James E. Marcia (born February 10, 1937) is a clinical and developmental psychologist . He taught at Simon Fraser University in British Columbia , Canada and the State University of New York at Buffalo in Upstate New York .
59-564: He is also active in clinical private practice, clinical psychology supervision, community consultation, and international clinical-developmental research and teaching. Marcia was born in a middle-class family on February 10, 1937, in Cleveland, Ohio, and spent his childhood in Columbus, Ohio. He grew up practicing tennis, drama, speech, and music. Marcia explored different subjects including history, English, and philosophy, and he graduated in 1959 with
118-605: A CCPL library card, the AutoLend Library allows students to check out books digitally and br provided to them the same day, without having to leave campus for additional resources. Thomas Library houses the Math Workshop and the Writing Center, two predominantly student-run organizations to help students strengthen their math and writing skills with fellow student-tutors. In April 2017, Wittenberg University broke ground on
177-723: A bachelor's degree in psychology from Wittenberg University in Springfield, Ohio. He also received a master's and a doctoral degree in 1965 from Ohio State University in clinical psychology. Marcia began his professional career in 1965 as a professor and director of the psychology clinic at the University at Buffalo . In 1972, he began work at Simon Fraser University where he taught for 30 years before retiring. At Simon Fraser University , he established their first clinical psychology center, offering both training and supervision opportunities for graduate students as well as clinical services to
236-438: A behavior pattern that was distinct from the personality of the individual when he was in the waking state compared with when he was under hypnosis. Another character had developed in the altered state of consciousness but in the same body. Freud throughout his career would appeal to such instances of dual consciousness to support his thesis of the unconscious. He considered that "We may most aptly describe them as cases of
295-561: A citation classic by suggesting this stage consists neither of identity resolution nor identity confusion as Erikson claimed, but is better understood as the extent to which one has both explored and committed to an identity in a variety of life domains including politics , occupation, religion , intimate relationships , friendships , and gender roles . 'Two crucial areas in which the adolescent must make such commitments are ideology and occupation'. His theory of identity achievement states that there are two distinct parts contributing to
354-626: A commitment to chosen alternatives. Marcia developed the Identity Status Interview , a method of semi-structured interview for psychological identity research, that investigates an individual's extent of exploration and commitment across different life areas. Evaluating the material provided in this interview by using a scoring manual developed by Marcia and colleagues yields four possible outcomes. The four identity statuses he distinguished were: foreclosure, identity diffusion, moratorium, and identity achievement. "The foreclosure status
413-506: A crisis has been experienced and worked through, Marcia considered, "a likely progression would be from diffusion through moratorium to identity achievement". The latter is thus the status of individuals who have typically experienced a crisis, undergone identity explorations, and made commitments. Marcia found some evidence to support his "theoretical description of Students who have achieved an identity as having developed an internal, as opposed to external, locus of self-definition". Throughout
472-523: A few. Using Marcia's semi-structured interview approach enables research to be flexibly adapted to different cultures. There has been a good deal of cross-cultural validation of the Identity Statuses. Critical research has suggested however that '(a) The four statuses do not operate in a developmental sequence...(b) conscious exploration is not required for and often does not occur in identity achievement, and (c) numerous studies conducted in support of
531-532: A hotel, given its interesting amenities. Previously, New Hall contained a higher tuition price than other residence halls on campus, but has since been equalized with the other six residence halls on campus since the COVID-19 pandemic beginning in 2020. The Polis House was formerly the international residence hall on campus, and is now the Tiger Pride Themed Living Community, beginning in 2021. It
590-425: A key character in a story who is perceived to be intentionally representative of the work's author (or creator), by oblique similarities, in terms of psychology , behavior speech, or thoughts, often used to convey the author's thoughts. The term is also sometimes, but less frequently, used to designate a hypothetical "twin" or "best friend" to a character in a story. Similarly, the term alter ego may be applied to
649-555: A lively bottom-floor that includes a ping-pong table, laundry appliances, and a TV-lounge. Tower Hall is connected to, or adjacent with the University Theatre & Dance building, Chakeres Theatre. Students who are at junior or senior standing have the option to live in the university-provided on-campus apartments or off-campus in apartments or university rental houses, as living on campus is required each year for full-time students. The Benham-Pence Student Center houses most of
