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64-534: The Janambre (Xanambre) were an indigenous people of Tamaulipas in northeast Mexico . They were the historical enemies of the Pison (Pisones). The Janambre language, now extinct , is unattested. William Bright (1955) thought the Janambre language might have been Naolan , an unclassified language of the region. Other unattested extinct languages of Tamaulipas include Pisone, "Negrito" and Olive. Tamaulipas It

128-617: A port city but also as an industrial and commercial center. The railroad allowed goods to flow quickly from the mines and cities of the interior and the Texas border to Tampico for processing and shipment. This, in turn, caused significant growth in towns such as Matamoros and Nuevo Laredo. Since the revolution of 1910 , successive governments have dedicated themselves to building industry and infrastructure in Tamaulipas, including communications and educational systems. Norberto Treviño Zapata founded

192-459: A border with Texas on the Rio Grande. Its capital was kept at Aguayo, which later was renamed Ciudad Victoria in honor of Guadalupe Victoria , first President of Mexico . In the wake of the war, Tamaulipas remained an object of interest to American expansionists . The climate was considered suitable for the spread of slavery by Southerners who desired the admission of new territory to shift

256-507: A certain number of ranches on the right bank of the Río Grande that belonged to Nuevo León. New settlements were then founded and the line of towns along the Rio Grande would later be dubbed the "villas del norte," or northern towns (Laredo, Revilla [Guerrero], Mier, Camargo, and Reynosa) which were established as a key part of Escandón's plan for the pacification and colonization of the province. These settlements, from Laredo to Reynosa, served as

320-579: A defensive line for larger centers of population in the Mexican interior. Moreover, the villas functioned as a means to introduce Spanish "civilization" to the indigenous groups of the area. The Tamaulipas-Nuevo Leon border likely runs along old Mesquite Posts. In the mid-17th century, various Apache bands from the Southern Plains, after acquiring horses from Europeans in New Mexico, moved southeastward into

384-646: A homeland that spanned from the Southern Great Plains to the Gulf of Mexico, with significant presence in what is now Texas. While little archeological history was left behind by the Lipan Apache, the pictographs at Hueco Tanks which were made between 1500 AD and 1879 AD are attributed to Mescalero Apache. Ancestors of the Lipan Apache living along the Canadian River made the first known European contact during

448-670: A la voz de libertad. Chorus: Long live Tamaulipas, proud and heroic, The region that slumbers on the banks of the river. Blood pounds in my chest At the glorious memory of her heroes and honor. Long live Tamaulipas, the beloved land That in the dire times gave her blood and life. Let us sing a hymn of love and loyalty And let all Tamaulipas vibrate to the voice of freedom. Estrofa I: Fuiste cuna de nobles varones que con la luz de su saber iluminaron, y al pasar por la tierra dejaron con sus obras su nombre inmortal. Hoy la historia, canta la gloria de tus héroes en marcha triunfal. Verse I: Thou wert

512-455: A major general and bulk cargo port. Also of importance are the tourism and fishing industries, as well as much commercial shipping, based in Tampico and Altamira. The little village of La Pesca , in the municipality of Soto La Marina , about midway between Brownsville, Texas and Tampico, is a rapidly growing tourist area with lovely beaches and excellent fishing both in the Gulf of Mexico and

576-476: A professional degree. Institutions of higher education include: Tamaulipas is served by 5 international airports and one national airport. Newspapers of Tamaulipas include: El Bravo , El Diario de Ciudad Victoria , El Mañana , El Mañana de Reynosa , El Mercurio de Tamaulipas , El Sol de la Tarde , El Sol de Tampico , Hora Cero Tamaulipas , La Razón , La Tarde , La Verdad de Tamaulipas , Milenio , Periódico Valle del Norte , and Siempre con la verdad

