Misplaced Pages

#541458

46-464: The town of Janitzio , which means "maize flower" in Purépecha , is located atop a hill on the island. Janitzio can only be reached by boats which run regularly back and forth from about 7:30 am to 6 pm, accessible from Pátzcuaro 's pier (embarcadero). The boats take approximately 25 minutes to reach the island. These boats can be hired to take visitors around other parts of the lake. The town

92-415: A linguistic area , area of linguistic convergence , or diffusion area , is a group of languages that share areal features resulting from geographical proximity and language contact . The languages may be genetically unrelated , or only distantly related, but the sprachbund characteristics might give a false appearance of relatedness. A grouping of languages that share features can only be defined as

138-448: A stop consonant ), which was followed by a tone split where the distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants disappeared but in compensation the number of tones doubled. These parallels led to confusion over the classification of these languages, until André-Georges Haudricourt showed in 1954 that tone was not an invariant feature, by demonstrating that Vietnamese tones corresponded to certain final consonants in other languages of

184-509: A classic 1956 paper titled "India as a Linguistic Area", Murray Emeneau laid the groundwork for the general acceptance of the concept of a sprachbund. In the paper, Emeneau observed that the subcontinent's Dravidian and Indo-Aryan languages shared a number of features that were not inherited from a common source, but were areal features , the result of diffusion during sustained contact. These include retroflex consonants , echo words , subject–object–verb word order, discourse markers , and

230-742: A genetic relationship ( rodstvo ) and those arising from convergence due to language contact ( srodstvo ). Nikolai Trubetzkoy introduced the Russian term языковой союз ( yazykovoy soyuz 'language union') in a 1923 article. In a paper presented to the first International Congress of Linguists in 1928, he used a German calque of this term, Sprachbund , defining it as a group of languages with similarities in syntax , morphological structure, cultural vocabulary and sound systems, but without systematic sound correspondences, shared basic morphology or shared basic vocabulary. Later workers, starting with Trubetzkoy's colleague Roman Jakobson , have relaxed

276-435: A great hero of Mexico's independence, started in 1933, is found on the island's highest point. You can see the statue of Morelos from the boat, when arriving. Visitors can climb to the top of the statue by way of a staircase that spirals up the inside. Along the interior walls, the life of Morelos is depicted in murals painted by Ramón Alba de la Canal and other Mexican muralists. At the top, visitors can look through peepholes in

322-625: A major field of research in language contact and convergence. Some linguists, such as Matthias Castrén , G. J. Ramstedt , Nicholas Poppe and Pentti Aalto , supported the idea that the Mongolic , Turkic , and Tungusic families of Asia (and some small parts of Europe) have a common ancestry, in a controversial group they call Altaic . Koreanic and Japonic languages, which are also hypothetically related according to some scholars like William George Aston , Shōsaburō Kanazawa, Samuel Martin and Sergei Starostin , are sometimes included as part of

368-565: A number of similarities including syntax and grammar , vocabulary and its use as well as the relationship between contrasting words and their origins, idioms and word order which all made them stand out from many other language groups around the world which do not share these similarities; in essence creating a continental sprachbund. His point was to argue that the disproportionate degree of knowledge of SAE languages biased linguists towards considering grammatical forms to be highly natural or even universal, when in fact they were only peculiar to

414-575: A pause. Vowel clusters are very rare except for sequences that are generated by adding grammatical suffixes like the plural - echa or - icha , the copula - i , or the genitive - iri . Vowel clusters are usually not the first two sounds of a word. Purépecha is one of the few languages in the Mesoamerica without a phonemic glottal stop (a distinction shared by the Huave language and by some Nahuan languages ). It lacks any laterals ('l'-sounds). However, in

