72-663: Jam Sahib ( Gujarati : જામ સાહેબ ) or simply Jam was a native title used by the rulers of a few princely states , notably born in western British India into the Samaa dynasty and their Jadeja branch which denotes their claimed descent from the legendary Jamshed of Iran . This biography of a member of an Indian royal house is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Gujarati language Gujarati ( / ˌ ɡ ʊ dʒ ə ˈ r ɑː t i / GUUJ -ə- RAH -tee ; Gujarati script : ગુજરાતી , romanized: Gujarātī , pronounced [ɡudʒəˈɾɑːtiː] )
144-534: A caste , a tribe and a group in India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, locally referred to as jati , zaat , qaum or biradari . It has been suggested by several historians that Gurjara was initially the name of a tribe or clan which later evolved into a geographical and ethnic identity following the establishment of a janapada (tribal kingdom) called 'Gurjara'. This understanding has introduced an element of ambiguity regarding ancient royal designations containing
216-634: A mahapanchayat ("the great panchayat "), the Gujjar community decided that those who sought dowry would be excommunicated from the society. The Rajasthani Gurjars worship Surya , Devnarayan (an avatar of Vishnu ), Shiva and Bhavani . In Rajasthan, some members of the Gurjar community resorted to violent protests over the issue of reservation in 2006 and 2007. They demanded a change in their status from Other Backward Class (OBC) to Scheduled Tribe (ST). They felt marginalized and faced livelihood crises. During
288-550: A Scheduled Tribe under the Indian government's reservation program of positive discrimination . Hindu Gurjars were assimilated into several varnas. Gurjars form an important component of Delhi. They have combined their traditional occupation of pastoralism and marginal cultivation over a large area in and around Delhi. The Gurjar community in Haryana has set elaborate guidelines for solemnizing marriages and holding other functions. In
360-477: A common, higher tatsam pool. Also, tatsam s and their derived tadbhav s can also co-exist in a language; sometimes of no consequence and at other times with differences in meaning: What remains are words of foreign origin ( videśī ), as well as words of local origin that cannot be pegged as belonging to any of the three prior categories ( deśaj ). The former consists mainly of Persian , Arabic , and English, with trace elements of Portuguese and Turkish . While
432-523: A current of water," from V.L. * stanticare (see stanch ). But others say the Port. word is the source of the Indian ones. Gujarati is a head-final, or left- branching language. Adjectives precede nouns , direct objects come before verbs , and there are postpositions . The word order of Gujarati is SOV , and there are three genders and two numbers . There are no definite or indefinite articles . A verb
504-400: A large heterogeneous group. The historical role of Gurjars has been quite diverse in society: at one end they have been founders of several kingdoms and dynasties and, at the other end, some are still nomads with no land of their own. The pivotal point in the history of Gurjar identity is often traced back to the emergence of a Gurjara kingdom in present-day Rajasthan and Gujarat during
576-634: A medium of literary expression. He helped to inspire a renewal in its literature, and in 1936 he introduced the current spelling convention at the Gujarati Literary Society 's 12th meeting. Some Mauritians and many Réunion islanders are of Gujarati descent and some of them still speak Gujarati. A considerable Gujarati-speaking population exists in North America , especially in the New York City Metropolitan Area and in
648-548: A separate grammatical category unto themselves. Many old tatsam words have changed their meanings or have had their meanings adopted for modern times. પ્રસારણ prasāraṇ means "spreading", but now it is used for "broadcasting". In addition to this are neologisms , often being calques . An example is telephone , which is Greek for "far talk", translated as દુરભાષ durbhāṣ . Most people, though, just use ફોન phon and thus neo-Sanskrit has varying degrees of acceptance. So, while having unique tadbhav sets, modern IA languages have
720-541: Is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Indian state of Gujarat and spoken predominantly by the Gujarati people . Gujarati is descended from Old Gujarati ( c. 1100–1500 CE ). In India, it is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Union. It is also the official language in the state of Gujarat, as well as an official language in the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu . As of 2011, Gujarati
