132-660: Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen ("Assembly of Mujahideen –Bangladesh", abbreviated: JMB ; Bengali : জামাত-উল-মুজাহিদীন বাংলাদেশ ) is a radical islamist terrorist organisation operating in Bangladesh . It is listed as a terror group by Bangladesh, India , Malaysia , The United Kingdom and Australia . It was founded in April 1998 in Palampur in Dhaka Division by Abdur Rahman and gained public prominence in 2001 when bombs and documents detailing
264-551: A Salafist doctrine that is common across international radical Islamist organisations. A 2005 leaflet proclaimed: We are the soldiers of Allah. We have taken up arms for the implementation of Allah's law the way the Prophet, Sahabis and heroic Mujahideen have implemented for centuries. If the government does not establish Islamic law in the country after this [third] warning and, rather, it goes to arrest any Muslim on charge of seeking Allah's laws or it resorts to repression on Alem-Ulema,
396-455: A jilbab covers the whole body. He also cites the Sahabah as saying it is no longer than a rida (a shawl or a wrap that covers the upper body). He also reports a minority view which considers the niqab or head-covering as jilbab. Ibn Arabi considered that excessive covering would make it impossible for a woman to be recognised which the verse mentions, though both Qurtubi and Tabari agree that
528-502: A command and by others as a recommendation of protective measures against sexual harassment in Medina . The word used in the verse is the plural form of jilbab (جَلَـٰبِيبِهِنَّ), which translates to cloak in English. This verse was legislated after the hijrah to Medina; most Muslim scholars consider the jilbab described not to include the face, although a small group believe covering the face
660-558: A headcovering, while men should pray with their heads uncovered. There is archaeological evidence demonstrating that headcovering was observed as an ordinance by women in early Christianity, and the practice of Christian headcovering continues among female adherents of many Christian denominations today, especially among Anabaptist Christians , as well as among certain Eastern Orthodox Christians , Oriental Orthodox Christians and Reformed Christians , among others. In
792-476: A headway since 1979 relying on fashion to enact cultural and political change. In Turkey the hijab was formerly banned in private and state universities and schools. The ban applied not to the scarf wrapped around the neck, traditionally worn by Anatolian villager women, but to the head covering pinned neatly at the sides, called türban in Turkey, which has been adopted by a growing number of educated urban women since
924-472: A large majority (73%) of Canadian Muslim women reported wearing some sort of head-covering in public (58% wear the hijab, 13% wear the chador and 2% wear the niqab ). Wearing a head covering in public had increased since the 2006 survey. Meanwhile, in a Pew Research Center poll from 2011, most Muslim American women also reported wearing hijab, 36% indicating they wore hijab whenever they were in public, with an additional 24% saying they wore it most or some of
1056-503: A partition or a curtain and was sometimes used for Islamic rules of modesty . In the verses of the Qur'an , the term refers to a curtain separating visitors to Muhammad 's main house from his wives' lodgings. This has led some to claim that the mandate of the Qur'an applied only to the wives of Muhammad and not to all women. Another interpretation can also refer to the seclusion of women from men in
1188-463: A partition. That is purer for your hearts and their hearts". As Muhammad's influence increased, he entertained more and more visitors in the mosque, which was then his home. Often, these visitors stayed the night only feet away from his wives' apartments. It is commonly understood that this verse was intended to protect his wives from these strangers. During the history of slavery in the Muslim world , it
1320-621: A pretext for intervention. Russian ground forces invaded Chechnya again in 1999. The separatists were less successful in the Second Chechen War. Russian officials claimed that the separatists had been defeated as early as 2002. The Russians also succeeded in killing the most prominent mujahideen commanders, most notably Ibn al-Khattab and Abu al-Walid . Although the region has since been far from stable, separatist activity has decreased, though some foreign fighters remain active in Chechnya. In
1452-439: A proper head cover, others argue that it cannot be considered a proper Islamic veil if it leaves the neck exposed. In Iran, where wearing the hijab is legally required, many women push the boundaries of the state-mandated dress code, risking a fine or a spell in detention. The former Iranian president Hassan Rouhani had vowed to rein in the morality police and their presence on the streets has decreased since he took office, but
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#17330859756281584-624: A punishment have implemented mandatory reform classes in the liberal capital, Tehran. General Hossein Rahimi, the Tehran's police chief stated, "Those who do not observe the Islamic dress code will no longer be taken to detention centers, nor will judicial cases be filed against them" (Smith, 2017). The remarks of Tehran's recent police chief in 2017 reflect political progress in contrast with the remarks of Tehran's 2006 police chief. Iranian women activists have made
1716-422: A quotation from Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih Musa al-Kadhim in reply to his brother makes reference to female hijab requirements during the salat (prayer), stating "She covers her body and head with it then prays. And if her feet protrude from beneath, and she doesn't have the means to prevent that, there is no harm". In private, and in the presence of close relatives ( mahrams ), rules on dress relax. However, in
1848-425: A source of temptation and fitna (charmingness, attractiveness) and should be kept private and some verse interpretations. In Sunni tradition, scholarly consensus ( ijma ') has discerned hijab is mandatory. The four major Sunni schools of thought ( Hanafi , Shafi'i , Maliki and Hanbali ) believe that it is obligatory for free women to cover their hair, and the entire body except her face and hands, while in
1980-529: A space of 30 minutes. Dhaka International Airport, government buildings and major hotels were targeted. There were 50 minor injuries and only two fatalities - a child in Savar, near Dhaka , and a Rickshaw-puller in Chapai Nawabganj District - because of the small size of the bombs. Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh claimed responsibility for the bombings. Bombs later in the year were more deadly, resulting in
2112-630: A united front against the DRA. The AIG became a failure, partly because it could not solve the differences between the factions; partly because of limited public support as it excluded the Iran-backed Shia mujahideen factions, and the exclusion of supporters of ex-King Mohammed Zahir Shah ; and the mujahideen's failure in the Battle of Jalalabad in March 1989. In 1992 the DRA's last president, Mohammad Najibullah ,
2244-474: A wave of attacks on secularists . The JMB was believed to have contained at least 10,000 members, and have an extensive network of organisations, including connections to legal Islamist organisations. Six of the top leaders of JMB were captured by the RAB security forces in 2005. After being tried and convicted in court, on the evening of 29 March 2007, four were executed by hanging for the killing of two judges and for