460-609: A single language. The government of Mexico recognizes 3 dialectal variants: Lacustrine (spoken in areas close to lake Patzcuaro ), Sierran or Meseta (spoken in the Highlands of northwestern Michoacan) and Cañada(spoken in the Cañada de los Once Pueblos region). The language is spoken mostly in rural communities in the highlands of Michoacán. The former center of the Tarascan State was around Lake Pátzcuaro and remains an important center of

506-399: A sprachbund if the features are shared for some reason other than the genetic history of the languages. Without knowledge of the history of a regional group of similar languages, it may be difficult to determine whether sharing indicates a language family or a sprachbund. In a 1904 paper, Jan Baudouin de Courtenay emphasised the need to distinguish between language similarities arising from

SECTION 10

#1732891731542

552-411: A term coined by Spanish settlers that can be seen as pejorative, is a language isolate or small language family that is spoken by some 140,000 Purépecha in the highlands of Michoacán , Mexico . Purépecha was the main language of the pre-Columbian Purépecha Empire and became widespread in the region during its heyday in the late post-Classic period . The small town of Purepero got its name from

598-520: A velar nasal phoneme. The table of phonemes uses the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and also gives the alphabet equivalents, enclosed in angle brackets, if it is not obvious. The two mid vowels /e, o/ are uncommon, especially the latter. The high central vowel is almost always after /s/ or /ts/ and is then almost an allophone of /i/ . The final vowel of a word is usually voiceless (whispered) or deleted except before

644-410: Is double-marking in the typology of Johanna Nichols , as it marks grammatical relations on both the dependent phrases and phrasal heads. The language has both grammatical case and postpositions . The case system distinguishes nominative , accusative , genitive , comitative , instrumental , and locative cases, but there are also many nominal derivational affixes. Word order is flexible, and

690-619: Is a relatively new arrival to the area. Purépecha has long been classified as a language isolate unrelated to any other known language. That judgement is repeated in Lyle Campbell's authoritative classification. Joseph Greenberg assigned it to the Chibchan language family , but like the rest of his American classification, that proposal is rejected by specialists. There are a number of dialects, which SIL International divides into two languages, but Campbell (1997) considers Purépecha to be

736-481: Is an agglutinative language , but sound change has led to a certain degree of fusion. It is sometimes considered a polysynthetic language because of its complex morphology and frequent long words. Unlike most other languages that are considered polysynthetic, it has no noun compounding or incorporation . The language is exclusively suffixing and has a large number of suffixes (as many as 160 ) and clitics . The verb distinguishes 13 aspects and 6 modes. The language

782-731: Is home to speakers of languages of the Sino-Tibetan , Hmong–Mien (or Miao–Yao), Tai–Kadai , Austronesian (represented by Chamic ) and Mon–Khmer families. Neighbouring languages across these families, though presumed unrelated, often have similar features, which are believed to have spread by diffusion. A well-known example is the similar tone systems in Sinitic languages (Sino-Tibetan), Hmong–Mien, Tai languages (Kadai) and Vietnamese (Austroasiatic). Most of these languages passed through an earlier stage with three tones on most syllables (but no tonal distinctions on checked syllables ending in

828-508: Is known for the butterfly fishermen who are skilled at lowering their butterfly-shaped nets to catch "pescado blanco" ( Chirostoma estor ), a species of freshwater silverside endemic to the lake which is important to the local cuisine. These fisherman were at one time depicted on the reverse of the 50  peso banknote. This banknote is now a valuable collector's item. The island is the subject of Silvestre Revueltas 's 1933 composition Janitzio . A 40-meter statue of José María Morelos ,

874-528: Is unmarked. The accusative case (also called the objective case ) is used to mark direct and sometimes indirect objects and is marked by the suffix -ni : Pedrú Pedrú Pedro pyásti pyá-s-ti buy- PFV - 3P tsúntsu ni tsúntsu- ni pot- ACC Pedrú pyásti tsúntsu ni Pedrú pyá-s-ti tsúntsu- ni Sprachbund A sprachbund ( / ˈ s p r ɑː k b ʊ n d / , from German : Sprachbund [ˈʃpʁaːxbʊnt] , lit. 'language federation'), also known as