792-557: Is ascribed to a Gurjar king Nain Singh Nagar . Morena, Samthar, Dholpur, Saharanpur and Roorkee were also some of the places ruled by Gurjar kings. Bhati Clan of Gurjars had significance influence in Bulandshahr joint magistracy. Rao Roshan Singh of Bhati clan was a landlord of wide area till 1812, other chiefs of this clan were, Shambu Singh, Ajit singh and Dargahi Singh Bhati.The Bhati Gurjars in this area had somewhat similar position as
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#1732869406220864-594: Is being used in, bringing to mind tadbhav . India was ruled for many centuries by Persian-speaking Muslims , amongst the most notable being the Delhi Sultanate , and the Mughal dynasty . As a consequence Indian languages were changed greatly, with the large scale entry of Persian and its many Arabic loans into the Gujarati lexicon. One fundamental adoption was Persian's conjunction "that", ke . Also, while tatsam or Sanskrit
936-626: Is etymologically continuous to Gujarati, it is essentially of a differing grammar (or language), and that in comparison while Perso-Arabic is etymologically foreign, it has been in certain instances and to varying degrees grammatically indigenised. Owing to centuries of situation and the end of Persian education and power, (1) Perso-Arabic loans are quite unlikely to be thought of or known as loans, and (2) more importantly, these loans have often been Gujarati-ized. dāvo – claim, fāydo – benefit, natījo – result, and hamlo – attack, all carry Gujarati's masculine gender marker, o . khānũ – compartment, has
1008-714: Is expressed with its verbal root followed by suffixes marking aspect and agreement in what is called a main form, with a possible proceeding auxiliary form derived from to be , marking tense and mood , and also showing agreement. Causatives (up to double) and passives have a morphological basis. Translation (provided at location)— Gurjars The Gurjar (or Gujjar , Gujar , Gurjara ) are an agricultural ethnic community, residing mainly in India , Pakistan , and Afghanistan , divided internally into various clan groups. They were traditionally involved in agriculture, pastoral and nomadic activities and formed
1080-683: Is not upheld in Gujarati and corresponds to j or jh . In contrast to modern Persian, the pronunciation of these loans into Gujarati and other Indo-Aryan languages, as well as that of Indian-recited Persian, seems to be in line with Persian spoken in Afghanistan and Central Asia , perhaps 500 years ago. Lastly, Persian, being part of the Indo-Iranian language family as Sanskrit and Gujarati are, met up in some instances with its cognates: Zoroastrian Persian refugees known as Parsis also speak an accordingly Persianized form of Gujarati. With
1152-518: Is offered as a GCSE subject for students in the UK. Some Gujarati parents in the diaspora are not comfortable with the possibility that their children will not be fluent in the language. In a study, 80% of Malayali parents felt that "Children would be better off with English", compared to 36% of Kannada parents and only 19% of Gujarati parents. Besides being spoken by the Gujarati people , many non-Gujarati residents of Gujarat also speak it, among them
1224-483: Is the 6th most widely spoken language in India by number of native speakers, spoken by 55.5 million speakers which amounts to about 4.5% of the total Indian population. It is the 26th most widely spoken language in the world by number of native speakers as of 2007. Gujarati, along with Meitei (alias Manipuri ), hold the third place among the fastest growing languages of India , following Hindi (first place) and Kashmiri language (second place), according to
1296-814: Is the category of English words that already have Gujarati counterparts which end up replaced or existed alongside with. The major driving force behind this latter category has to be the continuing role of English in modern India as a language of education, prestige, and mobility. In this way, Indian speech can be sprinkled with English words and expressions, even switches to whole sentences. See Hinglish , Code-switching . In matters of sound, English alveolar consonants map as retroflexes rather than dentals . Two new characters were created in Gujarati to represent English /æ/'s and /ɔ/'s. Levels of Gujarati-ization in sound vary. Some words do not go far beyond this basic transpositional rule, and sound much like their English source, while others differ in ways, one of those ways being