2376-574: Is a "proxy" established by the legal Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh party to "push the center of gravity of the political debate toward radical Islamism" and make Jamaat-e-Islami appear more centrist. According to SATP, "many members of the JMB and JMJB have invariably been found to be cadres of the Islami Chhatra Shibir (ICS), student wing of the Jamaat-e-Islami, a partner in the ruling coalition" with
2508-473: Is a recommendation rooted in historical context rather than an absolute mandate. Islamic veiling practices vary globally based on local laws and customs . In some regions, the hijab is mandated by law, while in others, its use is subject to restrictions or bans in both Europe and some Muslim countries. Additionally, women face informal pressure regarding their choice to wear or not wear the hijab. Discrimination against Muslims often affects women more due to
2640-505: Is distracting and causes temptation or public discord . Leila Ahmed argues that head covering in Islam should not be seen as mandatory since it existed before the revelation of the Qur’an. It was introduced to Arabia through Arab interactions with Syria and Iran, where the hijab represented social status. Women who did not work in fields could afford to be secluded and veiled. Among her arguments
2772-453: Is gaining traction as an increasing number of women challenge the mandatory wearing of the hijab. Smith (2017) addressed the progress that Iranian women have made in her article, "Iran surprises by realizing Islamic dress code for women," published by The Times , a news organization based in the UK. The Iranian government has enforced their penal dress codes less strictly and instead of imprisonment as
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#17330859756282904-437: Is included. O Prophet! Ask your wives, daughters, and believing women to draw their cloaks over their bodies. In this way it is more likely that they will be recognized and not be harassed... According to the narrations and the most well-known explanation of the verse, the verse was an expression directed towards free and Muslim women, not slaves or non-Muslim women, for which Tabari cites Ibn Abbas . Ibn Kathir states that
3036-873: Is known as "Mujahids". Many militant groups have been involved in the war in North West Pakistan, most notably the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan , Al Qaeda , and ISIS Khorasan Province . These groups refer to themselves as the mujahideen in their war against the Pakistani military and the west. Several different militant groups have also taken root in Pakistan-controlled Kashmir. Most noticeable of these groups are Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), Hizbul Mujahideen and Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (HuM). A 1996 report by Human Rights Watch estimated
3168-466: Is known that female slaves did show themselves unveiled. Slave women were visually identified by their way of dress. While Islamic law dictated that a free Muslim woman should veil herself entirely, except for her face and hands, in order to hide her awrah (intimate parts) and avoid sexual harassment, the awrah of slave women were defined differently, and she was only to cover between her navel and her knee. This difference became even more prominent during
3300-598: Is mandatory, while Ismaili Shias believe it is not. Qur'anic verses relating to dress materials use the khimār which translates to “headscarf” in English, coverings worn by women in Arabia at the advent of Islam mostly to protect against the hot sun and desert; by some, it is a headcovering and jilbāb (a dress or cloak) rather than ḥijāb . The clearest verses on this topic are Surah An-Nur 24:30-31 , telling both men and women to dress and act modestly, with more detail on women's position. ˹O Prophet!˺ Tell
3432-493: Is spiritually comparable in reward to promoting Islam during the early 600s CE. These acts could be as simple as sharing a considerable amount of one's income with the poor. The term continued to be used throughout India for Muslim resistance to British colonial rule . During the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , these holy warriors were said to accept any deserting Indian sepoys and recruit them into their ranks. As time went by,
3564-414: Is that while some Qur'anic verses enjoin women in general to "draw their Jilbabs (overgarment or cloak) around them to be recognized as believers and so that no harm will come to them" and "guard their private parts ... and drape down khimar over their breasts [when in the presence of unrelated men]", they urge modesty. The word khimar or “veil” refers to a piece of cloth that was popularly used to cover
3696-410: Is the plural form of mujahid ( Arabic : مُجَاهِد , romanized : mujāhid , lit. 'strugglers or strivers, doers of jihād'), an Arabic term that broadly refers to people who engage in jihad ( lit. ' struggle or striving [for justice, right conduct, Godly rule, etc.] ' ), interpreted in a jurisprudence of Islam as the fight on behalf of God, religion or
3828-451: Is the verbal noun originating from the verb ﺣَﺠَﺐَ (hajaba), from the triliteral root ح ج ب (H-J-B), which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of hide, conceal, block. About seven verses address the way a woman should dress when walking in public; Muslims have differed as how to understand these verses, with some stating that a hijab is required and others saying not; Sunni ^ and twelver Shia scholars say hijab
3960-534: Is to neutralize left-wing extremists, especially cadres of the Purbo Banglar Communist Party (PBCP). JMB also is opposed to cultural functions, cinema halls, shrines and NGOs. In another leaflet it said, "We don't want Taguti (non-Islamic) law, let Qur’anic law be introduced. Laws framed by humans cannot persist and only the laws of Allah shall prevail." They have claimed responsibility for several violent attacks and bombings. JMB's communiqués reveal
4092-563: The 2003 invasion of Iraq . Some groups also use the word mujahideen in their names, like Mujahideen Shura Council and Mujahideen Army . Following the U.S. invasion of Iraq as part of the George W. Bush administration's post 9/11 foreign policy, many foreign Mujahideen joined several Sunni militant groups resisting the U.S. occupation of Iraq. A considerable part of the insurgents did not come from Iraq but instead from many other Arab countries, notably Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Among these recruits
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4224-639: The Abdullah Azzam Brigades in Lebanon admitted that his group had sent fighters to Syria. On 12 November 2018, the United States closed its financial system to an Iraqi named, Shibl Muhsin 'Ubayd Al-Zaydi and others over concerns that they were sending Iraqi fighters to Syria and financial support to other Hezbollah activities in the region. The Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem (MSC)
4356-520: The Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya group active during the 1990s. In July 2006, a Web-posted message purportedly written by Osama bin Laden urged Somalis to build an Islamic state in the country and warned western states that his al-Qaeda network would fight against them if they intervened there. Foreign fighters began to arrive, though there were official denials of the presence of mujahideen in the country. Even so,
4488-473: The Arab conquests of those empires. Reza Aslan argues that "The veil was neither compulsory nor widely adopted until generations after Muhammad's death, when a large body of male scriptural and legal scholars began using their religious and political authority to regain the dominance they had lost in society as a result of the Prophet's egalitarian reforms". Because Islam identified with the monotheistic religions of