640-480: A state finally acceded to Maximilian's rule, and the last French soldiers left the state in 1866, leading up to Maximilian's execution and fall of the Second Mexican Empire in 1867. However, the years after Maximilian's defeat were ones of rebuilding and great growth in Tamaulipas. International trade began to blossom, especially with the coming of the railroad to Tampico, which was developing as not only

704-602: A tiempo. The current anthem of the state of Tamaulipas is Himno a Tamaulipas  [ es ] , composed in 1926 by Rafael Antonio Pérez Pérez , set to music by Alfredo Tamayo Marín . Normally, only the chorus, first verse and chorus are sung in public. Coro: Viva Tamaulipas altiva y heroica, la región que dormita en la margen del río. La sangre palpita en el pecho mío, al recuerdo glorioso de sus héroes y su honor. Viva Tamaulipas la tierra querida que en las horas aciagas dio su sangre y su vida. Cantemos un himno de amor y lealtad y todo Tamaulipas vibre

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768-401: Is 780 mm (31 in), mostly concentrated between June and September. State agencies include: Northern Tamaulipas shares its economic culture with that of Texas , and is primarily characterized by agriculture and strong growth in all industrial sectors. This region is home to many of the maquiladoras , factories owned by foreign companies but worked by Mexicans, primarily by women. In

832-538: Is a Spanish adaption of their self-designation as Łipa-į́ Ndé or Lépai-Ndé ("Light Gray People"), reflecting their migratory story. The earliest known written record of the Lipan Apache identified this tribe as Ypandes . Nancy McGown Minor wrote that the word Lipan stems from the Lipan words lépai, which means 'the color gray', and ndé, which means 'the people', which would make Lipan mean 'The Light Gray People'. The name Apache may be of Zuni origin, coming from

896-480: Is approximately 240 pesos per day, $ 2.00 to $ 3.00 an hour. There is a large number of people (around 200 000 only in the city of Reynosa) born in the southern neighboring state of Veracruz who are economic immigrants that end up working in the maquila industry. Tamaulipas enjoys standards slightly higher than the national averages, since illiteracy has been reduced to 5% for those over 15 years of age, average schooling reaches 7.8 years, and as many as 11% have earned

960-592: Is derived from Tamaholipa , a Huastec term in which the tam- prefix signifies "place (where)". No scholarly agreement exists on the meaning of holipa , but "high hills" is a common interpretation. Another explanation of the state name is that it is derived from Ta ma ho'lipam ("place where the Lipan Apache prey"). The area known as Tamaulipas has been inhabited for at least 8,000 years. Several different cultures (north coastal, south coastal, lowlands, and mountains) have come and gone during that period. Tamaulipas

1024-549: Is located in northeast Mexico and is bordered by the states of Nuevo León to the west, San Luis Potosí to the southwest, and Veracruz to the southeast. To the north, it has a 370 km (230 mi) stretch of the U.S.–Mexico border with the state of Texas , and to the east it is bordered by the Gulf of Mexico . In addition to the capital city, Ciudad Victoria , the state's largest cities include Reynosa , Matamoros , Nuevo Laredo , Tampico , and Mante . The name Tamaulipas

1088-480: Is the flower of dreams That the worker strives to achieve. And if he reaches it, a hope Is to know death or victory. . This state is known to be the site of a territorial struggle between the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas . The resulting deaths and unresolved kidnappings from the gang violence have been described as a "humanitarian tragedy". The state of Tamaulipas is one of the most affected by violence in

1152-576: The Colombian Conflict , leading to the rise of illicit criminal organizations like the Cali Cartel and Medellín Cartel led by drug traffickers like Pablo Escobar and Fabio Ochoa Vásquez . In Mexico, there had already existed various illicit organizations doing drug trafficking like the Gulf Cartel , Milenio Cartel , Juaréz Cartel , Guadalajara Cartel , and a new group of vigilante drug traffickers called La Familia Michoacana . The Gulf Cartel