1368-602: The 2011 census of India . Outside of Gujarat, Gujarati is spoken in many other parts of South Asia by Gujarati migrants, especially in Mumbai and Pakistan (mainly in Karachi ). Gujarati is also widely spoken in many countries outside South Asia by the Gujarati diaspora . In North America, Gujarati is one of the fastest-growing and most widely spoken Indian languages in the United States and Canada . In Europe, Gujaratis form
1440-909: The Greater Toronto Area , which have over 100,000 speakers and over 75,000 speakers, respectively, but also throughout the major metropolitan areas of the United States and Canada. According to the 2016 census, Gujarati is the fourth most-spoken South Asian language in Toronto after Hindustani , Punjabi and Tamil . The UK has over 200,000 speakers, many of them situated in the London area, especially in North West London, but also in Birmingham , Manchester , and in Leicester , Coventry , Rugby , Bradford and
1512-680: The Kot Charwal and Teli Katha massacres . The Van Gujjars ("forest Gurjars") are found in the Shivalik Hills area of Uttarakhand. The Van Gujjars follow Islam, and they have their own clans, similar to the Hindu gotras . They are a pastoral semi-nomadic community, practising transhumance . In the winter season, the Van Gujjars migrate with herds of semi-wild water buffalo to the Shivalik Hills at
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#17328694062201584-512: The Kutchis (as a literary language ), the Parsis (adopted as a mother tongue ), and Hindu Sindhi refugees from Pakistan. Gujarati is one of the twenty-two official languages and fourteen regional languages of India. It is officially recognised in the state of Gujarat and the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. Gujarati is recognised and taught as a minority language in
1656-631: The Middle Ages (around 570 CE). It is believed that the Gurjars migrated to different parts of the Indian Subcontinent from the Gurjaratra. The Gurjaras started fading from the forefront of history after the 10th century CE. Thereafter, history records several Gurjar chieftains and upstart warriors, who were rather petty rulers in contrast to their predecessors. Gujar or Gujjar were quite common during
1728-465: The Mughal era, and documents dating from the period mention Gujars as a 'turbulent' people. The Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan were known as Gurjaradesa and Gurjaratra for centuries prior to the arrival of the British. The Gujrat and Gujranwala districts of Pakistani Punjab have also been associated with Gurjars from as early as the 8th century CE, when there existed a Gurjara kingdom in
1800-591: The United Arab Emirates . Gujarati (sometimes spelled Gujerati , Gujarathi , Guzratee , Guujaratee , Gujrathi , and Gujerathi ) is a modern Indo-Aryan (IA) language evolved from Sanskrit . The traditional practice is to differentiate the IA languages on the basis of three historical stages: Another view postulates successive family tree splits, in which Gujarati is assumed to have separated from other IA languages in four stages: The principal changes from
1872-676: The ethnonym has sometimes been interpreted as "destroyer of the enemy": gur meaning "enemy" and ujjar meaning "destroyer"). Babur, in the context of revolt, wrote that Jats and Gujjars poured down from hills in vast numbers in order to carry off oxen and buffaloes and that they were guilty of the severest oppression in the country. Many Gurjars were converted to Islam at various times, dating back to Mahmud of Ghazni's raid in Gujarat in 1026. Gurjars of Awadh and Meerut date their conversion to Tamerlane , when he sacked Delhi and forcibly converted them. By 1525, when Babur invaded India, he saw that
1944-484: The 12th century. Texts of this era display characteristic Gujarati features such as direct/oblique noun forms, postpositions, and auxiliary verbs. It had three genders , as Gujarati does today, and by around the time of 1300 CE, a fairly standardized form of this language emerged. While generally known as Old Gujarati, some scholars prefer the name Old Western Rajasthani, based upon the argument that Gujarati and Rajasthani were not yet distinct. Factoring into this preference