4620-531: The Bangladesh National Party "under Prime Minister Khaleda Zia " that came to power in 2001. Main areas of JMB operations were: Since its foundation, the group was led by Maulana Abdur Rahman, a.k.a. Siddiqul Islam a.k.a. Bangla Bhai , and Shaykh Abdur Rahman . Six of their top men were captured by RAB security authorities in 2005. After being convicted at trial, on the evening of 29 March 2007, Abdur Rahman, Bangla Bhai, and four other leaders of
4752-695: The Burqa (veil)." On 20 May 2001, 25 petrol bombs and documents detailing the activities of the organisation were discovered and eight of its members were arrested in Parbatipur in Dinajpur district . JMB is believed to have been involved in an explosion of seven bombs on 13 February 2003 at one of its hideouts. They had been preparing to use them in northern Bangladeshi towns during International Mother Language Day . On 17 August 2005, 500 small bombs at 300 locations in 50 cities and towns across Bangladesh detonated within
4884-714: The Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami to confuse investigators and cover the tracks of the Students Islamic Movement of India , or SIMI, a radical Islamist movement with aim to establish Islamic rule over India. In the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir , Kashmiri Muslim separatists opposing Indian rule are often known as mujahideen . The members of the Salafi movement (within Sunni Islam ) in the south Indian state of Kerala
5016-567: The Indian subcontinent , some Hindu women cover their heads with a veil in a practice known as ghoonghat . Intermixing of populations resulted in a convergence of the cultural practices of Greek, Persian, and Mesopotamian empires and the Semitic peoples of the Middle East. Veiling and seclusion of women appear to have established themselves among Jews and Christians before spreading to urban Arabs of
5148-452: The Mayu peninsula in northern Arakan, Burma (present-day Rakhine State , Myanmar ) secede from the country, so it could be annexed by East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh ). During the late 1950s and early 1960s, the mujahideen lost most of their momentum and support, resulting in most of them surrendering to government forces. In the 1990s, the well-armed Rohingya Solidarity Organisation
5280-645: The Palestinian Territories ; to quote the summary of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia judgment: The evidence shows that foreign volunteers arrived in central Bosnia in the second half of 1992 with the aim of helping Muslims. Mostly they came from North Africa , the Near East and the Middle East. The foreign volunteers differed considerably from the local population, not only because of their physical appearance and
5412-761: The Taliban ("students" in Pashto ), referring to how most Taliban had grown up in refugee camps in Pakistan during the 1980s and were taught in the Saudi-backed Wahhabi madrassas , religious schools known for teaching a fundamentalist interpretation of Islam. Even before independence, the Turkish Cypriot community maintained its own paramilitary force (the Türk Mukavemet Teşkilatı , or TMT), trained and equipped by
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5544-685: The Turkish Army . In 1967, this force was renamed the Mücahit ("Mujahideen"), and in 1975 the Mücahit was renamed the Turkish Cypriot Security Force . In 1974, Turkey led a land invasion of Northern Cyprus with the aim of protecting the Turkish minority population after a Greek-inspired coup brought a threat of union of the island with Greece. Since then there has been no major fighting on Cyprus and
5676-863: The West Bank . It had been reported in Israel that the AMB was formerly linked to the Fatah rather than the Hamas organization. Boko Haram has been active in Nigeria since it was founded in 2001. It existed in other forms before 2001. Although it initially limited its operations to northeast Nigeria, it has since expanded to other parts of Nigeria, and to Cameroon , Niger and Chad . Boko Haram seeks to implement sharia law across Nigeria. The currently active jihadist groups in Somalia derive from
5808-623: The collapse of the Soviet Union and the subsequent Chechen declaration of independence , foreign fighters began entering the region and associating themselves with local rebels (most notably Shamil Basayev ). Many of the foreign fighters were veterans of the Soviet–Afghan War . The mujahideen also made a significant financial contribution to the separatists' cause; with their access to the immense wealth of Salafist charities like al-Haramein , they soon became an invaluable source of funds for
5940-537: The companions (such as Aisha and Abdullah ibn Masud ). Some traditionalist Muslim scholars accept the contemporary views and arguments as those hadith sources are not sahih and ijma would no longer be applicable if it is argued by scholars (even if it is argued by only one scholar). Notable examples of traditionalist Muslim scholars who accept these contemporary views include the Indonesian scholar Quraish Shihab . The styles and practices of hijab vary widely across
6072-620: The hijab (veil). In a 2016 attack on a cafe in Dhaka , the perpetrators were allegedly JMB members. Members of the group have been convicted for the 2014 Burdwan blast and the 2018 Bodh Gaya bombing attacks in India. JMB allegedly received financial support from individual donors residing in Kuwait , UAE , Bahrain , Pakistan , Saudi Arabia and Libya . Certain reports claim that JMB received funding from international NGOs like Kuwait based Society of
6204-565: The jilbab was distinguishing free Muslim women from those of Jahiliyyah , so other men know they are free women and not slaves or prostitutes, so they are not harassed. Al-Qurtubi concurs with Tabari about this ayah being for those who are free. It is reported that Umar prohibited female slaves from resembling free women by covering their hair. Some later scholars like Ibn Hayyan , Ibn Hazm and Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani questioned cited common explanation. Ibn Hayyan believed that "believing women" referred to both free women and slaves as
6336-428: The public sphere , whereas a metaphysical dimension may refer to "the veil which separates man, or the world, from God". The Qur'an never uses the word hijab (lit. 'barrier') to refer to women's clothing, but rather discusses the attire of women using other terms Jilbāb and khimār (generic headscarf). There is variation in interpretations regarding the extent of covering required. Some legal systems accept
6468-435: The ḥijāb as separation can be classified into three types: as visual barrier, physical barrier, and ethical barrier. A visual barrier (for example, between Muhammad's family and the surrounding community) serves to hide from sight something, which places emphasis on a symbolic boundary. A physical barrier is used to create a space that provides comfort and privacy for individuals, such as elite women. An ethical barrier, such as
6600-469: The 1980s. As of the mid-2000s, over 60% of Turkish women covered their head outside home. However the majority of those wear a traditional, non-Islamic head covering and only 11% wore a türban . The ban was lifted from universities in 2008, from government buildings in 2013, and from schools in 2014. The hijab is also a common cultural practice for Muslims in the West. For example, in a 2016 Environics poll,
6732-463: The 7th Muslim Brigade was entirely made up of native Bosnians) and consisted of somewhere between 300 and 1,500 volunteers. Enver Hadžihasanović , Lieutenant Colonel of the Bosnian Army's 3rd Corps , appointed Mahmut Karalić (Commandant), Asim Koričić (Chief of Staff) and Amir Kubura (Assistant Chief for Operational and Curricula) to lead the group. Some of the mujahideen funnelled arms and money into