1216-933: The Colorado River to the Gulf of Mexico and east to the Rio Grande . They were allied to the Tonkawa beginning in this century. To resist their enemies the Comanche and the Mexicans, the Lipan Apache allied with the Republic of Texas in the 1830s. They served as scouts to the Texas Militia during the Texas Revolution of 1835–36. The State of Texas owned massive war debts and used land sales to raise funds following statehood, leaving almost no land to American Indians. Texas established

1280-796: The Edwards Plateau , displacing the native hunting and gathering groups. One of these groups was known as Lipan (see Hodge 1907 Vol. I:769 for a confusing list of synonyms). After 1750, when most Apache groups of the Central Texas highlands were displaced by Comanche and moved into the coastal plain of southern Texas, the Europeans of the San Antonio area began referring to all Apache groups in southern Texas as Lipan or Lipan Apache. Many Indian groups of missions in southern Texas and northeastern Mexico had recently been displaced from their territory through

1344-535: The Lopez Expedition , which was desired for the same reason as Tamaulipas. The French occupation and reign of Emperor Maximilian during the 1860s was difficult for Tamaulipas, at least on the borders and in the city of Tampico. Portions of Tamaulipas supported the republican forces led by President Benito Juarez in resisting the French, especially in the north. Two years after French occupation began, Tamaulipas as

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1408-632: The Mexican drug war and Joint Operation Nuevo León-Tamaulipas . The Tropic of Cancer crosses the southern part of the municipality of Victoria. The coastal plains along the Gulf have a large presence in the state, whereas inland the landscape is adorned by cactus species and pasture . Predominant fauna in the region include the cougar ( Puma concolor ), long-tailed weasel ( Mustela frenata ), ocelot ( Leopardus pardalis ), American badger ( Taxidea taxus ), North American beaver ( Castor canadensis ), plain chachalaca ( Ortalis vetula ) and quail . In

1472-555: The Sierra de San Carlos are isolated mountain ranges in eastern Tamaulipas. In terms of hydrology, the Bravo, Purificacion, and Guayalejo Rivers flow into the Gulf of Mexico after crossing the state from the western inland. On their way, their basins and zones of influence naturally correspond to the areas destined for agricultural use. The Rio Grande, known to Mexicans as the Río Bravo , represents

1536-518: The 17th century, Spaniards raided Apache communities for slaves . The Acho, a branch of Lipan, fought with Taos Pueblo and Picuris Pueblo people against the Spanish in the 1680 Pueblo Revolt . In 1684, Spanish colonists completed the Mission San Francisco de los Julimes near Presidio, Texas , to serve Jumano , Julime , and neighboring tribes. These tribes taught the peyote ceremony to

1600-718: The Brazos Reservation in 1854, where around 2,000 members of the Caddo, Anadarko, Waco, and Tonkawa tribes, but then the tribes to relocate to Indian Territory by 1859. In 1855, some Lipan Apache joined the Brazos Reservation; however, most did not. Some joined the Plains Apache in Oklahoma; others joined the Mescalero in New Mexico, and others fled to Mexico. In 1869, Mexican troops from Monterrey were brought to Zaragosa to eliminate

1664-684: The Canadian [river] - the Chipaines, Conejeros, Rio Colorados, and Anchos - were Lipan ancestors." Lipan Apache is a Southern Athabaskan language , considered to be closely related to the Jicarilla Apache language . Today, there are no fluent speakers. In 1981, two elders on the Mescalero Apache Reservation were fluent Lipan speakers. There are current efforts and funding to revitalize the language. Confederated eastern Apache bands had

1728-572: The Comanche and their allies. By about 1720, the Comanche drove the Lipan Apache from the southern Great Plains. By the early 18th century, the Lipan were divided into regional groupings/divisions comprising several bands - the Forest Lipan division (Lower Lipan bands), the Plains Lipan division (Upper Lipan bands), and bands who lived primarily in northern Mexico (Mexican Lipan bands). Mexican Lipan bands The Spanish associated these groupings with