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#1732868964142708-409: A minimum of three MAMA cycles, corresponding with the three remaining psychosocial stages. During re-construction, a person may regress to an earlier identity status. It is crucial that old constructs fall so that new ones that are more encompassing of the person's identity may be constructed. In the re-construction process, there is still continuity with previous identity, however, the newer construction
767-546: A technology or computer lab within the buildings, including Woodlawn, Myers, and New Hall. Myers Hall is the oldest, the first campus building when the university opened. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. Myers Hall is four-stories tall, but does not include an elevator, as the build was finished in 1851. It has housed the University Honors Program for many years, but
826-425: Is believed to be distinct from a person's normal or true original personality . Finding one's alter ego will require finding one's other self, one with a different personality. Additionally, the altered states of the ego may themselves be referred to as alterations . A distinct meaning of alter ego is found in the literary analysis used when referring to fictional literature and other narrative forms, describing
885-567: Is broadened to include new life experiences and commitments. While Marcia primarily focused on the late adolescent years, his theory is applicable in later adulthood, when identity crises may reoccur. One study, exploring correlations between the identity statuses of Marcia's model and social behaviors, focused on young adults ranging in age from 19 to 35. People's identity status is not specifically limited to an age group. Individuals may explore elements tied to their identities throughout life, such as faith, ideology, and occupational preference to name
944-561: Is little in which they are invested. As they begin to care more...they move to the moratorium status, or they become so disturbed that they are diagnosed schizophrenic "; or may end up adopting a negative and self-destructive identity-role. Identity moratorium is the status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis, whose commitments are either absent or are only vaguely defined, but who are actively exploring alternatives. Marcia notes that "moratoriums...report experiencing more anxiety than do students in any other status...The world for them
1003-583: Is located on Alumni Way and is named for the first African American to graduate from Wittenberg University in 1934. Wittenberg also has several multicultural student programs that are supported by the diversity center including Shades of Pearl, Concerned Black Students, the Gender and Sexuality Diversity Alliance, and the American International Association. The university had a student-run 24-hour radio station, WUSO , on 89.1 FM. WUSO simulcasts
1062-426: Is not, currently, a highly predictable place; they are vitally engaged in a struggle to make it so". Despite such anxiety, the postmodern trend has been for more people to spend more time in the status, a phenomenon Gail Sheehy termed Provisional Adulthood. Similarly, Jeffrey Arnett's Emerging Adulthood has, as a major facet of it, identity exploration, which shares many attributes with identity moratorium. Once
1121-459: Is perhaps best known for his extensive research and writings on psychological development, with specific attention focused on adolescent psychosocial development and lifespan identity development. Erik H. Erikson had suggested that the normative conflict occurring in adolescence is the opposition between identity achievement and role confusion, which is Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development. Marcia elaborated on Erikson's proposal in
1180-612: Is the faculty director. The university's Womyn's Center is located in Shouvlin Center. It has included the Peer Advocate program since 2016, providing advocacy services for survivors of power-based violence (regardless of gender identity). The Womyn's Center also houses Tiger Health Educators, a peer-to-peer education program that offers training and resources regarding sexual health and consent. The William C. McClain Center for Diversity
1239-425: Is the gender-inclusive residence hall on campus, along with the first floor of Ferncliff Hall. Polis House is the smallest residence hall on campus, housing 30 students across all three floors, and contains no elevator. The tallest building and residence hall on campus is Tower Hall, including 10 residential floors with two elevators, and is home for 230 students each year. Tower Hall includes various amenities and has
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#17328689641421298-454: Is when a commitment is made without exploring alternatives. Often these commitments are based on parental ideas and beliefs that are accepted without question". As Marcia himself put it, "the individual about to become a Methodist, Republican farmer like his Methodist, Republican farmer father, with little or no thought in the matter, certainly cannot be said to have "achieved" an identity, in spite of his commitment". Adolescents may foreclose on
1357-719: The American Philosophical Association censured Wittenberg University when the Wittenberg administration overruled the faculty personnel board and denied a faculty member tenure. The university was sanctioned in 2021 by the American Association of University Professors (AAUP), for discontinuing eight academic programs and firing two tenured faculty members without, in the AAUP's opinion, respecting faculty rights. Luther Alexander Gotwald , Professor of Theology in
