading and military vessels to secure the sea from Portuguese, Dutch and French. When political alignments changed, after the Second Anglo-Maratha war, a joint expedition of British and Barodan state troops under Colonel Walker, then resident of Baroda, approached Kathiawad in 1808, and eventually obtained bonds from
1007-557: The Barodan state coffers (he commissioned a pair of solid gold cannon and a carpet of pearls, among other expenses) and soon reports reached the Resident of Malharrao's gross tyranny and cruelty. Malharrao further attempted to cover up his deeds by poisoning the Resident, Colonel R. Phayre C.B. with a compound of arsenic . By order of the Secretary of State for India , Lord Salisbury , Malharrao
1060-578: The Muslims in a demonstration of unity against the British government. Jauhar also wholeheartedly supported Gandhi's call for a national civil resistance movement and inspired many hundreds of protests and strikes all over India. He was arrested by British authorities and imprisoned for two years for what was termed as a seditious speech at the meeting of the Khilafat Conference. Jauhar was disillusioned by
1113-632: The Presidential Address, I.N.C. Session, 1923, Cocanada (now Kakinada). However later, he started supporting the concept of Pakistan and the Pakistan Movement . Baroda State Baroda State was a kingdom within the Maratha Confederacy and later a princely state in present-day Gujarat . It was ruled by the Gaekwad dynasty from its formation in 1721 until its accession to
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#17328760799451166-709: The advice of Allama Muhammad Iqbal , had established the Dar ul Islam Trust Institutes first in Pathankot , India , after Pakistan's independence, in Jauharabad. the city houses Khushab Nuclear Complex and Pakistan Air Force Base Sakesar . Jauharabad lies at the confluence of the Thal Desert and the Potohar in flat agricultural territory immediately south of the Salt Range , which marks
1219-459: The chiefs of Okha-mandal and from the maritime states of Kathiawad renouncing piracy. Then in 1813, the Barodan government acquired the parganah of Kodinar (in present Junagadh district ), where at port of Velan a small fleet of four frigates with 12-pounder guns on each for the protection of the trade between Bombay and Sindh was established. These four armed vessels were named Anandprasad , Sarsuba , Anamat Vart and Anne Maria , which
1272-463: The collection was a cloth embroidered with precious stones and seed pearls , made to cover the tomb of Mohammed . Dr. B.R.Ambedkar writes about his experience with untouchability in Baroda in the second chapter of his autobiographical book, Waiting for a Visa . In 1937, the princely states of the Baroda Residency were merged with those of the agencies adjacent to the northern part of
1325-716: The combined forces of British, Idar State and Baroda attacked Kolis and burnt the Chandap village. In north -west Gujarat, around the southern tip of the Aravali , a number of Koli Talukdars revolted against the triumvirate of the British , Gaekwad and Raja of Idar . Together, these three forces burnt down two Koli villages towards the end of 1857. The Koli chieftains collected an army of 2000 Koli- and Bhil soldiers and attacked Gaekwadi villages near present day Gandhinagar . Adopting guerrilla tactics, they continued their resistance till
1378-774: The country — The Indian National Congress , the All India Muslim League and the Khilafat movement ." He represented the Muslim League delegation that travelled to England in 1919 to convince the British government to influence the Turkish nationalist Mustafa Kemal not to depose the Sultan of Turkey , who was the Caliph of Islam and the presumed leader of all the Islamic nations of that time. British government's rejection of their demands resulted in
1431-527: The district headquarters when Khushab was carved out of Sargodha as a new district. The famous Islamic thinker, scholar and Jewish convert to Islam, Muhammad Asad (formerly Leopold Weiss) — author of The Road to Mecca , The Message of the Qur'an and Principles of State and Government in Islam , stayed at Jauharabad in the 1950s. He resided at the bungalow of the town's prominent resident, Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan ; who on
1484-578: The early 20th century, including the Bank of Baroda on 20 July 1908. In 1908, Sayajirao also founded the Baroda Legislative Assembly (also known as the Baroda Dhara Sabha). By the beginning of the 20th century, the relations of the British with the four largest princely states— Hyderabad , Mysore , Jammu and Kashmir , and Baroda were managed by a British Resident under the direct authority
1537-434: The end of 1858. While Koli chiefs fought around the river Sabarmati . The Kolis paid a huge price for their resistance to British and Baroda. They were not only defeated in battle and punished for having dared to resist but, in the aftermath, kolis were marginalized by the rest of society as outlaws . Being arms-bearing community, they too were disarmed in early 1858 and also forced to practise agriculture . The state owned