1792-568: The Expedition of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado , who traveled there in 1541, and were still in the region when Diego de Vargas arrived in 1694. Historians believe the Teya Indians of the Texas Panhandle likely merged into the Lipan. Lipan Apache obtained horses from the Spanish by 1608 and adopted a nomadic lifestyle. They were excellent horsemen and freely raided settlements. Throughout

1856-653: The Federal Police and the Navy, launched an operation around the north of the state of Tamaulipas, allowing hundreds of families to return to their homes after months of exile in other states, mainly in municipalities like Mier, where around 4,000 people returned. According to INEGI, in 2012 Tamaulipas contained 9 municipalities with a homicide rate higher than 100 per 100,000 inhabitants: Cruillas (106), San Fernando (175), Llera (159), Mier (156), Güémez (141), Hidalgo (135), Nuevo Laredo (134), González (109) and Soto la Marina (100). On

1920-558: The Lipan Apache near present-day Latimer County, Oklahoma , in 1719. The Lipan were first mentioned in Spanish records in 1718 when they raided Spanish settlements in San Antonio . They frequently raided Spanish supply trains traveling from Coahuila to the newly established San Antonio. In 1749, two Lipan Apache chiefs joined other Apache leaders in signing one of the earliest recorded peace treaties with Spain in San Antonio. Some Lipan Apache people settled northwest of San Antonio during

1984-637: The Lipan Apache, who were blamed for inciting conflict. Chief Magoosh (Lipan, ca. 1830–1900) led his band from Texas and joined the Mescalero Apache on the Mescalero Reservation in 1870. Troops attacked many Lipan camps; survivors fled to the Mescaleros in New Mexico. From 1875 to 1876, United States Army troops undertook joint military campaigns with the Mexican Army to eliminate the Lipan from

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2048-680: The Lipan population between 1845-1855 ranged from 500 to 1000. The 1910 U.S. census lists 28 Lipan Apache people. Lipan Apache descendants are enrolled with the Mescalero Apache Tribe in New Mexico, Tonkawa Tribe in Oklahoma, and the Apache Tribe of Oklahoma. Multiple unrecognized tribes in Texas identify as being descendants of Lipan Apache. These include: In 2019, State of Texas 86th Legislature, adopted concurrent resolutions, Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 61 (SCR 61) and House Concurrent Resolution No. 171 (HCR 171), that affirmed

2112-595: The Lipan: Ethnographer James Mooney estimated that there were 500 Lipan Apache in 1690. Missionary priest Friar Diego Ximenez estimated the Lipan population to total 5,000 in 1762, 3,000 in 1763, and 4,000 in 1764. In 1778, Spanish military commanders meeting in Monclova, Coahuila, estimated the population of Lipan men to be 5,000. By 1820, Mexican government official Juan Padilla estimated that there were 700 Lipans in Texas. Opler and Ray estimated that

2176-482: The Mexican Army. In October 1903, 19 Lipan Apaches who fled Texas into Coahuila were taken to northwest Chihuahua and kept as prisoners of war until 1905. They were released to the Mescalero Reservation. The Lipan Apache emerged from an amalgamation of several Eastern Apache bands united within a large confederacy and who shared a cultural and historic bond. As a confederacy, they united to defend against

2240-597: The Regional Technical Institute of Ciudad Victoria, the University of Valle de Bravo, and other institutions of learning. As of the 1990 Mexican census, 13 percent of the homes had only dirt floors, nearly 19 percent had no running water, and over 15 percent of the homes had no electricity. This was better than the national average but was skewed because of the high rate of development in the urban centers. In rural communities in Tamaulipas, access to running water

2304-583: The Rio Soto La Marina. The central zone contains the capital, Ciudad Victoria , and is home to much forestry and farming, as well as some industrial development. About 30% of the population lives here, both in the capital and in Ciudad Mante . Ciudad Victoria is a significant educational center, home to the Autonomous University of Tamaulipas (which also has campuses in other cities in the state),

