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35-666: Born in Castletown, Caithness , Calder studied at the University of Edinburgh . After working as a private tutor for the Rev. Mr. Gunn at Caithness, Calder became the parish teacher at Canisbay . Calder died at Elwick Bank, Shapinsay , Orkney , on 15 January 1864. Calder's major work, Sketch of the Civil and Traditional History of Caithness from the Tenth Century , was published in 1861. According to

70-458: A butcher's, a fish and chip shop, a garden centre, a garage, hairdressers, a primary school with nursery and an after-school club, a drill hall, a youth club and an army cadets detachment hut. There are also two churches on Main Street: a Church of Scotland and Free Church of Scotland , where Reverend Howard Stone has led services for more than 25 years. Most businesses are located on the main street,

105-447: A candidate who does not need them. If seats remain open after the first count, any surplus votes are transferred. This may generate the necessary winners. As well, least popular candidates may be eliminated as way to generate winners. The specific method of transferring votes varies in different systems (see § Vote transfers and quota ). Transfer of any existing surplus votes is done before eliminations of candidates. This prevents

140-434: A district. The key to STV's approximation of proportionality is that each voter effectively only casts a single vote in a district contest electing multiple winners, while the ranked ballots (and sufficiently large districts) allow the results to achieve a high degree of proportionality with respect to partisan affiliation within the district, as well as representation by gender and other descriptive characteristics. The use of

175-466: A form of proportional representation . It is one of seven wards within the council's Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross corporate management area and one of 22 wards within the council area . Castletown has a football team, Castletown FC, who wear a strip almost identical to the strip worn by Celtic FC. The pitch is regarded as the best in Caithness and Sutherland, and many Highland finals are held at

210-522: A large number of effective votes – 19 votes were used to elect the successful candidates. (Only the votes for Oranges at the end were not used to select a food. The Orange voters have satisfaction of seeing their second choice – Pears – selected, even if their votes were not used to select any food.) As well, there was general satisfaction with the choices selected. Nineteen voters saw either their first or second choice elected, although four of them did not actually have their vote used to achieve

245-453: A party from losing a candidate in the early stage who might be elected later through transfers. When surplus votes are transferred under some systems, some or all of the votes held by the winner are apportioned fractionally to the next marked preference on the ballot. In others, the transfers to the next available marked preference is done using whole votes. When seats still remain to be filled and there are no surplus votes to transfer (none of

280-448: A quota means that, for the most part, each successful candidate is elected with the same number of votes. This equality produces fairness in the particular sense that a party taking twice as many votes as another party will generally take twice the number of seats compared to that other party. Under STV, winners are elected in a multi-member constituency (district) or at-large, also in a multiple-winner contest. Every sizeable group within

315-437: A transfer if the first-preference food is chosen with a surplus of votes. The 23 guests at the party mark their ballots: some mark first, second and third preferences; some mark only two preferences. When the ballots are counted, it is found that the ballots are marked in seven distinct combinations, as shown in the table below: The table is read as columns: the left-most column shows that there were three ballots with Orange as

350-564: A voter's subsequent preferences if necessary. Under STV, no one party or voting bloc can take all the seats in a district unless the number of seats in the district is very small or almost all the votes cast are cast for one party's candidates (which is seldom the case). This makes it different from other commonly used candidate-based systems. In winner-take-all or plurality systems – such as first-past-the-post (FPTP), instant-runoff voting (IRV), and block voting  – one party or voting bloc can take all seats in

385-425: Is Hamburgers, so the three votes are transferred to Hamburgers. Hamburgers is elected with 7 votes in total. Hamburgers now has a surplus vote, but this does not matter since the election is over. There are no more foods needing to be chosen – three have been chosen. Result: The winners are Pears, Cake, and Hamburgers. Orange ends up being neither elected nor eliminated. STV in this case produced

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420-452: Is a multi-winner electoral system in which each voter casts a single vote in the form of a ranked ballot . Voters have the option to rank candidates, and their vote may be transferred according to alternative preferences if their preferred candidate is eliminated or elected with surplus votes, so that their vote is used to elect someone they prefer over others in the running. STV aims to approach proportional representation based on votes cast in

