Misplaced Pages

#993006

49-516: The James Oglethorpe Monument is a public monument in Chippewa Square , Savannah , Georgia , United States . It honors James Oglethorpe , the founder of the Province of Georgia , who established the city of Savannah in 1733. Efforts to erect the monument began in 1901 and were led by members of several patriotic groups in the city. They were key in securing the necessary U.S. government funds for

98-517: A joint resolution to the Georgia House of Representatives to provide for the erection of the monument. On August 10, the resolution passed through the appropriations committee recommending $ 15,000 to be allocated for the monument's erection. The resolution was voted down and reconsidered several times into the next year in the General Assembly. Finally, on August 13, an amended version of

147-571: A charter was granted by the Parliament of Great Britain to the Georgia Trustees . In November of that year, Oglethorpe and a group of over a hundred people set sail from England to colonize the new province, and on February 12, 1733, these settlers established the city of Savannah, Georgia , at Yamacraw Bluff on the Savannah River . Oglethorpe was directly involved in the colony's growth over

196-409: A large square base that has four lion rampants , one on each corner. Each lion is holding a shield that depicts Oglethorpe's personal coat of arms and the seals of the state of Georgia , the colony of Georgia, and the city of Savannah. The base is further decorated with garlands . Part of the original charter granted to Oglethorpe by Parliament is inscribed on the monument, while on the south side of

245-487: A lawyer, judge, Assistant U.S. Treasury Secretary , and author of a book that described the French drain . His siblings were Henriette Van Mater French Hollis (1839–1911), Sarah Flagg French Bartlett (1846–1883), and William M.R. French (1843–1914). He was the uncle of Senator Henry F. Hollis . In 1867, French moved with his family to Concord, Massachusetts , where he was a neighbor and friend of Ralph Waldo Emerson , and

294-590: A monument allows us to see the past thus helping us visualize what is to come in the future. In English the word "monumental" is often used in reference to something of extraordinary size and power, as in monumental sculpture , but also to mean simply anything made to commemorate the dead, as a funerary monument or other example of funerary art . A formalist interpretation of monuments suggests their origins date back to antiquity and even prehistory. Archaeologists like Gordon Childe viewed ancient monuments as symbols of power. Historians such as Lewis Mumford proposed that

343-569: A monument needs to be open to the public, which means that its spatial dimension, as well as its content can be experienced by the public, and be sustainable. The former may be achieved either by situating the monument in public space or by a public discussion about the monument and its meaning, the latter by the materiality of the monument or if its content immediately becomes part of the collective or cultural memory. The social meanings of monuments are rarely fixed and certain and are frequently 'contested' by different social groups. As an example: whilst

392-404: A movement toward some monuments being conceived as cultural heritage in the form of remains to be preserved, and concerning commemorative monuments, there has been a shift toward the abstract counter monument. In both cases, their conflictive nature is explicit in the need for their conservation, given that a fundamental component of state action following the construction or declaration of monuments

441-436: Is litigating vandalism and iconoclasm. However, not all monuments represent the interests of nation-states and the ruling classes; their forms are also employed beyond Western borders and by social movements as part of subversive practices which use monuments as a means of expression, where forms previously exclusive to European elites are used by new social groups or for generating anti-monumental artifacts that directly challenge

490-499: Is located) were among the 5,000 people in attendance. In 1957, the Georgia Historical Commission erected a Georgia historical marker near the monument, describing its history. The statue of Oglethorpe is made of bronze and stands 9 feet (2.7 m) tall. Oglethorpe is depicted as wearing a contemporary military uniform from the 1700s, including a cuirass , waistcoat , boots, and a tricorn hat . Additionally, he

539-465: Is often used to describe any structure that is a significant and legally protected historic work, and many countries have equivalents of what is called in United Kingdom legislation a Scheduled Monument , which often include relatively recent buildings constructed for residential or industrial purposes, with no thought at the time that they would come to be regarded as "monuments". Until recently, it

SECTION 10

#1732916949994

588-461: Is to be sustainably damaged or even destroyed. In addition to the national protection of cultural monuments, international organizations (cf. UNESCO World Heritage , Blue Shield International ) therefore try to protect cultural monuments. Recently, more and more monuments are being preserved digitally (in 3D models) through organisations as CyArk . Daniel Chester French Daniel Chester French (April 20, 1850 – October 7, 1931)