2368-712: The San Antonio River to the northeast to the Gulf of Mexico, then south to the Pánuco River near Tampico and west to the Sierra Madre Mountains. The area became a haven for rebellious Indians who fled there after increased Spanish settlements in Nuevo León and Coahuila. In 1784 Nuevo Santander (Tamaulipas) led by Escandón, annexed San Antonio de los Llanos and its dependencies on the Purificación lagoon together with

2432-470: The Spanish bolstered the area's economy while forcing native populations from their original lands. Repeated indigenous rebellions kept the area unstable and weakened colonial interest in the region. What is now Tamaulipas was first incorporated as a separate province of New Spain in 1746 with the name Nuevo Santander . The local government capital during this time moved from Santander to San Carlos, and finally to Aguayo. The territory of this time spanned from

2496-618: The Tamaulipecan home . Your daughters are virtuous women That adorn the courtyard garden! Today the story, sings the glory With the myrtle, olive and laurel. Estrofa IV: Los que duermen eterno descanso, los que por ti con fe y valor su vida dieron, por hacerte feliz sucumbieron bajo el fuego que te hizo inmortal. Hoy la historia, canta la gloria de tus heroes en marcha triunfal. Verse IV: Those who sleep in eternal rest , That for you with faith and courage gave his life , Succumbed to make you happy Under

2560-686: The Texas Legislature's views that the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas was "the present-day incarnation of a proud people who have lived in Texas and northern Mexico for more than 300 years" and commended the people of this Tribe for their contributions to the state. Each concurrent resolutions was signed by the Senate, House, and the Governor. Likewise, the Lipan Apache Band of Texas has been honored by

2624-649: The Tonkawa and Lipan, who in turn, shared it with the Comanches, Mescalero Apaches, and Plains Apaches. In the 1860s, Spanish chroniclers wrote that some Lipan Apache lived near the Gulf Coast and adopted lifeways of the neighboring Karankawa . By 1700, Lipan had settled across southern Texas and into Coahuila , Mexico . They still lived in agricultural settlements, where they farmed indigenous crops such as pumpkins, corn, and beans, as well as watermelons, introduced from Africa. French explorer Bénard de La Harpe encountered

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2688-476: The Twin Villages . Missions established for the Lipan at Candelaria and San Lorenzo were destroyed by the Comanche in 1767. By 1767, all Lipan had completely deserted the Spanish missions. In the same year, Marquis of Rubí started a policy of Lipan extermination after a 1764 smallpox epidemic had decimated the tribe. In the early 19th century, Lipan Apache primarily lived in south and west Texas, south of

2752-611: The balance in Congress back towards the slave states . Senator Albert Gallatin Brown declared "I want Tamaulipas, Potosi , and one or two other Mexican states; and I want them all for the same reason - for the plantation and spreading of slavery". In the 1850s José María Jesús Carbajal led several incursions into Tamaulipas before being indicted for violating the Neutrality Act . Filibustering efforts were also directed towards Cuba with

2816-411: The centre, north, and towards southwest, an arid and semi-arid climate predominate (both of these account for 38% of the state). A temperate subtropical climate is found in the extreme southwest of the state while in the extreme southeast, such as Tampico , there is a tropical savanna climate . Mean annual temperature in the state is around 23.5 °C (74.3 °F) while mean annual precipitation

2880-477: The country, mainly caused by organized crime. In February 2010, an armed conflict broke out between the criminal groups known as the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas, resulting in many border cities becoming "ghost towns"; such is the case of the border strip known as "La Frontera Chica" made up of the cities of Miguel Alemán , Mier , Camargo and Nueva Ciudad Guerrero . In November 2010, the Mexican army, together with

