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35-667: He was voivode of the Ruthenian Voivodship since 1613, castellan of Lviv since 1612, Great Krajczy of the Crown since 1600, Great Podczaszy of the Crown, łowczy of Belz , starost of Belz, Busk , Korsuń and Chyhyryn . In his youth he fought with the Tatars . In 1594 he participated in the suppression of the Nalyvaiko Uprising . With his first wife Barbara Krasicka he had two daughters: In 1605 he married Zofia Żółkiewska

70-502: A commonly-known ditty that translates as follows: inherited wooden towns and left them fortified with stone and brick (Kazimierz Wielki zastał Polskę drewnianą, a zostawił murowaną). He organized a meeting of kings in Kraków in 1364 at which he exhibited the wealth of the Polish kingdom. Casimir is the only king in Polish history to both receive and retain the title of "Great", as Bolesław I

105-511: A favourable Hungarian attitude, needed in disputes with the hostile Teutonic Order and the Kingdom of Bohemia . At the time Casimir was 45 years old, and so producing a son did not seem unreasonable. Casimir left no legal son, however, begetting five daughters instead. He tried to adopt his grandson, Casimir IV, Duke of Pomerania , in his last will. The child had been born to his eldest daughter, Elisabeth, Duchess of Pomerania , in 1351. This part of

140-594: A land tax paid by the lower social class. On 9 October 1334, Casimir confirmed the privileges granted to Jews in 1264 by Bolesław V the Chaste . Under penalty of death , he prohibited the kidnapping of Jewish children for the purpose of enforced Christian baptism , and he inflicted heavy punishment for the desecration of Jewish cemeteries. While Jews had lived in Poland since before his reign, Casimir allowed them to settle in Poland in great numbers and protected them as people of

175-439: A widower for two years. On 29 September 1341, Casimir married his second wife, Adelaide of Hesse . She was a daughter of Henry II, Landgrave of Hesse , and Elizabeth of Meissen. They had no children. Casimir started living separately from Adelaide soon after the marriage. Their loveless marriage lasted until 1356, when he declared himself divorced. After Casimir "divorced" Adelaide he married his mistress Christina Rokiczana ,

210-738: Is more commonly known as "the Brave". Casimir ensured stability and great prospects for the future of the country. He established the Corona Regni Poloniae – the Crown of the Polish Kingdom, which certified the existence of the Polish lands independently from the monarch. Prior to that, the lands were only the property of the Piast dynasty . At the Sejm in Wiślica , on 11 March 1347, Casimir introduced reforms to

245-790: The Archbishop of Lwow , the Bishop of Przemysl, the Voivode of Ruthenia, the Castellan of Lwow, and Castellans of Przemysl and Sanok (...) The city of Lwów was the seat of a separate Lesser Poland Tribunal for the voivodeships of Ruthenia, Kijow, Volhynia, Podolia, Belz, Braclaw and Czernihow (...) The County of Zydaczow, even though officially part of Lwow Land, was often regarded as a separate ziemia , with its own coat of arms, granted in 1676. In that years, Lwow Land had 618 villages and 42 towns, while County of Zydaczow had 170 villages and 9 towns. The Land of Przemysl

280-580: The King of Poland from 1333 to 1370. He also later became King of Ruthenia in 1340, and fought to retain the title in the Galicia-Volhynia Wars . He was the last Polish king from the Piast dynasty . Casimir inherited a kingdom weakened by war and under his rule it became relatively prosperous and wealthy. He reformed the Polish army and doubled the size of the kingdom. He reformed the judicial system and introduced several undying codified statutes, gaining

315-673: The Land of Chelm, whose history was much different after the Partitions of Poland (...) The lands of Lwow, Przemysl and Sanok had their sejmiks , which took place in their respective capitals. General sejmiks for these three lands were at Sadowa Wisznia , where seven deputies were elected to the Polish Sejm : two from each land, and one from the County of Zydaczow . Starostas resided at Lwów, Zhydachiv , Przemysl and Sanok. The voivodeship had six senators:

350-565: The Lesser Poland Tribunal were elected. It was divided into counties of Chelm and Krasnystaw , starostas resided in Chelm, Krasnystaw, Ratno , Luboml , Hrubieszow , and other locations. The Land of Chelm had two senators: the Bishop of Chelm and the Castellan of Chelm. In 1676, there were 427 villages and 23 towns in both counties (...) Southern part of the Land of Chelm belonged to the vast Zamoyski Family Fee Tail , which stretched beyond

385-785: The Polish judicial system and sanctioned civil and criminal codes for Great and Lesser Poland, earning the title "the Polish Justinian". In 1364, having received permission from Pope Urban V, Casimir established the University of Kraków , now the oldest university in Poland. It was regarded as a rare distinction, since it was only the second university founded in Central Europe, after the Charles University in Prague. Casimir demonstrated competence in foreign diplomacy and managed to double