920-570: The Pacific Ocean to their current locations. Ethnohistorical accounts mention them as a people dwelling in the same region of Michoacán they live in now as early as the 13th century. According to the Relación de Michoacán , the communities around Lake Pátzcuaro were gathered into the strong Purépecha State by the leader of the Uacúsecha group of Purépecha speakers, Tariácuri . Around 1300, he undertook

966-579: The South Slavic languages of the southern Balkans (Bulgarian, Macedonian and to a lesser degree Serbo-Croatian ), Greek , Balkan Turkish , and Romani . All but one of these are Indo-European languages but from very divergent branches, and Turkish is a Turkic language . Yet they have exhibited several signs of grammatical convergence, such as avoidance of the infinitive , future tense formation, and others. The same features are not found in other languages that are otherwise closely related, such as

SECTION 20

#1732891731542

1012-761: The linguistic rights of indigenous peoples and promoting multiculturalism in colonial states, the Congress of the Union of Mexico approved the General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples in 2003, giving Purépecha and Mexico's other indigenous languages official status as "national languages." The official alphabet is the Pʼ;URHEPECHA JIMBO KARARAKUECHA (Purépecha Alphabet): The letters b, d, g occur in spelling only after m, n : mb, nd, ng , which reflects

1058-527: The quotative . Emeneau specified the tools to establish that language and culture had fused for centuries on the Indian soil to produce an integrated mosaic of structural convergence of four distinct language families: Indo-Aryan , Dravidian , Munda and Tibeto-Burman . This concept provided scholarly substance for explaining the underlying Indian-ness of apparently divergent cultural and linguistic patterns. With his further contributions, this area has now become

1104-684: The Mon–Khmer family, and proposed that tone in the other languages had a similar origin. Similarly, the unrelated Khmer (Mon–Khmer), Cham (Austronesian) and Lao (Kadai) languages have almost identical vowel systems. Many languages in the region are of the isolating (or analytic) type, with mostly monosyllabic morphemes and little use of inflection or affixes , though a number of Mon–Khmer languages have derivational morphology . Shared syntactic features include classifiers , object–verb order and topic–comment structure, though in each case there are exceptions in branches of one or more families. In

1150-800: The Purépecha State reached the Pacific Coast at Zacatula , advanced into the Toluca Valley , and also, on the northern rim, reached into the present-day state of Guanajuato . In the 15th century, the Purépecha state was at war with the Aztecs. Many Nahua peoples who had lived side by side with Purépecha-speakers were relocated outside of the Tarascan frontiers, and Otomi -speakers fleeing the Aztec expansion resettled on

1196-425: The Purépecha community. Ethnologue counts Purépecha as two languages: a central language, spoken by approximately 40,000 people (2005) around Pátzcuaro, and a western highland language, spoken by 135,000 speakers (2005) around Zamora , Los Reyes de Salgado , Paracho de Verduzco , and Pamatácuaro , all of which are in the vicinity of the volcano Parícutin . Recent migration has formed communities of speakers in

1242-591: The SAE language group . Whorf likely considered Romance and West Germanic to form the core of the SAE, i.e. the literary languages of Europe which have seen substantial cultural influence from Latin during the medieval period . The North Germanic and Balto-Slavic languages tend to be more peripheral members. Alexander Gode , who was instrumental in the development of Interlingua , characterized it as "Standard Average European". The Romance, Germanic , and Slavic control languages of Interlingua are reflective of

1288-551: The SAE features. Language families that have been proposed to actually be sprachbunds The work began to assume the character of a comparison between Hopi and western European languages. It also became evident that even the grammar of Hopi bore a relation to Hopi culture, and the grammar of European tongues to our own "Western" or "European" culture. And it appeared that the interrelation brought in those large subsummations of experience by language, such as our own terms "time," "space," "substance," and "matter." Since, with respect to