637-586: Is wearing a wig similar to one he is depicted as having worn. Oglethorpe holds a sword in his hand, and a palmetto frond is next to his feet. The statue faces towards the south, which, according to the Georgia Historical Society, symbolizes "the threat of Spain’s imperial ambitions to the young colony." The pedestal for the statue is made of pink-gray marble and was designed in the Italian Renaissance style. The pedestal itself rests on

686-637: The Alcott family . His decision to pursue sculpting was influenced by Louisa May Alcott 's sister Abigail May Alcott . French's early education included training in anatomy with William Rimmer and in drawing with William Morris Hunt . French spent a year studying at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , and also several years in Florence , Italy, studying in the studio of Thomas Ball . French first earned acclaim for The Minute Man , commissioned by

735-924: The American Academy of Arts and Letters (which awarded him the Gold Medal for Sculpture in 1917), the Architectural League , and the Accademia di San Luca , of Rome. He was a trustee of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, and a co-founder of the American Academy in Rome . He was a Chevalier of the French Legion of Honor and was awarded a medal of honor from the Paris Exposition of 1900 ; he also

784-661: The Confederate Monument (now the Civil War Memorial) in Forsyth Park . The monument was unveiled on November 23, 1910. Prior to its unveiling, it was covered by the flags of Georgia and England . The ceremony was a large event attended by many notable individuals, including Georgia Governor Joseph M. Brown , Alabama Governor B. B. Comer , Senators Augustus O. Bacon and Joseph M. Terrell , Representative Charles G. Edwards , and Chancellor David C. Barrow of

833-711: The Dupont Circle fountain in Washington, D.C. In 1893, French was a founding member of the National Sculpture Society , and he was appointed a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1913. During this time, he served as an instructor at the Art Students League of New York , teaching sculpture there in 1890 and 1898. French also became a member of the National Academy of Design (1901),

882-807: The First Division Monument and the Butt-Millet Memorial Fountain in Washington; John Harvard , Cambridge, Massachusetts ; bronze doors for the Boston Public Library ; and Four Continents at the US Custom House, New York (now the Alexander Hamilton US Custom House ). In addition to the Lincoln Memorial, French collaborated with architect Henry Bacon on numerous memorials around the country and on

931-513: The Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. In designing the statue, French decided to portray Oglethorpe as a military commander, and he drew on many portraits of Oglethorpe to ensure an accurate portrayal. On May 10, 1909, several commission members appeared before the city government of Savannah and petitioned for $ 15,000 in additional funding for the monument, having realized shortly before that

980-802: The Sons of the Revolution , the Daughters of the American Revolution , and the Society of Colonial Wars . The association held its first meeting on November 28, 1902, and by 1905, it had raised approximately $ 5,000. That summer, the president of the Colonial Dames urged state representatives from Chatham County to secure aid for the monument from the Georgia General Assembly , and on July 12, they introduced

1029-524: The University of Georgia , among others. Multiple military companies and thousands of spectators were also in attendance. The invocation for the monument was given by Bishop Frederick F. Reese of the Episcopal Diocese of Georgia . Following this, multiple addresses were made, including one by A. Mitchell Innes , then-acting British ambassador . Following these addresses, French and the chairman of

SECTION 20

#1732916949994

1078-602: The Oglethorpe Monument Association was granted a charter by the Superior Court of Chatham County . The association was founded with the goal of raising funds and coordinating efforts between several patriotic groups for the erection of a monument honoring Oglethorpe in Savannah. The association was made up of six representatives each from four patriotic groups: The Georgia Society of Colonial Dames of America ,

1127-827: The Place d'Iena in Paris, France, in 1900; the General Grant statue in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia , commissioned by the Association for Public Art (formerly the Fairmount Park Art Association); and the equestrian statue of Joseph Hooker in Boston. French was one of many sculptors who frequently employed Audrey Munson as a model; another frequent sitter was Hettie Anderson . Together with Walter Leighton Clark and others, he

1176-576: The bill was approved by the House of Representatives, and was approved by the Georgia State Senate two days later. The resolution was then signed into law by Georgia Governor Joseph M. Terrell . An amendment added to the resolution on August 2, 1906, stipulated that the monument would be erected in Chippewa Square , which was state property . The state government appropriated the $ 15,000 allocation in half increments between 1907 and 1908. Following

1225-635: The case of the Great Wall of China , or because an event of great importance occurred there such as the village of Oradour-sur-Glane in France . Many countries use ' ancient monument ' or similar terms for the official designation of protected structures or archeological sites which may originally have been ordinary domestic houses or other buildings. Monuments are also often designed to convey historical or political information, and they can thus develop an active socio-political potency. They can be used to reinforce