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420-632: The counties of Trembowla, Halicz and Kolomyja. It had its own sejmik at Halicz, where six deputies were elected to the Polish Sejm (two from each county), also one deputy to the Crown Tribunal and one to the Treasury Tribunal at Radom . The Land of Halicz had one senator, and starostas, who resided in Halicz, Trembowla, Kolomuja, Tlumacz, Rohatyn, Jablonow, Sniatyn, Krasnopol, and other locations. In 1676, it had 565 villages and 38 towns. The Land of Chelm

455-458: The daughter of Great Hetman of the Crown Stanisław Żółkiewski and had four children: This biography of a Polish noble is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ruthenian Voivodship The Ruthenian Voivodeship ( Latin : Palatinatus russiae ; Polish : Województwo ruskie ; Ukrainian : Руське воєводство , romanized :  Ruske voievodstvo )

490-572: The death of Casimir III the Great , the Kingdom of Poland was passed on to the Kingdom of Hungary and the Ruthenian domain was governed by Ruthenian starosta general, one of whom was Wladyslaw of Opole. The voivodeship was created in 1434 based on the 1430 Jedlnia-Cracow Privilege ( Polish : Przywilej jedlneńsko-krakowski ) on territory that belonged to the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia. Between 1349 and 1434,

525-567: The economy was ruined. In 1335, in the Treaty of Trentschin , Casimir was forced to relinquish his claims to Silesia "in perpetuity". Casimir began to rebuild the country and strengthen its defenses. During his reign, nearly 30 towns were supplied with fortification walls and some 50 castles were constructed, including castles along the Trail of the Eagle's Nests . These achievements are still celebrated today, in

560-465: The king . About 70 percent of the world's European Jews, or Ashkenazi , can trace their ancestry to Poland due to Casimir's reforms. Casimir's legendary Jewish mistress Esterka remains unconfirmed by direct historical evidence. Casimir III was married four times: On 30 April or 16 October 1325, Casimir married Aldona of Lithuania , daughter of Grand Duke Gediminas of Lithuania and Jewna . They had: Aldona died on 26 May 1339. Casimir remained

595-628: The name Ruś Czerwona is recorded, translated as "Red Ruthenia" ("Czerwień" means red in Slavic languages , or from the Polish village Czermno ), applied to a territory extended up to Dniester River , with priority gradually transferred to Przemyśl . Since the times of Władysław II Jagiełło , the Przemyśl voivodeship was called Ruthenian Voivodeship ( województwo ruskie ), with its center eventually transferred to Lwów . It consisted of five lands: Lwów, Sanok , Halych , Przemyśl, and Chełm . The territory

630-521: The name of Cherven, a town that existed there. Today there are several towns with this name, none of them related to Red Ruthenia. This area was mentioned for the first time in 981, when Vladimir the Great of Kievan Rus' took it over on the way into Poland. In 1018 it attached to Poland and 1031 back to Kievan Rus'. For approximately 150 years it existed as the independent Principality of Galicia and Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia , before being conquered by Casimir III of Poland in 1349. Since these times

665-495: The province, while the city of Lwów was founded only in 1250. In ca. 1349, King Casimir III of Poland took control over Principality of Halych . The province was governed by royal starostas , the first one of whom was a man named Jasiek Tarnowski. Most probably in final years of reign of King Władysław II Jagiełło , it was named the Ruthenian Voivodeship, as at that time the voivodes of Przemysl began calling themselves

700-604: The region, into Urzedow County of Lublin Voivodeship. Seat of the Voivodeship Governor ( Wojewoda ): Regional Sejmik ( sejmik generalny ) for all Ruthene lands Seats of Regional Sejmik ( sejmik poselski i deputacki ): 49°51′00″N 24°01′00″E  /  49.850000°N 24.016667°E  / 49.850000; 24.016667 Casimir III of Poland Casimir III the Great ( Polish : Kazimierz III Wielki ; 30 April 1310 – 5 November 1370) reigned as

735-682: The size of his kingdom. He neutralized relations with potential enemies to the west and north, and began to expand his territory eastward. He conquered the Ruthenian kingdom of Halych and Volodymyr (a territory in the modern-day Ukraine ), known in Polish history as Red Ruthenia and Volhynia. By extending the borders far south-east, the Polish kingdom gained access to the lucrative Black Sea trade. In 1355, in Buda , Casimir designated his nephew Louis I of Hungary as his successor should he produce no male heir, just as his father had with Charles I of Hungary to gain help against Bohemia. In exchange Casimir gained

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770-537: The territory along with the Western Podolie was known as Ruthenian Domain of the Crown and in such manner the King of Poland were titled as the Lord of Ruthenian lands. Western Podole was added to the domain in 1394. In 1434 on territory of the domain were created Ruthenian Voivodeship and Podolian Voivodeship . In Polish sources, western outskirts of the region was called Ziemia czerwieńska , or "Czerwień Land", from

805-492: The testament was invalidated by Louis I of Hungary, however, who had traveled to Kraków quickly after Casimir died (in 1370) and bribed the nobles with future privileges. Casimir III also had a son-in-law, Louis VI of Bavaria, Margrave and Prince-elector of Brandenburg , who was considered a possible successor, but he was deemed ineligible as his wife, Casimir's daughter Cunigunde, had died in 1357 without issue. Thus King Louis I of Hungary became successor in Poland. Louis