455-489: Is calculated by a specified method (STV generally uses the Hare or Droop quota ), and candidates who accumulate that many votes are declared elected. In many STV systems, the quota is also used to determine surplus votes, the number of votes received by successful candidates over and above the quota. Surplus votes are transferred to candidates ranked lower in the voters' preferences, if possible, so they are not wasted by remaining with

490-484: Is eliminated. In accordance with the next preference marked on the vote cast by the voter who voted Strawberry as first preference, that vote is transferred to Oranges. In accordance with the next preference marked on the two votes cast by the Pear–Strawberry–Cake voters (which had been transferred to Strawberry in step 2), the two votes are transferred to Cake. (The Cake preference had been "piggy-backed" along with

525-401: Is the main settlement, and within the historic county of Caithness . The A836 links the village with Thurso and Tongue in the west and with John o' Groats in the east. The B876 - A99 links the village with Wick in the southeast. Contrary to the common misconception, the name Castletown is a misnomer as there is no castle within the village limits. Much of the village is built on

560-513: The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , it "remains a standard work". In 1842 Calder published at Wick Sketches from John o' Groat's in Prose and Verse , which contained a chapter on "Ancient Superstitions and Customs in Caithness". In 1846, he published a volume of poems, The Soldier's Bride . Attribution [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in

595-473: The public domain :  Stephen, Leslie , ed. (1886). " Calder, James Tait ". Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 8. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Castletown, Caithness Castletown ( Scottish Gaelic : Baile a' Chaisteil ) is a village on the north coast of the Highland council area of Scotland , situated near Dunnet Bay . It is within the civil parish of Olrig , where it

630-441: The 23 guests. STV is chosen to make the decision, with the whole-vote method used to transfer surplus votes. The hope is that each guest will be served at least one food that they are happy with. To select the three foods, each guest is given one vote – they each mark their first preference and are also allowed to cast two back-up preferences to be used only if their first-preference food cannot be selected or to direct

665-508: The A836. Single transferable vote Condorcet methods Positional voting Cardinal voting Quota-remainder methods Approval-based committees Fractional social choice Semi-proportional representation By ballot type Pathological response Strategic voting Paradoxes of majority rule Positive results The single transferable vote ( STV ) or proportional-ranked choice voting ( P-RCV ),

700-451: The district where it is used, so that each vote is worth about the same as another. STV is a family of proportional multi-winner electoral systems . They can be thought of as a variation on the largest remainders method that uses solid coalitions rather than party lists . Surplus votes belonging to winning candidates (those in excess of an electoral quota ) may be thought of as remainder votes – they are transferred to

735-400: The district wins at least one seat: the more seats the district has, the smaller the size of the group needed to elect a member. In this way, STV provides approximately proportional representation overall, ensuring that substantial minority factions have some representation. There are several STV variants. Two common distinguishing characteristics are whether or not ticket voting is allowed and

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770-416: The fewest votes and is eliminated. According to their only voter's next preference, this vote is transferred to Cake. No option has reached the quota, and there are still two to elect with five in the race, so elimination of options will continue next round. Step 4: Of the remaining options, Oranges, Strawberry and Chicken now are tied for the fewest votes. Strawberry had the fewest first preference votes so

805-598: The first choice and Pear as second, while the right-most column shows there were three ballots with Chicken as first choice, Chocolate as second, and Hamburger as third. The election step-by-step: ELECTED (2 surplus vote) ELECTED (0 surplus votes) ELECTED (1 surplus vote) Setting the quota: The Droop quota formula is used to produce the quota (the number of votes required to be automatically declared elected) = floor(valid votes / (seats to fill + 1)) + 1 = floor(23 / (3 + 1)) + 1 = floor(5.75) + 1 = 5 + 1 = 6 Step 1: First-preference votes are counted. Pears reaches

840-465: The last parcel of votes received by winners in accordance with the Gregory method. Systems that use the Gregory method for surplus vote transfers are strictly non-random. In a single transferable vote (STV) system, the voter ranks candidates in order of preference on their ballot. A vote is initially allocated to the voter's first preference. A quota (the minimum number of votes that guarantees election)