2944-554: The cradle of noble men Who by the light of their knowledge illuminated, And who in passing through the world left By their works their immortal name. Today history sings the glory Of your heroes in triumphal march. Estrofa II: En los tiempos de duelo y de guerra con tu valor fuiste el honor de nuestro suelo. Defendiste heroica la tierra y tu espada fue siempre inmortal. Hoy la historia, canta la gloria de tus heroes en marcha triunfal. Verse II: In times of grief and war , With your courage you were

3008-614: The creation of the Republic of Texas in 1836. The new republic claimed as part of its territory northern Tamaulipas. In 1840, it became a part of the short-lived Republic of the Rio Grande . In 1848, after the Mexican–American War , Tamaulipas lost more than a quarter of its territory via the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo . American president James K. Polk had desired to annex Mexican territory as far south as Tampico although his negotiator Nicholas Trist disregarded this and settled on

3072-661: The easternmost band of Apache. Lipan Apache descendants today are enrolled members of the Mescalero Apache Tribe in New Mexico . Other Lipan descendants are enrolled with the Tonkawa Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma and Apache Tribe of Oklahoma , also known as the Kiowa Apache or Plains Apache . Other Lipan Apache descendants live primarily in Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Arizona, and northern Mexico. The name "Lipan"

3136-436: The fire that made you immortal . Today the story, sings the glory Of your heroes' triumphal march . Estrofa V: Ya la aurora de tiempos mejores iluminó con su fulgor nuestros albores; y en los surcos que abre el arado va sembrando la fraternidad. Y su anhelo, protege el cielo floreciendo en la santa hermandad. Verse V: Since the dawn of better times Illuminated by his splendor our dawn ; And in

3200-479: The honor of our soil . You heroically defended the land And your sword was always immortal . Today the story, sings the glory Of your heroes' triumphal march . Estrofa III: En tu seno de mirtos y rosas fuente de amor en el hogar tamaulipeco. ¡Son tus hijas mujeres virtuosas que engalanan el patio vergel! Hoy la historia, canta la gloria con el mirto, la oliva y laurel. Verse III: In your heart of myrtle and roses , Source of love in

3264-662: The mid-18th century. Spanish colonists built forts and missions near Lipan settlements. A mission on the San Sabá River was completed in 1757 but destroyed by the Comanche and the Wichita. That same year, the Lipan Apache fought the Hasinais , a band of Caddo people . The Lipan participated in a Spanish expedition against the Wichita and Comanche in 1759 but were defeated in the Battle of

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3328-429: The northern frontier shared with the United States. One of the tributaries of this natural border, the San Juan River , feeds the Marte R. Gómez Dam  [ es ] . Agricultural and cattle-raising activities are served by 14 other dams across the state, with a total capacity of 7,500 million m (260 billion cu ft) of water. About 58% of the state has a hot humid subtropical climate . In

3392-500: The other hand, the municipalities that had had the most intentional homicides in 2012 were Nuevo Laredo (536 homicides), Victoria (165) and San Fernando (102). Lipan Apache people Lipan Apache are a band of Apache , a Southern Athabaskan Indigenous people , who have lived in the Southwest and Southern Plains for centuries. At the time of European and African contact, they lived in New Mexico , Colorado , Oklahoma , Texas , and northern Mexico . Historically, they were

3456-472: The plow furrows opened Is sowing the fraternity . And his desire, protects the heavens Flourishing in the holy brotherhood . Estrofa VI: Nuestros hombres hoy luchan ufanos por mejorar su condición de ciudadanos. Igualdad es la flor del ensueño que el obrero pretende alcanzar. Y si alcanza, una esperanza es que sabe morir o triunfar. Verse VI: Our self-satisfied men today struggle To improve their status as citizens . Equality

3520-435: The pressure, combined and migrated north into the Central Texas highlands. In 1824, after the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, and the fall of the Mexican Empire , Tamaulipas was one of the 19 founder states of the new United Mexican States . Slavery was formally abolished by the 1824 Constitution . During the fights between centralists and federalists that after independence, the successful Texas Revolution led to