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#17330859756286864-515: The Abbasid Caliphate , when free Muslim women, in particular those of the upper classes, were subjected to even more sex segregation and harem seclusion, in contrast to the qiyan slave artists, who performed unveiled in male company. The practice of veiling was borrowed from the elites of the Byzantine and Persian empires, where it was a symbol of respectability and high social status, during
6996-587: The Afghan communist government during the Afghan War (1978–92). Rival factions thereafter fell out among themselves, precipitating the rise of the Taliban and the opposing Northern Alliance . Arguably the best-known mujahideen outside the Islamic world are the various, loosely aligned Afghan opposition groups who initially rebelled against the government of the pro-Soviet Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA) during
7128-536: The August 2005 bombings. In two separate incidents in 2015, it was discovered that JMB had been receiving financing from officers at the Pakistan High Commission in Dhaka. Visa Attache, Mazhar Khan, was caught red-handed at a meeting with a JMB operative in April 2015, who said that they were involved in pushing large consignments of fake Indian currency into West Bengal and Assam. Second Secretary, Farina Arshad,
7260-657: The Bosnian War. In 2015, former Human Rights Minister and Federation BiH Vice President Mirsad Kebo talked about numerous war crimes committed against Serbs by mujahideen in Bosnia and their links with current and past Muslim officials including former and current presidents of federation and presidents of parliament based on war diaries and other documented evidence. He gave evidence to the BiH federal prosecutor. The term mujahideen has often been used to refer to all separatist fighters in
7392-501: The Chechen resistance, which had few resources of its own. Most of the mujahideen decided to remain in Chechnya after the withdrawal of Russian forces. In 1999, foreign fighters played an important role in the ill-fated Chechen incursion into Dagestan , where they suffered a decisive defeat and were forced to retreat back into Chechnya. The incursion provided the new Russian government with
7524-608: The El Mujahid Detachment. He was sentenced to three years of imprisonment for his failure to prevent or punish the cruel treatment of twelve captured Serb soldiers by the Mujahideen. Delic remained in the Detention Unit while appellate proceedings continued. Some individuals of the Bosnian Mujahideen, such as Abdelkader Mokhtari , Fateh Kamel , and Karim Said Atmani , gained particular prominence within Bosnia as well as international attention from various foreign governments. They were all North African volunteers with well established links to Islamic Fundamentalist groups before and after
7656-417: The Government of Philippines and ASG , BIFM, MILF , and MNLF factions between 1989 and 2012. Abu Sayyaf is an Islamic separatist group in the southern Philippines , formed in 1991. The group is known for its kidnappings of Western nationals and Filipinos, for which it has received several large ransom -payments. Some Abu Sayyaf members have studied or worked in Saudi Arabia and developed relations with
7788-409: The JMJB. According to JMJB leaders, the whole country has been divided into nine organisational divisions. Khulna, Barisal, Sylhet and Chittagong have an organisational divisional office each, while Dhaka has two divisional offices and Rajshahi three. The outfit also had committees in each village and, according to media reports, villagers were being forced to join the committees. If anybody refused, he
7920-447: The Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen [JMB] will go for counteraction, Insha Allah. Several captured members of the group have claimed that their targets include traditional Bangladeshi cultural and non-government organisations such as BRAC , Proshika , and Grameen Bank . Leader Abdur Rahman is alleged to have taught JMB operatives that "it is not a sin to loot valuables of Grameen Bank, BRAC, Proshika, Asa and Caritas as they encourage women to shed
8052-535: The Jihad" was particularly happy about the presence of Mujahedeens in Bosnia and gave them full support. El Mujahid members claimed that in Bosnia they only have respect for Alija Izetbegovic and the head of the Bosnian Army Third Corps, Sakib Mahmuljin. The number of foreign Muslim volunteers in Bosnia was estimated at 4,000 in contemporary newspaper reports. Later research estimated the number to be about 400. They came from various places such as Saudi Arabia , Pakistan , Afghanistan , Jordan , Egypt , Iraq and
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#17330859756288184-451: The Persian Gulf and international jihadists were called to join the holy war against the Somali government and its Ethiopian allies. Though Somali Islamists did not use suicide bombing tactics before, the foreign elements of al-Shabaab are blamed for several suicide bombings . Egypt has a longstanding policy of securing the Nile River flow by destabilizing Ethiopia. Similarly, recent media reports said that Egyptian and Arab jihadists were
8316-553: The Persian Gulf. Jason Burke recounts that "as little as 25% of the money for the Afghan jihad was actually supplied directly by states." Mujahideen forces caused serious casualties to the Soviet forces, and made the war very costly for the Soviet Union. In 1989 the Soviet Union withdrew its forces from Afghanistan. In February 1989 the seven Sunni mujahideen factions formed an Afghan Interim Government (AIG) in Peshawar , The Interim Government had been in exile in Pakistan since 1988, led by Sibghatullah Mojaddedi , as an attempt for
8448-418: The Prophet used to go out to answer the call of nature at night only at Al-Manasi.' Once Sauda , the daughter of Zam`a, went out and she was a tall woman. `Umar bin Al-Khattab saw her while he was in a gathering, and said, "I have recognized you, O Sauda!" He said so as he was anxious for some Divine orders regarding the veil. So Allah revealed the Verse of veiling. Aisha also reported that when Quran 24:31
8580-479: The Qur'an that specifically reference women's clothing are those promoting modesty, instructing women to observe the jilbab , guard their private parts and draw their headscarves over their breast area in the presence of men. The contemporary understanding of the hijab dates back to Hadith when the "verse of the hijab" descended upon the community in 627 CE. Now documented in Sura 33:53, the verse states, "And when you ask [his wives] for something, ask them from behind
8712-542: The Revival of Islamic Heritage (RIHS) and Doulatul Kuwait, Saudi Arabia based Al Haramaine Islamic Institute and the Rabita Al Alam Al Islami , Qatar Charitable Society and UAE-based Al Fuzaira and Khairul Ansar Al Khairia. South Asian Terrorist Portal (SATP), The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism and Defenddemocracy.org state that Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh "appears" to be connected with putatively non-violent, legal Islamist group or groups in Bangladesh, Defenddemocracy speculating that Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh
8844-431: The Soviets as basmachi ('bandits'). These groups called themselves mojahed , describing themselves as standing for Islam. Other proto-mujahideen include Usman dan Fodio , Jahangir Khoja , and Muhammad Ahmed Al Mahdi . The name was most closely associated, however, with the mujahideen in Afghanistan , a coalition of guerrilla groups in Afghanistan that opposed the invading Soviet forces and eventually toppled