1334-610: The basic word order has been described as either SVO or SOV . However, most authors note that other word orders are frequently used for pragmatic purposes such as focus or topic tracking . Nouns are inflected by the basic formula Noun + Number + Case. The language distinguishes between plural and unspecified numbers, with no dedicated singular form. Plurals formed by the suffix -echa/-icha or -cha . warhít icha women- PL tephar icha fat- PL maru some warhít icha tephar icha maru women- PL fat- PL some 'some fat women' The nominative case

1380-554: The border between the two polities. That created a fairly homogeneous area of Purépecha speakers, with no other languages spoken in the core area around Lake Pátzcuaro. During the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire , the Purépecha State was at first peacefully incorporated into the realm of New Spain , but with the killing of Cazonci Tangaxuán II by Nuño de Guzmán , the relation became one of Spanish dominance by force. Exceptions were

1426-591: The cities of Guadalajara , Tijuana and Mexico City and in the United States . The total population of speakers is rising (from 58,000 in 1960 to 96,000 in 1990 and 120,000 in 2000 ), but the percentage of speakers relative to non-speakers is falling, and the degree of bilingualism is rising, which makes it an endangered language . Fewer than 10% of speakers are now monolingual. The Purépecha are known to have migrated from elsewhere to their current location, as their tradition includes stories of having traveled from

Janitzio - Misplaced Pages Continue

1472-408: The first conquests of other and installed his nephews Hiripan and Tangáxoan as lords of Ihuatzio and Tzintzuntzan respectively while he himself ruled from Pátzcuaro City . By the time of the death of Taríacuri , in around 1350, his lineage was in control of all the major centers around Lake Pátzcuaro. His nephew Hiripan continued the expansion into the area surrounding Lake Cuitzeo . In 1460

1518-545: The four phonemes /kʷ/ , /kʷʰ/ , /w/ , /j/ . It uses the letter ⟨i⟩ for both /i, j/ and the letter ⟨u⟩ for both /u, w/ , but both semivowels are fairly rare. When ⟨k⟩ or ⟨k'⟩ is followed by ⟨u⟩ and another vowel letter, the sequence virtually always represents the labio-velar phonemes. Intervocally, aspirated consonants become pre-aspirated . After nasals, aspirated consonants lose their aspiration and unaspirated consonants become voiced. Purépecha

1564-547: The giant raised fist of Morelos, with views of the island, lake and surroundings. Some of the people of Janitzio and the towns surrounding Lake Pátzcuaro are of indigenous descent and are known as Purépecha . Available in Janitzio are regional handicrafts. A variety of handmade textiles and artwork are sold. Its main festivity is "Día de Muertos" or Day of the Dead . As part of this festivity, candle-lit boat processions make their way to

1610-493: The hospital communities of Vasco de Quiroga , such as Santa Fé de la Laguna , where Purépecha could live with a degree of protection from Spanish domination. Through Spanish friars, the Purépecha learned to write in the Latin script , and Purépecha became a literary language in the early colonial period. There is a body of written sources in Purépecha from the period, including several dictionaries, confessionaries, and land titles. Among

1656-465: The indigenous people who lived there. Even though it is spoken within the boundaries of Mesoamerica , Purépecha does not share many of the traits defining the Mesoamerican language area , suggesting that the language is a remnant of an indigenous substrate that existed several thousands of years ago before the migration of speakers that contributed to the formation of the sprachbund , or alternatively

1702-699: The island and then to Janitzio's Church and graveyard, remaining there for the night for a large festive vigil with much drinking involved. Mild, spring-like temperatures prevail most of the year in the North Central Highlands of central Mexico. The highlands have a climate that is described as a "mild, dry climate." The area around Janitzio rarely sees temperatures that go above 27 degrees, even in summer. Daytime temperatures remain fairly consistent year round, however, it can become quite cold at night from November through March. The rainy season runs from May through October, with July and August generally being