3584-493: The southward push by the Lipan Apaches and were still hostile toward Apaches, linking arms with the local Spanish authorities against their common foe. By 1790, Europeans turned their attention from the aboriginal groups and focused on containing the Apache invaders. In northeastern Coahuila and adjacent Texas, Spanish and Apache displacements created an unusual ethnic mix. Here, the local Indians mixed with displaced groups from Coahuila and Chihuahua and Texas. Some groups, to escape

3648-425: The state of Coahuila in northern Mexico. In 1879, a group of 17 Lipan settled near Fort Griffin, Texas , but in 1884 they were forcibly removed to Indian Territory , where they joined the Tonkawa. In 1891, the Lipans negotiated with President of Mexico Porfirio Diaz to preserve the Lipan’s tribal land in Zaragosa. This agreement lasted about 12 years until they were displaced from Zaragosa after resisting joining

3712-444: The state there are important industrial parks such as the Oradel Industrial Center , located in the border city of Nuevo Laredo . Southern Tamaulipas' economy is primarily based on the petrochemical industries. There are petrochemical production plants around Altamira as well as a principal Gulf coast container port, refinery facilities in Ciudad Madero and many oil-industry support service companies in Tampico , as well as

3776-399: The state university system, as well as reformed the state oil industry. Marte Gómez provided increased farm sizes for private family farmers. And more recently, Emilio Martínez Manautou led industrial growth. Lately, a push has been to strengthen fishing , including efforts to increase the price of fish and shellfish on the international market. During the 1970s, Colombia was experiencing

3840-435: The western part of the state, the Sierra Madre Oriental displays warm valleys and high sierras with peaks reaching 3,280 m (10,760 ft) in the Pedragoso Sierra; 3,240 m (10,630 ft) in the Borregos Sierra; 3,220 m (10,560 ft) in La Gloria Sierra; 3,180 m (10,430 ft) in Cerro el Nacimiento; and 3,000 m (9,800 ft) above sea level in the Sierra el Pinal. The Sierra de Tamaulipas and

3904-417: The word apachu , which means 'enemy', or perhaps from the Ute , who referred to this group as Awa'tehe. Apaches' autonym is Inde or Nde, meaning "the people." The terms Eastern Apache and Texas Apache can also include them as well as the Chiricahua and Mescalero. I Fought a Good Fight: A History of the Lipan Apaches notes that Spanish explorers recorded their encounters with "Apaches living along

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3968-459: Was available in less than 40 percent of homes. As of 2005, Tamaulipas's economy represents 3.3% of Mexico's total gross domestic product or 21,664 million USD. Tamaulipas's economy has a strong focus on export oriented manufacturing (i.e. maquiladora / IMMEX ). As of 2005, 258,762 people are employed in the manufacturing sector. Foreign direct investment in Tamaulipas was 386.2 million USD for 2005. The average wage for an employee in Tamaulipas

4032-572: Was in charge of the State of Tamaulipas and other gulf coast states, leading to the drug trafficking rates going high in the 1990s. Around that time, a group of defectors from the Mexican Special Forces that participated in the Chiapas conflict defected as Osiel Cárdenas Guillén made them promises that they would receive better wages if they worked as the enforcer group of the Gulf Cartel called Los Zetas . They did incursions in states like Michoacán and merged La Familia Michoacana as an enforcer group from 2004 to 2006. In 2006, their crimes resulted in

4096-429: Was originally populated by the nomad Chichimec and sedentary Huastec , in addition to non-Chichimec hunter-gatherer and fishing tribes. A gradual process was needed for Spain to subjugate the inhabitants of Tamaulipas in the 16th and 17th centuries. The first permanent Spanish settlement in the area was Tampico in 1554. Further settlement was done by Franciscan missionaries; widespread cattle and sheep ranching by

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