8976-441: The Syrian government and may even fall into the hands of al-Qaeda or Hamas. American officials assumed already in 2012 that Qaidat al-Jihad (a.k.a. Al-Qaeda in Iraq) has conducted bomb attacks against Syrian government forces, Iraqi Foreign Minister Hoshyar Zebari said that al-Qaeda in Iraq members have gone to Syria, where the militants previously received support and weapons from the Syrian government in order to destabilize
9108-441: The US occupation of Iraq. On 23 April, one of the leaders of Fatah al-Islam , Abdel Ghani Jawhar, was killed during the Battle of Al-Qusayr , after he unintentionally blew himself up while making a bomb. In July 2012, Iraq's foreign minister again warned that members of al-Qaeda in Iraq were seeking refuge in Syria and moving there to fight. It is believed that al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri condemned Assad. A member of
9240-454: The activities of the organisation were discovered in Parbatipur in Dinajpur district . The organisation was officially declared a terrorist organisation and banned by the government of Bangladesh in February 2005 after attacks on NGOs . But it struck back in mid-August when it detonated 500 small bombs at 300 locations throughout Bangladesh. The group re-organised and has committed several public murders in 2016 in northern Bangladesh as part of
9372-411: The armed rebellion". Jihadist leaders and intelligence sources said foreign fighters had begun to enter Syria only in February 2012. In June, it was reported that hundreds of foreign fighters, many linked to al-Qaeda, had gone to Syria to fight against Assad. When asked if the United States would arm the opposition, Hillary Clinton expressed doubts that such weapons would be effective in the toppling of
9504-528: The assistance and support of the Saudi and Pakistani governments. These foreign fighters became known as " Afghan Arabs " and their efforts were coordinated by Abdullah Yusuf Azzam . Although the mujahideen were aided by the Pakistani , American , British , Chinese and Saudi governments , the mujahideen's primary source of funding was private donors and religious charities throughout the Muslim world—particularly in
9636-755: The believing men to lower their gaze and guard their chastity. That is purer for them. Surely Allah is aware of what they do. And tell the believing women to lower their gaze and guard their chastity, and not to reveal their adornments except what normally appears. Let them draw their veils over their chests, and not reveal their adornments except to their husbands, their fathers, their fathers-in-law, their sons, their stepsons, their brothers, their brothers’ sons or sisters’ sons, their fellow women, those ˹bondwomen˺ in their possession, male attendants with no desire, or children who are still unaware of women's nakedness. Let them not stomp their feet, drawing attention to their hidden adornments... In Luxenberg's Syro-Aramaic reading ,
9768-456: The case of the First and Second Chechen Wars . However, in this article, mujahideen is used to refer to the foreign, non- Caucasian fighters who joined the separatists' cause for the sake of Jihad . They are often called Ansaar (helpers) in related literature dealing with this conflict to prevent confusion with the native fighters. Foreign mujahideen have played a part in both Chechen wars. After
9900-557: The community ( ummah ). The widespread use of the word in English began with reference to the guerrilla-type militant groups led by the Islamist Afghan fighters in the Soviet–Afghan War (see Afghan mujahideen ). The term now extends to other jihadist groups in various countries. In its roots, the Arabic word mujahideen refers to any person performing jihad . In its post-classical meaning, jihad refers to an act that
10032-405: The conquered empires, the practice was adopted as an appropriate expression of Qur'anic ideals regarding modesty and piety. Veiling gradually spread to upper-class Arab women, and eventually it became widespread among Muslim women in cities throughout the Middle East. Veiling of Arab Muslim women became especially pervasive under Ottoman rule as a mark of rank and exclusive lifestyle, and Istanbul of
10164-425: The core members of Al-Shabaab, and were training Somalis in sophisticated weaponry and suicide bombing techniques. Hijab In modern usage, hijab ( Arabic : حجاب , romanized : ḥijāb , pronounced [ħɪˈdʒaːb] ) generally refers to variety of head coverings conventionally worn by many religious Muslim women as an expression of faith. Such women may be called " hijabi ". Similar to
10296-470: The country which Bosnia direly needed due to a United Nations-sanctioned arms embargo restricting the import of weapons into all of the republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . However, many of the mujahideen were extremely devout Muslims of the strict Salafi sect, which contrasted sharply with the relatively secular society of Bosnian Muslims . This led to friction between
10428-445: The cultural source or sources, a fierce misogyny was a distinct ingredient of Mediterranean and eventually Christian thought in the centuries immediately preceding the rise of Islam." Available evidence suggests that veiling was not introduced into Arabia by Muhammad, but already existed there, particularly in the towns, although it was probably not as widespread as in the neighbouring countries such as Syria and Palestine. Similarly to
10560-528: The death of judges, lawyers, policemen and even mere ordinary people. JMB killed two judges in Jhalakathi in South Bangladesh on 14 November 2005. The group has also threatened journalists, with more than 55 receiving death threats between September and December 2005. Following an 8 December 2005 suicide bombing, Reuters reported the group threatened to kill women, including non-Muslims, who did not wear
10692-562: The expression purity of hearts in reference to Muhammad's wives and the Muslim men who visit them, makes something forbidden. The Hadiths sources specify the details of hijab for men and women, exegesis of the Qur'anic verses attributed to the sahabah , and are a major source which Muslim legal scholars used to derive rulings. Sahih al-Bukhari records Aisha saying: ` Umar bin Al-Khattab used to say to Allah's Messenger "Let your wives be veiled" But he did not do so. The wives of
10824-948: The eyes of strange men. Roman pagan custom included the practice of the head covering worn by the priestesses of Vesta ( Vestal Virgins ). It is not clear whether the Hebrew Bible contains prescriptions with regard to veiling, but rabbinic literature presents it as a question of modesty ( tzniut ). Modesty became an important rabbinic virtue in the early Roman period, and it may have been intended to distinguish Jewish women from their non-Jewish counterparts in Babylonian and later in Greco-Roman society. According to rabbinical precepts, married Jewish women have to cover their hair (cf. Mitpaḥat ). The surviving representations of veiled Jewish women may reflect general Roman customs rather than particular Jewish practices. According to Fadwa El Guindi , at
10956-399: The face visible. The use of the hijab has grown globally since the 1970s, with many Muslims viewing it as a symbol of modesty and faith; it is also worn as a form of adornment. There is consensus among Islamic religious scholars that covering the head is either required or preferred. In practice, most Muslim women choose to wear it. The term ḥijāb was originally used to denote
11088-443: The face, is also worn in many different styles. In Shia jurisprudence, by consensus, it is obligatory for women to cover their hair, and the entire body except her hands and face, while in the presence of people of the opposite sex other than close family members. The major and most important Shia hadith collections such as Nahj Al-Balagha and Kitab Al-Kafi for the most part do not give any details about hijab requirements. However