1416-723: The Collegiate Water Polo Association . In 2017 the men's golf team won the Division III National Championship. In 2017 the women's volleyball team competed in the NCAA Division III National Championship, rising to Division III runner-up. Wittenberg ended the 2009 fall sports season ranked 16th among more than 430 NCAA Division III schools in the Learfield Sports Directors Cup standings, administered by
1475-465: The Hamma Divinity School that served as the theological department of the college, was famously tried for and unanimously acquitted of heresy by the board of directors at Wittenberg on April 4–5, 1893. The trial concerned many key issues that Evangelical Lutherans still debate today. For decades, Hamma and Wittenberg were associated with the local English-speaking regional Lutheran synods in
1534-524: The Barbara Deer Kuss Science Center's "Simply To Go" cafe. Beginning in the 2024-2025 school year, all students (Freshmen-Senior) are required to select a meal plan along with their housing accommodations. Wittenberg has an active Greek Life community with ten fraternities or sororities currently chartered on campus. Fraternities: Sororities: Alter ego An alter ego ( Latin for "other I") means an alternate self , which
1593-816: The Barbara Deer Kuss Science Center. Krieg Hall is the home of the music department. Wittenberg's art department is housed in Koch Hall. Thomas Library contains 400,000 volumes and provides access to OhioLINK , a consortium of Ohio college and university libraries and the State Library of Ohio. The library houses the Kemper Special Collection Area which contains the Luther-Reformation Collection with more than 400 items written by Martin Luther and his contemporaries between 1517 and 1580. The library
1652-709: The Dayton classical station WDPR on weekday mornings, filling the remaining hours with news, politics, sports, food, and music shows. The Tiger Sports Network broadcasts the sports programming. The station's studios are located in the basement of Firestine Hall on Woodlawn Ave. The radio station's website allows audio streaming. The launch of a new media program called the Integrated Media Corps has recently developed. A team of ten university students creates and produces news videos, sports highlight videos for Dayton, Ohio , television stations WDTN , WHIO , and WKEF and for
1711-551: The Midwest. In 1978, Hamma Divinity School merged with the nearby Evangelical Lutheran Theological Seminary (associated with Capital University ) in the Bexley suburb of Columbus, Ohio, to form Trinity Lutheran Seminary . Wittenberg offers more than 70 majors and special programs. Eight pre-professional programs are offered to students, 70 percent of whom eventually pursue graduate studies. The institution's science facilities are housed in
1770-588: The National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics (NACDA) The university has over 50 active, registered student organizations, ranging from student-led organizations to Academic and Honor Societies. Wittenberg University opened the Hagen Center for Civic and Urban Engagement on 24 September 2008, to help coordinate community service projects. It builds partnerships between the university and city, state and federal governments. Dr. Kimberly Creasap
1829-579: The Office of Residence Life and Housing, the Womyn's Center, Counseling Services, and Medical Services. Thomas Library is Wittenberg's main library. The three-story building holds over 500,000 books and resources. Wittenberg is also a member of OhioLINK . As of 2024, Thomas Library partnered with the Clark County Public Library (CCPL) to include a digital AutoLend Library on the library's main floor. With
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1888-651: The University Honors Program. The newest residence hall, New Hall, opened in 2006. It is centrally located on campus and in close proximity to the Benham-Pence Student Center, Thomas Library, and Blair Hall. New Hall is co-ed, includes 3-floors with an elevator, and houses the Ubuntu Themed Living Community. Ubuntu, or "I am because we are," was created for students who seek an inclusive and diverse space of living, in specifically Black and Brown cultures. Students have compared New Hall to that of
1947-585: The achievement of adolescent identity: a time of choosing or crisis , and a commitment . He defined a crisis as a time of upheaval where old values or choices are being reexamined and new alternatives are explored - 'times during adolescence when the individual seems to be actively involved in choosing among alternative occupations and beliefs'. Both exploration and commitment are the two processes that contribute to differences in outcome during an Identity crisis . That is, whether or not (the extent to which) one explores identity alternatives and whether or not one makes
2006-495: The administration offices of the Springfield Public City Schools, but is now owned by Wittenberg University. Built in 1909, Carnegie Hall was named for the famous Scottish-American immigrant and steel industrialist Andrew Carnegie , (1835–1919), who was known for his philanthropy and endowment of many public library buildings across the country. Until 1967, Carnegie Hall was exclusively a science building until
2065-534: The athletics department began holding conferences and classes in the same area. Carnegie Hall is current offline, awaiting renovations and updates. Hollenbeck Hall is home to the History, English, Foreign Languages, Political Science, International Studies, and Philosophy departments, and the Office of International Education. The building's six wings, two per floor, are separated by the Ness Family Auditorium in