840-746: The title "the Polish Justinian ". Casimir built extensively and founded the Jagiellonian University (back then simply called the University of Krakow), the oldest Polish university and one of the oldest in the world . He also confirmed privileges and protections previously granted to Jews and encouraged them to settle in Poland in great numbers. Casimir left no legitimate sons. When he died in 1370 from an injury received while hunting, his nephew, King Louis I of Hungary , succeeded him as king of Poland in personal union with Hungary . Casimir

875-457: The voivodes of Rus'. Firs such voivode was Jan Mezyk of Dabrowa. The Ruthenian Voivodeship consisted of five ziemias : those of Lwów, Przemysl, Sanok, Halych and Chelm. The two last ones had their own local authorities; furthermore, the Land of Chelm was completely separated from other Ruthenian lands by the Belz Voivodeship . Therefore, we should speak separately of four Ruthenian lands, and

910-835: The widow of Miklusz Rokiczani, a wealthy merchant. Her own origins are unknown. Following the death of her first husband she had entered the court of Bohemia in Prague as a lady-in-waiting . Casimir brought her with him from Prague and convinced the abbot of the Benedictine abbey of Tyniec to marry them. The marriage was held in a secret ceremony but soon became known. Queen Adelaide renounced it as bigamous and returned to Hesse. Casimir continued living with Christine despite complaints by Pope Innocent VI on behalf of Queen Adelaide. This marriage lasted until 1363–64 when Casimir again declared himself divorced. They had no children. In about 1365, Casimir married his fourth wife Hedwig of Żagań . She

945-519: Was a voivodeship of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland from 1434 until the First Partition of Poland in 1772, with its center in the city of Lwów (modern day Lviv ). Together with a number of other voivodeships of southern and eastern part of the Kingdom of Poland, it formed Lesser Poland Province . Following the Partitions of Poland , most of Ruthenian Voivodeship, except for its northeastern corner,

980-404: Was a daughter of Henry V of Iron , Duke of Żagań and Anna of Mazovia. They had three children: As Adelheid was still alive (and possibly Christina as well), the marriage to Hedwig was also considered bigamous. Because of this, the legitimacy of his three young daughters was disputed. Casimir managed to have Anna and Kunigunde legitimated by Pope Urban V on 5 December 1369. Jadwiga the younger

1015-480: Was an enclave, separated from Ruthenian Voivodeship by Belz Voivodeship . The Bug river divided this land into two parts, and since the 10th century, Chelm was contested by Poland and Rus. In the course of the time, the Lithuanians also joined the conflict. It was ended in 1377, when King Louis annexed Chelm. The Land of Chelm had its own local offices, and a sejmik , where two deputies to the Sejm and one deputy to

1050-581: Was annexed by the Habsburg monarchy , as part of the province of Galicia . Today, the former Ruthenian Voivodeship is divided between Poland and Ukraine . Following the Galicia–Volhynia Wars , the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia was divided between Poland and Lithuania. In 1349 the Polish portion was transformed into the Ruthenian domain of the Crown, while the Duchy of Volhynia was held by Prince Lubart. With

1085-516: Was born on 30 April 1310 in Kowal , Kuyavia , the third son of Ladislaus the Short and Jadwiga of Kalisz . He had two brothers who died in infancy and three sisters: Kunegunda, Elżbieta, and Jadwiga. When Casimir attained the throne in 1333, his position was in danger, as his neighbours did not recognise his title and instead called him "king of Kraków ". The kingdom was depopulated and exhausted by war, and

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1120-584: Was controlled by the Austrian Empire from 1772 to 1918, when it was known as the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria . Zygmunt Gloger , in his monumental book Historical Geography of the Lands of Old Poland , provides this description of the Ruthenian Voivodeship: In the 10th and 11th centuries, Przemysl and Czerwien were the largest gords in this region. Later on, Halych emerged as the capital of

1155-470: Was divided into two counties: those of Przemysl and Przeworsk . In 1676, the County of Przemysl had 657 villages and 18 towns, while the County of Przeworsk had 221 villages and 18 towns (...) The Land of Sanok, located in the Carpathian Foothills, was not divided into counties. In 1676, it had 371 villages and 12 towns (...) The Land of Halicz, with its own separate local government, was divided into

1190-412: Was known for siding with the weak when the law did not protect them from nobles and clergymen. He reportedly even supported a peasant whose house had been demolished by his own mistress, after she had ordered it to be pulled down because it disturbed her enjoyment of the beautiful landscape. His popularity with the peasants helped to rebuild the country, as part of the reconstruction program was funded by

1225-566: Was proclaimed king upon Casimir's death in 1370, though Casimir's sister Elisabeth (Louis's mother) held much of the real power until her death in 1380. Casimir was facetiously named "the Peasants' King". He introduced the codes of law of Greater and Lesser Poland as an attempt to end the overwhelming superiority of the nobility. During his reign all three major classes — the nobility, priesthood, and bourgeoisie — were more or less counterbalanced, allowing Casimir to strengthen his monarchic position. He

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