1274-631: The commission led Brown and J. J. Wilder, the president of the Society of Colonial Dames of America, to the monument, where the two of them removed the flags and officially unveiled the monument. On the next day, Thanksgiving , the Georgia Bulldogs and the Auburn Tigers played their annual football rivalry game in a field near Chippewa Square as part of further celebrations for the monument. The governors of Georgia and Alabama (where Auburn University

1323-474: The cost for the monument could not be covered by then-available funds. The government approved the request and additional funds were raised by the patriotic groups. The total cost of the monument was $ 38,000. In 1910, two busts of Confederate States Army generals Francis S. Bartow and Lafayette McLaws were removed from Chippewa Square to make way for the Oglethorpe monument. These busts were relocated to near

1372-477: The debate touches on the social mechanisms that combine with Remembrance. These are acceptance of the monument as an object, the conveyed contents and the impact of these contents. Monuments are frequently used to improve the appearance of a city or location. Planned cities such as Washington, D.C. , New Delhi and Brasília are often built around monuments. For example, the Washington Monument 's location

1421-542: The distinction between these views: "The historic monument is a precisely datable invention of the West... exported and diffused beyond Europe from the late nineteenth century." Basically, the definition framework of the term monument depends on the current historical frame conditions. Aspects of the Culture of Remembrance and cultural memory are also linked to it, as well as questions about the concepts of public sphere and durability (of

1470-603: The former East German socialist state may have seen the Berlin Wall as a means of 'protection' from the ideological impurity of the west, dissidents and others would often argue that it was symbolic of the inherent repression and paranoia of that state. This contention of meaning is a central theme of modern 'post processual' archaeological discourse. While many ancient monuments still exist today, there are notable incidents of monuments being intentionally or accidentally destroyed and many monuments are likely to have disappeared through

1519-518: The iconic design of the printing press and the wording on the award: "For disinterested and meritorious public service rendered by an American newspaper during the year….". In collaboration with Edward Clark Potter he modeled the George Washington statue, commissioned by a group that called itself "The Association of American Women for the Erection of a Statue of Washington in Paris" and unveiled in

James Oglethorpe Monument - Misplaced Pages Continue

1568-439: The ideology of their promoters is manifested. The concept of the modern monument emerged with the development of capital and the nation-state in the fifteenth century when the ruling classes began to build and conserve what were termed monuments. These practices proliferated significantly in the nineteenth century, creating the ideological frameworks for their conservation as a universal humanist duty. The twentieth century has marked

1617-765: The monument is inscribed the following: Erected by The State of Georgia The City of Savannah, And the Patriotic Societies of the State To the Memory of The Great Soldier Eminent Statesman, and Famous Philanthropist, General James Edward Oglethorpe who in This City on the 12th Day of February A. D. 1733 Founded and Established the Colony of Georgia Monument Monuments result from social practices of construction or conservation of material artifacts through which

1666-403: The monument, which consists of a bronze statue of Oglethorpe designed by Daniel Chester French , atop a large granite pedestal designed by Henry Bacon . It was dedicated in 1910, in a ceremony that attracted several thousand spectators and was attended by several notable government officials. James Oglethorpe was a soldier and philanthropist who founded the Province of Georgia in 1732, after

1715-471: The monuments in their jurisdiction, there are institutions dedicated on the efforts to protect and preserve monuments that considered to possess special natural or cultural significance for the world, such as UNESCO 's World Heritage Site programme and World Monuments Fund . Cultural monuments are also considered to be the memory of a community and are therefore particularly at risk in the context of modern asymmetrical warfare. The enemy's cultural heritage

1764-612: The next several years, and he led the colony's defenses during the War of Jenkins' Ear against the Spanish Empire , which began in 1739. In 1742, forces under Oglethorpe's command successfully repelled the Spanish invasion of Georgia , and the following year, Oglethorpe led an unsuccessful attack on the Spanish settlement of St. Augustine . Following this, Oglethorpe was called to return to England, where he eventually died in 1785. On May 18, 1901,

1813-404: The one memorized) and the form and content of the monument (work-like monument). From an art historical point of view, the dichotomy of content and form opens up the problem of the "linguistic ability" of the monument. It becomes clear that language is an eminent part of a monument and it is often represented in "non-objective" or "architectural monuments", at least with a plaque. In this connection,