1590-560: The end of Khilafat movement and Gandhi's suspension of non-cooperation movement in 1922, owing to the Chauri Chaura incident . This incident, on 4 February 1922, when a large group of protesters, participating in Gandhi's non-cooperation movement clashed with police, who opened fire and killed three protesters. In retaliation, the demonstrators attacked and set fire to a police station, killing 22 policemen. The Indian National Congress suspended
1643-648: The end of the Pothohar Plateau and the start of the Punjab plains. The Jhelum River passes 7 km southeast of Jauharabad and on the west of Jauharabad lies the Thal Desert. On the east of Jauharabad is the Khushab Reserve Forest, spread over approximately 4 km. Mohammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jauhar Khan (10 December 1878 – 4 January 1931) was an Indian Muslim freedom activist , one of
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1696-462: The first Round Table Conference held in London in 1930. Ali attended the 'Conference' in London (the chairman being Sir Agha Khan of the Muslim delegation) to show that only the Muslim League spoke for India's Muslims. Reportedly his words to the British government were that he would not return to India alive unless the country was set free, "I would prefer to die in a foreign country so long as it
1749-512: The formation of the Khilafat committee which directed Muslims all over India to protest and boycott the British government. In 1921, Jauhar formed a broad coalition with the nationalist leaders like Shaukat Ali , Abul Kalam Azad , Hakim Ajmal Khan , Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari , Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari as well as Mahatma Gandhi , who then enlisted the support of the Indian National Congress and many thousands of Hindus, who joined
1802-526: The founders of All-India Muslim League , a pre-eminent member of Indian National Congress , journalist and a poet, a leading figure of the Khilafat Movement and one of the founders of Jamia Millia Islamia . Jauhar was a member of the Aligarh Movement . He was elected to become the President of Indian National Congress party in 1923 and it lasted only for a few months owing to the differences with
1855-547: The front of the crown) resting on a diamond encrusted sword below, which, on a strip of red enamel, the inscription in gold, Vadodara Raj (Baroda State) List of Diwans of Baroda: In 2007, Gujarat State Department of Archives started digitising 600,000 files, including Baroda state registers, prints, maps, abhinandan patra or maan patra (felicitation letters) offered to the erstwhile King by different provincial states and organisation, aagna patrika ( gazette ), huzur orders, and volumes of letters exchanged and agreements of
1908-449: The great Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Kolis of Chandap under Nathaji and Yamaji planning for revolt and Gaekwad of Baroda received that news. So Gaekwad stationed his cavalry at Chandap to control the rebels. But cavalry of Gaekwad was killed and thrown out by Kolis of Chandap. After that Kolis went into Taranga hills and continued their rebellion for few months. In the end of October 1857,
1961-496: The mantle of the struggle for freedom from the British colonial rule. To this end, she was adamant that her sons were properly educated. Due to the efforts, determination and sacrifice of their mother, he and his brothers were able to get a good quality education. Despite the early death of his father, Jauhar attended Aligarh Muslim University and the Allahabad University , eventually moving to England in 1898, attending
2014-526: The mission of solving a unique problem and working out a new synthesis, which was nothing low than a Federation of Faiths … For more than twenty years I have dreamed the dream of a federation, grander, nobler and infinitely more spiritual than the United States of America, and today when many a political Cassandra prophesies a return to the bad old days of Hindu-Muslim dissensions I still dream that old dream of 'United Faiths of India.'" —Mohammad Ali Jauhar; from
2067-508: The newly formed Dominion of India . With the city of Baroda ( Vadodara ) as its capital, its relations with the British Raj authorities were managed by the Baroda Residency . The revenue of the state in 1901 was Rs. 13,661,000. Baroda merged into the Dominion of India on 1 May 1949, before which an interim government was formed in the state. Baroda derives its native name Vadodara from
2120-597: The non-cooperation movement on the national level as a direct result of this incident. He restarted his daily Hamdard and left the Congress Party. He opposed the Nehru Report , which was a document proposing constitutional reforms and a dominion status of an independent nation within the British Empire , written by a committee of Hindu and Muslim members of the Congress Party headed by President Motilal Nehru . It
2173-421: The organization, especially Gandhi, on the haphazard ending of Non-cooperation movement. In the following years, he ended up being antithetical to it and accused Gandhi and Motilal Nehru of succumbing to the appeasement of Hindus as they regarded Muslims “the minorities” in India and refused to accommodate Muslim demands in the political representation. Being one of the founders, esteemed member and 10th president of