2016-619: The 2003 election to the Rajasthan assembly, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) promised them Scheduled Tribe status. However, the party failed to keep its promise after coming to the power, resulting in protests by the Gurjars in September 2006. In May 2007, during violent protests over the reservation issue, members of the Gurjar community clashed with the police. Subsequently, the Gurjar protested violently, under various groups including
2088-422: The 7th century CE, and mention several Gurjara kingdoms and dynasties. However, according to Tanuja Kothiyal, the historical image of Gurjars is that of "ignorant" herders, though historical claims of Gurjar past also associate them with Gurjara-Pratiharas . She cites a myth that any Rajput claim Gurjars may have comes through a Rajput marrying a Brahmin woman, and not through an older Kshatriya clan. She says that
2160-753: The Bengal style." Coolie — 1598, "name given by Europeans to hired laborers in India and China," from Hindi quli "hired servant," probably from koli , name of an aboriginal tribe or caste in Gujarat. Tank — c.1616, "pool or lake for irrigation or drinking water," a word originally brought by the Portuguese from India, ult. from Gujarati tankh "cistern, underground reservoir for water," Marathi tanken , or tanka "reservoir of water, tank." Perhaps from Skt. tadaga-m "pond, lake pool," and reinforced in later sense of "large artificial container for liquid" (1690) by Port. tanque "reservoir," from estancar "hold back
2232-483: The Gujarati script is an abugida . It is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. It is a variant of the Devanāgarī script, differentiated by the loss of the characteristic horizontal line running above the letters and by a small number of modifications in the remaining characters. These are the three general categories of words in modern Indo-Aryan: tadbhav , tatsam , and loanwords. તદ્ભવ tadbhava , "of
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2304-641: The Gurjar Rajas of Saharanpur area. In Delhi , the Metcalfe House was sacked by Gurjar villagers from whom the land had been taken to erect the building. In September 1857, the British were able to enlist the support of many Gurjars at Meerut . The Gurjar people are a tribal group who have lived in Afghanistan for centuries. According to the Afghanistan news agency Pajwok Afghan News , there are currently an estimated 1.5 million Gurjar people residing in
2376-538: The Gurjar Sangarsh Samiti, Gurjar Mahasabha and the Gurjar Action Committee. Presently, the Gurjars in Rajasthan are classified as Other Backward Classes. On 5 June 2007, Gurjars rioted over their desire to be added to the central list of tribes who are given favoured treatment under the reservation system However, other tribes on the list oppose this request, as it would make it harder to obtain
2448-500: The Gurjars and the Bakarwals in Jammu and Kashmir were classified as Scheduled Tribes constitute 12% of the total population of Jammu and Kashmir. However, they claim that they constitute more than 20% of the population, and allege undercounting because of their nomadic lifestyle, saying that when the censuses were held in 2001 and 2011, half of their population had been in the upper reaches of
2520-581: The Gurjars during the medieval period. These Gurjars migrated from the Abu mountain region and as early as in the 6th century CE, they set up one or more principalities in Rajasthan and Gujarat . The whole or a larger part of Rajasthan and Gujarat had been long known as Gurjaratra (country ruled or protected by the Gurjars) or Gurjarabhumi (land of the Gurjars) for centuries prior to the Mughal period. In Sanskrit texts,
2592-510: The Gurjars in parts of Himachal Pradesh were classified as a Scheduled Tribe. The Gurjars and Bakerwals tribes of Jammu and Kashmir were declared a Scheduled Tribe (ST) in 1991. At the 2001 census, they were found principally in Rajouri , Poonch , Reasi , Kishtwar district , with presences elsewhere. It is believed that Gurjars migrated to Jammu and Kashmir from Gujarat (via Rajasthan) and Hazara district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . As of 2011 ,
2664-523: The Gurjars of northern Punjab were already Muslims. Until the 1700s, conversions continued under Aurangzeb , who converted the Gurjars of Himachal Pradesh by force. Pathans and Balochis drove Gurjar converts out of their land, forcing them into vagrancy. In the 18th century, several Gurjar chieftains and small kings were in power. A fort in Parikshitgarh in Meerut district , also known as Qila Parikishatgarh,