11220-662: The government while the Moro Islamic Liberation Front ( MILF ), a splinter group from the MNLF, was established to seek an Islamic state within the Philippines and is more radical and more aggressive. The conflict is ongoing ; casualty statistics vary for the conflict however the conservative estimates of the Uppsala Conflict Data Program indicate that at least 6,015 people were killed in armed conflict between
11352-433: The head in ancient Arabia. While the term "hijab" was originally anything that was used to conceal, it became used to refer to concealing garments worn by women outside the house, specifically the headscarf or khimar. Modernist thinkers including Karen Armstrong , Reza Aslan and Leila Ahmed, believe the requirements of the hijab were initially intended solely for Muhammad's wives, serving to preserve their sanctity. This
11484-428: The highly decentralized nature of Afghan society and strong loci of competing mujahideen and Pashtun tribal groups , particularly in isolated areas among the mountains. Eventually, the seven main mujahideen parties allied as the political bloc called Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen . However the parties were not under a single command and had ideological differences. Many Muslims from other countries assisted
11616-467: The hijab as an order to cover everything except the face and hands, whilst others accept it as an order to cover the whole body, including the face and hands. These guidelines are found in texts of hadith and fiqh developed after the revelation of the Qur'an. Some state that these guidelines are aligned with Qur'anic verses ( ayahs ) about hijab, while others interpret them differently and argue that its not mandated. Reformist groups claim that veiling
11748-548: The hijab making them more visible, leading to workplace prejudice , particularly after the rise of Islamophobia post-9/11. Hijab-wearing Muslim women face both overt and covert discrimination in job applications and workplace environments, with covert bias often resulting in more hostile treatment. Perceived discrimination can harm well-being, but may also be overcome by religious pride and community; studies show hijab-wearing women often find greater strength and belonging despite challenges. The Arabic word hijab (Arabic: حجاب)
11880-456: The hijab should be a woman's autonomous decision and that her choice must be respected because the moderate pro-choice position is based on the Quranic teachings that there ought to be no compulsion in religion. Many scholars argue that these contemporary views and arguments, however, contradict the hadith sources, the classical scholars, exegesis sources, historical consensus, and interpretations of
12012-459: The hijab. Aslan suggests that Muslim women started to wear the hijab to emulate Muhammad's wives, who are revered as "Mothers of the Believers" in Islam, and states "there was no tradition of veiling until around 627 C.E. " in the Muslim community. The latter claim is widely disproved. Khaled Abou El Fadl argues that all Islamic moderates agree that, in all cases, the decision whether to wear
12144-567: The inception of Christianity, Jewish women were veiling their heads and faces. The best-known view on Christian headcovering is delineated in the Bible within the passage in 1 Corinthians 11 :4–7, which states that "every woman who prays or prophesies with her head uncovered dishonors her head". The early Church Fathers , including Tertullian of Carthage , Clement of Alexandria , Hippolytus of Rome , John Chrysostom and Augustine of Hippo attested in their writings that Christian women should wear
12276-662: The incidents involving mujahideen. Furthermore, the Appeals Chamber noted that the relationship between the 3rd Corps and the El Mujahedin detachment was not one of subordination but was instead close to overt hostility since the only way to control the detachment was to attack them as if they were a distinct enemy force. The ICTY Trial Chamber convicted Rasim Delic , the former chief of the Bosnian Army General Staff. The ICTY found that Delic had effective control over
12408-568: The language they spoke, but also because of their fighting methods. The various foreign, Muslim volunteers were primarily organized into an umbrella detachment of the 7th Muslim Brigade , which was a brigade of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina , based in Zenica . This independent subdivision colloquially known as El-Mudžahid , was composed exclusively of foreign nationals and not Bosnians (whereas
12540-695: The last months of 2007, the influence of foreign fighters became apparent again when Dokka Umarov proclaimed the Caucasus Emirate being fought for by the Caucasian Mujahadeen , a pan-Caucasian Islamic state of which Chechnya was to be a province. This move caused a rift in the resistance movement between those supporting the Emirate and those who were in favour of preserving the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria . The neologism jihadists may correspond to
12672-510: The late 1970s. At the DRA's request, the Soviet Union brought forces into the country to aid the government in 1979. The mujahideen fought against Soviet and DRA troops during the Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989). Afghanistan's resistance movement originated in chaos and, at first, regional warlords waged virtually all of its fighting locally. As warfare became more sophisticated, outside support and regional coordination grew. The basic units of mujahideen organization and action continued to reflect
12804-462: The latter are bound to more easily entice lust and their exclusion is not clearly indicated. Ibn Hazm too believed that it covered Muslim slaves as it would violate the law of not molesting a slave or fornication with her like that with a free woman. He stated that anything not attributed to Muhammad should be disregarded. What is said about the dimensions of the Jilbab in use varies; Qurtubi reports that
12936-400: The mitpaḥat/ tichel or snood worn by religious married Jewish women, certain headcoverings worn by some Christian women , such as the hanging veil , apostolnik and kapp , and the dupatta favored by many Hindu and Sikh women, the hijab comes in various forms. Often, it specifically describes a scarf that is wrapped around the head, covering the hair, neck, and ears while leaving
13068-566: The mujahideen and the Bosnians. Foreign volunteers in Bosnia have been accused of committing war crimes during the conflict. However, the ICTY has never issued indictments against mujahideen fighters. Instead, the ICTY indicted some Bosnian Army commanders on the basis of superior criminal responsibility. The ICTY acquitted Amir Kubura and Enver Hadžihasanović of the Bosnian 3rd Corps of all charges related to
13200-632: The mujahideen members while fighting and training in the war against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The 1990s are a transitional period between the Mujahideen outfits forming part of the proxy wars between the Cold War superpowers and the emergence of contemporary jihadism in the wake of the US " War on Terror " and the " Arab Spring ". Al-Qaeda saw its formative period during this time, and jihadism formed part of
13332-588: The nation continues to be an independent country, though strongly linked with Turkey militarily and politically. While more than one group in Iran has called itself mujahideen, the most famous is the People's Mujahedin of Iran (PMOI; Persian : Mojāhedin-e Khalq), an Islamic organization that advocates for the overthrow of the leadership of the Iranian Republic . The group has taken part in multiple well-known conflicts in