2124-456: The case of foreclosures, many will choose to live in an environment that is similar to their childhood experiences so that they may remain unchanged. When disequilibrium occurs in the life of foreclosures, the effects may be especially devastating. When disequilibrium occurs a period of re-construction begins. These periods of re-construction are called the moratorium-achievement-moratorium-achievement (MAMA) cycles. In each person's life, there are
2183-621: The center of the building. It is also the home of the Foreign Language Learning Center, a predominantly student-run organization to assist students in their language studies. Springfield City's organization called is also housed in Hollenbeck Hall. Upward Bound is a high school program for students in low-income areas of the city to receive a high-level education from college professors while in high school. The Barbara Deer Kuss Science Center houses ten academic departments in
2242-640: The church door on October 31, 1517. A German American pastor of the Evangelical Lutheran Church , the Rev. Ezra Keller was the principal founder and first president of the college. Its initial focus was to train clergy with the Hamma School of Divinity as its theological department. One of its main missions was to "Americanize" Lutherans by teaching courses in the English language instead of German , unlike
2301-407: The development of a $ 40 million health, wellness, and athletics facility to supplement the existing Health Physical Education and Recreation (HPER) Center. This project will include the renovation of the university's 1929 Field House, 1982 HPER Center, and include a new indoor practice field, classrooms, and locker rooms. The project is expected to be completed by the end of 2019. In September 2018, it
2360-789: The fields of mathematics and natural sciences. It also serves as a popular breakfast and lunch location for students, as it includes a vendor on the first floor that can be used with the Wittenberg meal plans. Recitation Hall was the second building erected on the campus. It contains many of the university's administrative offices, including admissions, financial aid, president's office, provost's, student employment, university communications (Wittenberg's Media office for "Wittenberg Magazine" , Press office, New Media, Sports Media, and Publications office), and human resources. Recitation Hall also has its own chapel. In 1883, classes were first held in Recitation Hall. A building behind Recitation Hall serves as
2419-495: The foreclosure status was no longer a possibility. Adolescents who struggle with identity development may avoid exploration and commitments, leading to identity diffusion. This least mature identity status indicates a lack of exploration and commitments in crucial life areas. This state, often accompanied by existential dread and confusion (identity crisis), can result in social isolation. Marcia suggested that those with identity diffusion "do not experience much anxiety because there
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2478-410: The form of later adult life cycle stages and various life events. Depending on the individual, particular life events such as the death of a loved one, job loss, moving, etc. may cause disequilibrium. However, this is only true when an individual has constructed some form of identity. Diffusions are stagnant. They have not made an effort to construct an identity and therefore have no identity to reform. In
2537-429: The handed-down identity willingly or under pressure. The case of "negative-identity" occurs when adolescents adopt an identity in direct opposition to a prescribed identity. Marcia saw the evidence for the endorsement of authoritarian values by foreclosures as fully commensurate with a view of them as becoming the alter egos of their parents. Marcia stressed that once an identity crisis has been experienced, returning to
2596-471: The life cycle identity status, shifts will occur. When identity status change occurs (in late adolescence and young adulthood) the change is more than twice as likely to be progressive as opposed to regressive. Longitudinally status change is most often a transition from moratorium to identity achievement. Transitions are often inspired by disequilibrium in identity. Marcia outlines how status change occurs as it relates to disequilibrium. Identity crisis comes in
2655-613: The nearby Capital University in Columbus, Ohio . The first class originally consisted of eight students at the beginning of the academic year, but grew to seventy-one by the end. With a faculty of one professor and two tutors, classes were held in Springfield, Ohio , in a church on land that was donated. That city was selected for its location on the National Road , running from the eastern cities of Baltimore and Cumberland, Maryland , to
2714-518: The public. Although research, teaching, and community psychology were major commitments, he also attended the University of British Columbia School of Music from 1995 to 1998 for performance in trombone. After his retirement, Dr. Marcia continues to maintain a private clinical practice. He has continued music, playing the bass and tenor trombone with symphony orchestras and bands in Vancouver. James Marcia
2773-477: The residence halls and Benham-Pence Student Center, the air conditioned and co-ed Firestine Hall is home to 220 students. Right outside of Firestine Hall includes recreational sports courts, including basketball and sand volleyball courts. Another residence hall known for its central location on campus is Woodlawn Hall, a four-floor building with no elevator. Previously known as Beta Theta Pi's fraternity house until 1939, Woodlawn provides various amenities and houses