1862-615: The passage of time and natural forces such as erosion. In 772 during the Saxon Wars , Charlemagne intentionally destroyed an Irminsul monument in order to desecrate the pagan religion. In 1687 the Parthenon in Athens was partially destroyed by a Venetian mortar round, which set off the store of gunpowder kept there by the Turkish defenders. A recent archeological dig in central France uncovered

1911-591: The practice began with Paleolithic landmarks, which served as sites for communication with ancestral spirits. However, these perspectives often project modern uses of monuments onto ancient structures. In art history, monuments are seen as significant sculptural forms; in architecture and urban planning, they are crucial for city organization and mapping. These contemporary interpretations have been retroactively applied to ancient and non-Western structures. This modern concept of monuments aligns with how past constructions are labeled as monuments today. Françóise Choay highlights

1960-620: The primacy of contemporary political power, such as the column of Trajan or the numerous statues of Lenin in the Soviet Union . They can be used to educate the populace about important events or figures from the past, such as in the renaming of the old General Post Office Building in New York City to the James A. Farley Building , after James Farley , former Postmaster General of the United States . To fulfill its informative and educative functions

2009-505: The remains of a Megalithic monument that had been previously destroyed "Like some monuments, including Belz in Morbihan , the menhirs of Veyre-Monton were knocked down in order to make them disappear from the landscape. Pushed into large pits, sometimes mutilated or covered with earth, these monoliths have been destroyed. 'object of iconoclastic gestures, a sort of condemnation perhaps linked to some change of community or beliefs " The term

James Oglethorpe Monument - Misplaced Pages Continue

2058-427: The resolution's passage, the governor assembled a commission of seven people to oversee the project. In fall 1906, the commission selected sculptor Daniel Chester French , who at the time was associated with the architect Henry Bacon , to design the monument. French designed the statue of Oglethorpe, while Bacon was responsible for the design of the pedestal . Several years later, the two would collaborate to design

2107-453: The state and the ruling classes. In conflicts, therefore, it is not so much the monument which is relevant but rather what happens to the communities that participate in its construction or destruction and their instigation of forms of social interaction. The word "monument" comes from the Latin " monumentum ", derived from the word moneo , monere , which means 'to remind' or 'to warn', suggesting

2156-605: The town of Concord, Massachusetts , which was unveiled April 19, 1875, on the centenary of the Battle of Lexington and Concord . French established his own studio, first in Washington, D.C. , which he later moved to Boston and then to New York City . In 1893, French's reputation grew with his Statue of the Republic for the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago . Other works by French include

2205-625: Was also one of the founders of the Berkshire Playhouse, which later became the Berkshire Theatre Festival . French's daughter, Margaret, also occasionally modeled for him, including for some of his rare portrait paintings, and became famous in her own right as a sculptor under the name Margaret French Cresson . In 1917, Harvard's citation in conferring an honorary Master of Arts referred to his statue of Emerson when it called him "a sculptor, whose skillful hand, unlike that of

2254-584: Was an American sculptor in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. His works include The Minute Man , an 1874 statue in Concord, Massachusetts , and his 1920 monumental statue of Abraham Lincoln at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. French was born on April 20, 1850, in Exeter, New Hampshire , the son of Anne Richardson (1811–1856), daughter of William Merchant Richardson (1774–1838), chief justice of New Hampshire, and of Henry Flagg French (1813–1885),

2303-593: Was conceived by L'Enfant to help organize public space in the city, before it was designed or constructed. Older cities have monuments placed at locations that are already important or are sometimes redesigned to focus on one. As Shelley suggested in his famous poem " Ozymandias " (" Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair! "), the purpose of monuments is very often to impress or awe. Structures created for other purposes that have been made notable by their age, size or historic significance may also be regarded as monuments. This can happen because of great age and size, as in

2352-475: Was customary for archaeologists to study large monuments and pay less attention to the everyday lives of the societies that created them. New ideas about what constitutes the archaeological record have revealed that certain legislative and theoretical approaches to the subject are too focused on earlier definitions of monuments. An example has been the United Kingdom 's Scheduled Ancient Monument laws. Other than municipal or national government that protecting

2401-543: Was granted honorary degrees from Dartmouth, Yale, Harvard, and Columbia universities. He was a founding member of the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts , serving from 1910 to 1915, including as chairman from 1912 to 1915. In 1917, French and a colleague, Henry Augustus Lukeman , designed the Pulitzer Prize gold medal presented to laureates. French designed the side of the prize with Benjamin Franklin on it, while Lukeman created

#993006