13464-524: The number of active mujahideen at 3,200. In Bangladesh , the Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen was an Islamist organisation that was officially banned by the government of Bangladesh in February 2005 after attacks on NGOs . It struck back in mid-August when it detonated 500 bombs at 300 locations throughout Bangladesh. The term mujahideen is sometimes applied to fighters who joined the insurgency after
13596-454: The organisation were executed by hanging for the killing of two judges and for countrywide bombings in 2005. The JMB reportedly has a three-tier organisation. The first tier of the outfit consists of activists called Ehsar, who are recruited on a full-time basis and act at the behest of the higher echelons. The second tier, known as Gayeri Ehsar , has over 100,000 part-time activists. The third tier involves those who indirectly co-operate with
13728-607: The original Arabic mujahedeen . In India , an outfit calling itself the Indian Mujahideen came to light in 2008 with multiple large scale terror attacks. On 26 November 2008, a group calling itself the Deccan Mujahideen claimed responsibility for a string of attacks across Mumbai . The Weekly Standard claimed, "Indian intelligence believes the Indian Mujahideen is a front group created by Lashkar-e-Taiba and
13860-464: The people fearful and worried. Bangladesh had experienced earlier militant activities and terrorism by Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh and Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami . But they could not emerge successful and Al Qaeda would not come out successful in Bangladesh despite their announcement. Mujahideen Mujahideen , or Mujahidin ( Arabic : مُجَاهِدِين , romanized : mujāhidīn ),
13992-668: The picture in regional conflicts of the 1990s, including the Yugoslav Wars , the Somali Civil War , the First Nagorno-Karabakh War , the First Chechen War , etc. During the Bosnian war 1992–1995, many foreign Muslims came to Bosnia as mujahideen. Muslims around the world who shared mujahideen beliefs and respected the author of Islamic Declaration come to the aid of fellow Muslims. Alija Izetbegovic , author of Islamic Declaration and in his younger days author of poem "To
14124-600: The political system of Bangladesh and ostensibly seeks to "build a society based on the Islamic model laid out in Holy Quran and Hadith." The organisation follows the ideals of the Taliban of Afghanistan. Its chief has been quoted as stating that "our model includes many leaders and scholars of Islam. But we will take as much (ideology) from the Taliban as we need." It opposes democracy as being in violation of Sharia or Islamic law. It also opposes socialism and its avowed objective
14256-505: The powerful conservative forces in the country have resisted his efforts, and the dress codes are still being enforced, especially during the summer months. After Ebrahim Raisi became president, he started imposing hijab laws strictly, announcing use of facial recognition in public transport to enforce hijab law. An Iranian woman, Mahsa Amini , died in custody of 'morality police' after they arrested her on new stricter hijab laws, which led to widespread protests . Women's resistance in Iran
14388-413: The practice among Greeks, Romans (Byzantines), Jews, and Assyrians, its use was associated with high social status. In early Islamic texts, the term hijab does not distinguish between veiling and seclusion, and can mean either "veil" or "curtain". This is largely because khimar, the literal word for headscarf, was used to refer to the cover more often than the term hijab at the time. The only verses in
14520-556: The presence of people of the opposite sex other than close family members . According to Hanafis and other scholars , these requirements extend to being around non-Muslim women as well, for fear that they may describe her physical features to unrelated men. The Sunni Permanent Committee for Islamic Research and Issuing Fatwas in Saudi Arabia, and Muhammad ibn Adam Al-Kawthari also believe women should cover their head. Men must cover from their belly buttons to their knees, though
14652-400: The presence of the husband, most scholars stress the importance of mutual freedom and pleasure of the husband and wife. Traditional scholars had differences of opinion on covering the hands and face. The majority adopted the opinion that the face and hands are not part of their nakedness . Some held the opinion that covering the face is recommended if the woman's beauty is so great that it
14784-523: The prophet also wore other colored-clothes like yellow or rose. Muslim scholars usually require women to cover everything but their hands and face in public, but do not require the niqab (a face covering worn by some Muslim women). In nearly all Muslim cultures, young girls are not required to wear a hijab. Some scholars argue that beyond the body of a woman, her voice is also a part of her "awrah" and should not be heard by men outside her immediate family. They cite some hadiths citing women's voices as
14916-708: The region, and has been at odds with the conservative government of the Islamic Republic of Iran since the 1979 Iranian Revolution . Another mujahideen was the Mujahedin-e Islam, an Islamic party led by Ayatollah Abol-Ghasem Kashani . It formed part of the Iranian National Front during the time of Mohammed Mosaddeq 's oil nationalization , but broke away from Mosaddeq over his allegedly un-Islamic policies. From 1947 to 1961, local mujahideen fought against Burmese government soldiers in an attempt to have
15048-408: The schools differ on whether this includes covering the navel and knees or only what is between them. It is recommended that women wear clothing that is not form fitting to the body, such as modest forms of Western clothing (long shirts and skirts), or the more traditional jilbāb , a high-necked, loose robe that covers the arms and legs. A khimār or shaylah , a scarf or cowl that covers all but
15180-527: The sect grew ever larger until it was not only conducting bandit raids but even controlling areas in Afghanistan. The first known use of the word mujahideen to refer to insurgent Islamic extremism (what has neologically been called jihadism ) was supposedly in the late 19th century, in 1887, by Thomas Patrick Hughes (1838–1911). In Central Asia from 1916 to the 1930s, Islamic guerrillas were opponents of Tsarism and Bolshevism and were referred to by
15312-547: The threat of jihad was made openly and repeatedly in the months preceding the Battle of Baidoa . On 23 December 2006, Islamists, for the first time, called upon international fighters to join their cause. The term mujahideen is now openly used by the post-ICU resistance against the Ethiopians and the TFG. Harakat al-Shabaab Mujahideen is said to have non-Somali foreigners in its ranks, particularly among its leadership. Fighters from
15444-445: The time; 40% said they never wore hijab. Veiling did not originate with the advent of Islam. Statuettes depicting veiled priestesses date back as far as 2500 BC. Elite women in ancient Mesopotamia and in the Byzantine, Greek, and Persian empires wore the veil as a sign of respectability and high status. In ancient Mesopotamia, Assyria had explicit sumptuary laws detailing which women must veil and which women must not, depending upon
15576-493: The upper classes and eventually among the urban masses. In the rural areas it was common to cover the hair, but not the face. According to Leila Ahmed, the rigid norms pertaining to veiling and seclusion of women found in Christian Byzantine literature had been influenced by ancient Persian traditions, and there is evidence to suggest that they differed significantly from actual practice. Leila Ahmed argues that "Whatever