2832-411: The role or persona taken on by an actor or by other types of performers. Cicero coined the term as part of his philosophical construct in 1st-century Rome , but he described it as "a second self, a trusted friend". The existence of "another self" was first fully recognized in the 18th century, when Anton Mesmer and his followers used hypnosis to separate the alter ego. These experiments showed
2891-453: The statuses focus less on developmental issues and more on classification issues (Cote 2006)'. Wittenberg University Wittenberg University is a private liberal arts college in Springfield, Ohio . It has 1,326 full-time students drawn from 33 states and 9 foreign countries. Wittenberg University is associated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America . Wittenberg College
2950-471: The university website. The team also records news stories for WUSO and writes press releases for the university website. The program also has begun broadcasting sports programs on WIZE-AM in Springfield. The university sold WUSO to Dayton Public Radio, Inc. effective March 13, 2023. The Torch is Wittenberg University's weekly student-run newspaper; it is staffed by news reporters, editors, features writers, sportswriters, designers and photographers. The paper
3009-517: The university's dining services. The main floor of the student center houses Post 95 which offers four different options, including Champ City Grill, Ward & Wood Subs, The Pour, and Ezra's (serving prepared-to-order stirfry ). Founders Pub, in the basement of the student center, was opened in 2009. The Campus Dining Room is on the second floor of the Student Center along with the faculty dining room. Breakfast and lunch are also served on weekdays in
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#17328689641423068-470: The university's police and security headquarters, the campus switchboard and the transportation office. Synod Hall was home to the Department of Sociology and Information Technologies (IT), but was closed by the University in 2022. Zimmerman Hall was home to the Department of Psychology. The building has since been shut down but still remains an important part of Wittenberg's campus. Shouvlin Center houses
3127-521: The west in the Illinois Country , eventually to the territorial capital of Vandalia , near the Mississippi River . In 1874, women were admitted to the college, and, the following year, black people were admitted. The college attained university status in 1957 and was renamed accordingly. In 1993, the university and its namesake city Wittenberg entered into an official partnership. In 1995,
3186-684: Was added in the 2015–16 school year (2016 season); that team began play in the Midwest Collegiate Volleyball League (MCVL), left after the 2018 season for single-sport membership in the Allegheny Mountain Collegiate Conference , and returned to the MCVL after the 2020 season. The newest women's varsity sport, water polo, was added to the 2018–19 school year. That team plays in the Division III varsity division of
3245-921: Was announced the facility would be named "The Steemer", after the company Stanley Steemer , whose CEO, Wes Bates, is a graduate of Wittenberg and a major financial sponsor of the project. Wittenberg University teams participate as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division III . The Tigers are a member of the North Coast Athletic Conference (NCAC). Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, lacrosse, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and volleyball; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, field hockey, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and volleyball. The school's newest varsity sport for men, volleyball,
3304-689: Was built in 1956 to the designs of Thomas Norman Mansell of Mansell, Lewis & Fugate of Wynnewood, Pennsylvania . Blair Hall houses the university's Education Department, the Psychology Department, and the School of Graduate and Professional Studies. In addition, the Springfield-Wittenberg Teacher Institute is located in Blair. The education department occupies a second building at 49 East College Avenue that formerly contained
3363-555: Was eventually moved to Woodlawn Hall. Myers is currently offline, or unavailable for students to live in for the 2024-2025 academic year. Right across from the University's President and Provost's residence, holds Ferncliff Hall with 151 students across four-floors. Including a vintage freight elevator, Ferncliff includes various amenities throughout the building and is in close proximity to the WittenBurbs (upperclassmen housing), Commencement Hollow, and Koch Hall. Being closely located to
3422-535: Was founded in 1845 by a group of ministers in the English Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Ohio, which had previously separated from the recently established German-speaking Evangelical Lutheran Joint Synod of Ohio and Other States . The college was named for the historic University of Wittenberg in Wittenberg , Germany, the town in which Martin Luther famously posted his Ninety-five Theses on
3481-690: Was founded in 1873 and celebrated its 100th volume in 2012. In 2012, The Torch also won an ACP Online Pacemaker Award. In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, The Wittenberg Torch ended the print copies of their newspaper and moved to a fully digital format. Wittenberg's residence halls on campus are Tower Hall, Myers Hall, Firestine Hall, Ferncliff Hall, Woodlawn Hall, New Residence Hall, and Polis House. Each residence hall includes TV-lounges, ping-pong tables, vending machines, cooking appliances, student printers, and laundry facilities. The only residence halls without air conditioning include Woodlawn Hall, Ferncliff Hall, and Myers Hall. Some residence halls include
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