875-592: The manner in which surplus votes are transferred. In Australia, lower house elections do not allow ticket voting; some but not all state upper house systems do allow ticket voting. In Ireland and Malta, surplus votes are transferred as whole votes (there may be some random-ness) and neither allows ticket voting. In Hare–Clark , used in Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory , there is no ticket voting and surplus votes are fractionally transferred based on

910-461: The old townland (or fermland) of Stanergill . The Stanergill Burn was the eastern boundary of the townland. It flows now through the eastern end of the village and so into Dunnet Bay and the Atlantic Ocean . The name Stanergill can be read as meaning Stone Valley and much of Castletown was built during the 19th century boom years of Caithness as a source of flagstone . Much of the stone

945-408: The quota with 8 votes and is therefore elected on the first count, with 2 surplus votes. Step 2: All of the voters who gave first preference to Pears preferred Strawberry next, so the surplus votes are awarded to Strawberry. No other option has reached the quota, and there are still two to elect with six options in the race, so elimination of lower-scoring options starts. Step 3: Chocolate has

980-411: The quota) or until there are only as many remaining candidates as there are unfilled seats, at which point the remaining candidates are declared elected. Suppose an election is conducted to determine what three foods to serve at a party. There are seven choices: Oranges, Pears, Strawberries, Cake (of the strawberry/chocolate variety), Chocolate, Hamburgers and Chicken. Only three of these may be served to

1015-498: The remaining candidates' votes have surplus votes needing to be transferred), the least popular candidate is eliminated. The eliminated candidate's votes are transferred to the next-preferred candidate rather than being discarded; if the next-preferred choice has already been eliminated or elected, the procedure is iterated to lower-ranked candidates. Counting, eliminations, and vote transfers continue until enough candidates are declared elected (all seats are filled by candidates reaching

1050-486: The result. Four saw their third choice elected. Fifteen voters saw their first preference chosen; eight of these 15 saw their first and third choices selected. Four others saw their second preference chosen, with one of them having their second and third choice selected. Note that if Hamburger had received only one vote when Chicken was eliminated, it still would have won because the only other remaining candidate, Oranges, had fewer votes so would have been declared defeated in

1085-649: The side of the A836 at Castlehill plantation. Industry in the village included manufacture of domestic food storage freezers, under the Norfrost brand. However, the company closed in 2013; Ebac in County Durham now produce the freezers. Castletown is in the Landward Caithness ward of the Highland Council . The ward elects four councillors by the single transferable vote system of election, which produces

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1120-459: The transfer to Strawberry.) Cake reaches the quota and is elected. Cake has no surplus votes, no other option has reached the quota, and there is still one choice to select with three in the race, so the vote count proceeds, with the elimination of the least popular candidate. Step 5: Chicken has the fewest votes and is eliminated. The Chicken voters' next preference is Chocolate but Chocolate has already been eliminated. The next usable preference

1155-472: The venue. Castletown play in the Caithness Division 2 following relegation from Division 1 in the 2014 season. Castletown also have bowls and badminton teams who play in the local 'Drill Hall'. Castletown has a small hotel (The Castletown Hotel, was The St Clair Hotel), a large bed and breakfast on a large property (Olrig House Country B&B), a large guest house (Greenland House), a licensed grocery,

1190-409: Was processed in the harbour area of the village, known as Castlehill, and many of the streets of London , Sydney, Edinburgh and the financial district of New York City are paved with it. The harbour was built by James Bremner . Castletown's main building is the 'Drill Hall'. This is mainly used for parties, discos and small clubs such as the indoor bowls. The building that was used for these functions

1225-559: Was the 'Traill Hall', a gift to the Village by the Traill family, owners of the flagstone quarry at Castlehill. Traill House, a large and imposing country home was the residence of the Traill family. It was located in the woods at Castlehill, in later years it was owned by the Crumb-Ewing family, it became derelict after WW2 and burned down in the late 1950s. The remains of the gatehouse can be seen on

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