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2226-588: The part of the Nehru Report's 'acception' of separate electorates for Muslims, and supported the Fourteen Points of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League. He became a critic of Gandhi, breaking with fellow Muslim leaders like Abul Kalam Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, who continued to support Gandhi and the Indian National Congress. In 1921, the British government established
2279-407: The present Gujarat state; these were subdivided into four prant (states), namely Kadi , Baroda , Navsari and Amreli , which included coastal portions of the state, in the Okhamadal region near Dwarka and Kodinar near Diu . The Marathas first attacked Gujarat in 1705. By 1712, a Maratha leader Khande Rao Dabhade grew powerful in the region and when he returned to Satara in 1716, he
2332-440: The region were merged. On 24 July 1943 Sachodar State and a few small places that had no own jurisdiction were annexed. By December of the same year the small states of Bajana , Bhilka , Malpur , Mansa and Vadia met the same fate. Finally on 5 November 1944 the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency was merged with the Western India States Agency (WISA) to form the larger Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Agency . After
2385-481: The reign of Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III . Being made of gold, the breast star is arranged as follows: Twenty four centrifugally arranged petal-shaped diamond studded strips alternating with shorter but similar strips, fanning out from two red enamelled, diamond-bordered circles, inscribed at the top Satyameva Jayate (Truth Shall Triumph). Within the inner circle a diamond encrusted Sirpech (pagri-shaped crown with royal pendant-shaped decoration rising upwards from
2438-474: The third largest state at the time of British India , formally merged into the Dominion of India , Initially, Baroda merged with the Bombay state , and then, on 1 May 1960, when the two new states of Gujarat and Maharashtra were formed, it became part of Gujarat, with Dr. Jivraj Narayan Mehta becoming the first Chief Minister of Gujarat . The Koli rebellion was led by two brothers Nathaji Patel and Yamaji Patel , chiefs of Chandap Taluq . During
2491-424: The vilest character and had been imprisoned earlier for conspiring to assassinate Khanderao. As Khanderao's widow, Maharani Jamnabai (1853–1898) was already pregnant with a posthumous child, the succession was delayed until the gender of the child could be proven. The child proved to be a daughter, and so upon her birth on 5 July 1871, Malharrao ascended the throne. Malharrao spent money liberally, nearly emptying
2544-523: Was a major protest against the Simon Commission which had arrived in India to propose reforms but having no local Indian member nor making any effort to listen to the Indians' voices and aspirations. Mohammad Ali was put in jail. So All Parties Conference on Nehru report was represented by Shaukat Ali, Begum Mohammad Ali and 30 other members of the Central Khilafat Committee which included Abdul Majid Daryabadi , Azad Subhani, Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi , Abul Muhasin Muhammad Sajjad and others. Mohammad Ali opposed
2597-419: Was appointed as general to collect revenues from Gujarat by the Peshwa , the Prime Minister of the Maratha Empire , who had taken over the region north and south of Surat from the Mughals to established the Sarkar of Surat . Songadh remained the headquarters of the "House of Gaekwad" until 1866. After the Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805), the East India Company wrested control of much of Gujarat from
2650-429: Was deposed on 10 April 1875 and exiled to Madras , where he died in obscurity in 1882. With the throne of Baroda now vacant, Maharani Jamnabai called on the heads of the extended branches of the dynasty to come to Baroda and present themselves and their sons in order to decide upon a successor. Kashirao and his three sons, Anandrao (1857–1917), Gopalrao (1863–1938) and Sampatrao (1865–1934) walked to Baroda from Kavlana,
2703-442: Was invested with full ruling powers on 28 December 1881. founding numerous institutions. During the hunting season in 1933, he was saved from lion by two boys of Dhari town Arjan Koli and Hari Koli . After that both Koli brothers were respected in open court (Baroda state darbar) and their bronze statues were established in royal Sayaji Baug (Kamati Baug) by Sayajirao Gaekwad. Various important state institutions were founded in
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#17328760799452756-420: Was made the senapati ( commander in chief ). Thereafter during the "Battle of Balapur" in 1721, one of his officers, Damaji Gaekwad was awarded the title Shamsher Bahadur or Distinguished Swordsman. Damaji died in 1721 and was succeeded by his nephew Pilajirao. Thus the Baroda State was founded in 1721, when the Maratha general Pilaji Gaekwad conquered Songadh from the Mughals . Before this Pilajirao
2809-413: Was purchased from the Shah of Iran , and was known as 'Shah Kai Khusru' until then. The Gaekwad dynasty follows the standard of male primogeniture in matters of succession. The present line of succession is as follows: The Royal House of Baroda awards the Most Noble Order of the Rising Sun in three grades, classed as Udayaditya, Vikramaditya, and Arunaditya. This order of chivalry was established during
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