1748-644: The language groups most often included in the SAE Sprachbund . The Standard Average European Sprachbund is most likely the result of ongoing language contact in the time of the Migration Period and later, continuing during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance . Inheritance of the SAE features from Proto-Indo-European can be ruled out because Proto-Indo-European, as currently reconstructed, lacked most of

1794-548: The most important colonial works are the grammar (1558) and dictionary (1559) of Fray Maturino Gilberti , and the grammar and dictionary (1574) by Juan Baptista de Lagunas From ca. 1700, the status of Purépecha changed, and throughout the 20th century, the Mexican government pursued a policy of Hispanicization . Speakers of indigenous languages were actively encouraged to abandon their languages in favor of Spanish. However, in accord with international changes in favor of recognizing

1840-619: The northeastern part of the Tibetan plateau spanning the Chinese provinces of Qinghai and Gansu , is an area of interaction between varieties of northwest Mandarin Chinese , Amdo Tibetan and Mongolic and Turkic languages . Standard Average European ( SAE ) is a concept introduced in 1939 by Benjamin Whorf to group the modern Indo-European languages of Europe which shared common features. Whorf argued that these languages were characterized by

1886-487: The other Romance languages in relation to Romanian, and the other Slavic languages such as Polish in relation to Bulgaro-Macedonian. Languages of the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area have such great surface similarity that early linguists tended to group them all into a single family, although the modern consensus places them into numerous unrelated families. The area stretches from Thailand to China and

Janitzio - Misplaced Pages Continue

1932-486: The pronunciation of p, t, k after nasal consonants. In all dialects of Purépecha, the stress accent is phonemic. As in Spanish orthography , a stressed syllable is indicated by the acute accent . Minimal pairs are formed: Usually, the second syllable of the word is stressed, but occasionally, it is the first. The phonemic inventory of the Tarécuato dialect is presented below. It differs from other dialects in having

1978-458: The purported Altaic family. This latter hypothesis was supported by people including Roy Andrew Miller , John C. Street and Karl Heinrich Menges . Gerard Clauson , Gerhard Doerfer , Juha Janhunen , Stefan Georg and others dispute or reject this. A common alternative explanation for similarities among the "Altaic" languages, such as vowel harmony and agglutination , is that they are due to areal diffusion. The Qinghai–Gansu sprachbund , in

2024-629: The requirement of similarities in all four of the areas stipulated by Trubetzkoy. A rigorous set of principles for what evidence is valid for establishing a linguistic area has been presented by Campbell, Kaufman, and Smith-Stark. The idea of areal convergence is commonly attributed to Jernej Kopitar 's description in 1830 of Albanian , Bulgarian and Romanian as giving the impression of " nur eine Sprachform ... mit dreierlei Sprachmaterie ", which has been rendered by Victor Friedman as "one grammar with the [ sic ] three lexicons". The Balkan Sprachbund comprises Albanian, Romanian,

2070-440: The speech of many young Spanish-Purépecha bilinguals , the retroflex rhotic has been replaced by [ l ] under the influence of Spanish. There are distinct series of non-aspirated and aspirated consonants and affricate consonants ; in the spelling aspiration is noted by an apostrophe. There are two rhotics ('r'-sounds, one of them being retroflex ). The official orthography does not have distinct representations for

2116-538: The wettest months. Quick moving thunderstorms can be expected over the summer months, June to September. The rest of the year remains quite dry. [REDACTED] Media related to Janitzio Island, Michoacán at Wikimedia Commons 19°34′25″N 101°39′7″W  /  19.57361°N 101.65194°W  / 19.57361; -101.65194 Pur%C3%A9pecha language Purépecha (also Pʼurhépecha [pʰuˈɽepet͡ʃa] , Purepecha : Phorhé or Phorhépecha ), often called Tarascan ( Spanish : Tarasco ),

#541458