15708-491: The various mujahideen groups in Afghanistan. Some groups of these veterans became significant players in later conflicts in and around the Muslim world. Osama bin Laden , originally from a wealthy family in Saudi Arabia , was a prominent organizer and financier of an all-Arab Islamist group of foreign volunteers; his Maktab al-Khadamat funnelled money, arms, and Muslim fighters from around the Muslim world into Afghanistan, with
15840-471: The verse instead commands women to "snap their belts around their waists" as an idiom , the belt was a symbol for chastity. According to him, the meanings of the words in the relevant part of the verse are as follows: خِمار Khimar; cummerbund, جيب jyb; sinus, sac, وَلْيَضْرِبْنَ; "let them hit" In Al-Aḥzāb : 59, there is a statement that tells women to wear their "outer garments" when going out for various needs (such as defecation), interpreted by some as
15972-566: The woman's class, rank, and occupation in society. Female slaves and prostitutes were forbidden to veil and faced harsh penalties if they did so. Veiling was thus not only a marker of aristocratic rank, but also served to "differentiate between 'respectable' women and those who were publicly available". Strict seclusion and the veiling of matrons were also customary in ancient Greece. Between 550 and 323 BCE, prior to Christianity, respectable women in classical Greek society were expected to seclude themselves and wear clothing that concealed them from
16104-529: The word recognition is about distinguishing free women. The word ḥijāb in the Qur'an refers not to women's clothing, but rather a spatial partition or curtain. Sometimes its use is literal, as in the verse which refers to the screen that separated Muhammad's wives from the visitors to his house (33:53), while in other cases the word denotes separation between deity and mortals (42:51), wrongdoers and righteous (7:46, 41:5), believers and unbelievers (17:45), and light from darkness (38:32). The interpretations of
16236-548: The world. An opinion poll conducted in 2014 by The University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research asked residents of seven Muslim-majority countries (Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Tunisia, Turkey, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia) which style of women's dress they considered to be most appropriate in public. The survey found that the headscarf (in its tightly- or loosely-fitting form) was chosen by the majority of respondents in Egypt, Iraq, Tunisia and Turkey. The response rate for people of Turkey
16368-968: Was Abu Musab al-Zarqawi , a Jordanian national who would go on to assume the leadership of Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI). Various Islamic groups, often referred to as mujahideen and jihadists, have participated in the Syrian civil war . Alawites , the sect to which Syrian President Bashar al-Assad belongs, are considered to be heretics in Sunni Muslim circles. In this sense, radical Sunni jihadist organizations and their affiliates have been anti-Assad. Jihadist leaders and intelligence sources said foreign fighters had begun to enter Syria only in February 2012. In May 2012, Syria's U.N. envoy Bashar Ja'afari declared that dozens of foreign fighters from Libya, Tunisia, Egypt, Britain, France elsewhere had been captured or killed, and urged Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Turkey to stop "their sponsorship of
16500-496: Was because Muhammad conducted religious and civic matters in the mosque next to his home. Leila Ahmed further explains that Muhammad aimed at fostering a sense of privacy and protecting the intimate space of his wives from the constant presence of the bustling community at their doorstep. They argue that the term darabat al-hijab ('taking the veil') was used synonymously and interchangeably with ‘becoming Prophet Muhammad's wife’ and that during Muhammad's life no other Muslim woman wore
16632-570: Was branded as a "collaborator" of the PBCP and taken to the JMJB "trial centre" The group has been condemned by other Islamist organisations like the Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh . In 2014 spokesman Azizul Haque Islamabadi said: There is prevailing a congenial and peaceful environment in Bangladesh. People are living in peace and in such a situation the announcement by Al Qaeda chief Zawahiri has made
16764-600: Was designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) by the U.S. Department of State . On 12 November 2018, the Department of State blacklisted the Al-Mujahidin Brigades (AMB) over its alleged Hezbollah associations, as well as Jawad Nasrallah, son of Lebanon's Iran-backed Hezbollah leader Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah , from using the United States financial system and further naming him a terrorist associated with evidence of his involvement in attacks against Israel in
16896-582: Was expelled by Bangladesh in December 2015 after a JMB operative admitted to having received 30,000 Taka from her. An offshoot of the group, the Neo-Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh, effectively operates as the ISIL in Bangladesh . The JMB's aim is to replace the government of Bangladesh with an Islamic state based on Sharia Law . It has explicitly stated on more than one occasion that it opposes
17028-895: Was just about 60%. In Saudi Arabia, 63% gave preference to the niqab face veil; in Pakistan the niqab , the full-length chador robe and the headscarf, received about a third of the votes each; while in Lebanon half of the respondents in the sample (which included Christians and Druze) opted for no head covering at all. The survey found "no significant difference" in the preferences between surveyed men and women, except in Pakistan, where more men favoured conservative women's dress. However, women more strongly support women's right to choose how to dress. People with university education are less conservative in their choice than those without one, and more supportive of women's right to decide their dress style, except in Saudi Arabia. Some fashion-conscious women have been turning to non-traditional forms of hijab such as turbans. While some regard turbans as
17160-548: Was overthrown and most mujahideen factions signed the Peshawar Accords . However, the mujahideen could not establish a functional united government, and many of the larger mujahideen groups began to fight each other over power in Kabul . After several years of devastating fighting, in a small Pashtun village, a mullah named Mohammed Omar organized a new armed movement with the backing of Pakistan. This movement became known as
17292-570: Was revealed, ...the men of Ansar went to the women of Ansar and recited to them the words Allah had revealed. Each man recited to his wife, his daughter, his sister and other female relatives. Each woman among them got up, took her decorated wrapper and wrapped herself up in it out of faith and belief in what Allah had revealed. They appeared behind the Messenger of Allah wrapped up, as if there were crows on their heads. Although these narrations imply black clothing, other narrations indicate wives of
17424-569: Was the main perpetrator of attacks on Burmese authorities positioned on the Bangladesh–Myanmar border . In 1969, political tensions and open hostilities developed between the Government of the Philippines and jihadist rebel groups. The Moro National Liberation Front ( MNLF ) was established by University of the Philippines professor Nur Misuari to condemn the killings of more than 60 Filipino Muslims and later became an aggressor against
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