2736-808: The Gurjars, who ruled the area during the 700s and 800s. They are listed among the Other Backward Classes of Gujarat. A few scholars believe that the Leva Kunbis (or Kambis) of Gujarat, a section of the Patidars , are possibly of Gurjar origin. However, several others state that the Patidars are Kurmis or Kunbis (Kanbis); Gurjars are included in the OBC list in Gujarat but Patidars are not. Gurjars of North Gujarat , along with those of Western Rajasthan and Punjab , worship Sitala and Bhavani . As of 2001 ,
2808-484: The Himalaya. According to the 2011 Census of India , Gurjars are the most populous scheduled tribe in Jammu and Kashmir, having a population of nearly 1.5 million. Nearly all of them follow Islam. The Gurjars of Jammu and Kashmir in 2007 demanded that this tribal community be treated as a linguistic minority in the erstwhile state and provided with constitutional safeguards for their language Gojri . They also pressured
2880-717: The Hindu fold in the North-Western regions (modern Rajasthan and Gujarat). Aydogdy Kurbanov states that some Gurjars, along with people from northwestern India, merged with the Hephthalites to become the Rajput clan. Previously, it was believed that the Gurjars had migrated earlier on from Central Asia as well, however, this view is generally considered to be speculative. According to B. D. Chattopadhyaya, historical references speak of Gurjara warriors and commoners in North India in
2952-591: The Middle Indo-Aryan stage are the following: Gujarati is then customarily divided into the following three historical stages: Old Gujarātī ( જૂની ગુજરાતી ; 1200 CE–1500 CE), which descended from prakrit and the ancestor of modern Gujarati and Rajasthani, was spoken by the Gurjars , who were residing and ruling in Gujarat , Punjab, Rajputana , and central India. The language was used as literary language as early as
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3024-449: The carrying of dentals. See Indian English . As English loanwords are a relatively new phenomenon, they adhere to English grammar, as tatsam words adhere to Sanskrit. That is not to say that the most basic changes have been underway: many English words are pluralised with Gujarati o over English "s". Also, with Gujarati having three genders, genderless English words must take one. Though often inexplicable, gender assignment may follow
3096-553: The country. The Gurjar people are predominantly found in the northeastern regions of Afghanistan, including Kapisa , Baghlan , Balkh , Kunduz , Takhar , Badakhshan , Nuristan , Laghman , Nangarhar , and Khost . They have a distinct culture and way of life. The old Afghanistan constitution recognised 14 ethnic groups officially with the Gurjar ethnic group being one of them. Many Gurjar tribal people in Afghanistan are deprived of their rights and their living conditions are poor. They have sometimes been internally displaced in
3168-649: The efforts to standardise Gujarati were carried out. Of the approximately 62 million speakers of Gujarati in 2022, roughly 60 million resided in India, 250,000 in Tanzania , 210,000 in Kenya, and some thousands in Pakistan. Many Gujarati speakers in Pakistan are shifting to Urdu; however, some Gujarati community leaders in Pakistan claim that there are 3 million Gujarati speakers in Karachi. Mahatma Gandhi used Gujarati to serve as
3240-464: The end of Perso-Arabic inflow, English became the current foreign source of new vocabulary. English had and continues to have a considerable influence over Indian languages. Loanwords include new innovations and concepts, first introduced directly through British colonial rule , and then streaming in on the basis of continued Anglophone dominance in the Republic of India . Besides the category of new ideas
3312-597: The few positions already set aside. In December 2007, the Akhil Bhartiya Gurjar Mahasabha ("All-India Gurjar Council") stated that the community would boycott the BJP, which was in power in Rajasthan. But in 2009 the Gurjar community was supporting BJP so that they could be politically benefitted. Kirori Singh Bainsla fought and lost on the BJP ticket. In the early 2000s, the Gurjar community in Dang region of Rajasthan
3384-540: The foot of the Himalayas, and in summer, they migrate to alpine pastures higher up the Himalayas. The Gurjars sell milk to local peoples as their primary source of income. They treat their animals with great care and do not eat them nor sell them for meat. The Van Gujjars have had conflicts with forest authorities, who prohibited human and livestock populations inside reserved parks. However, India's Forest Rights Act of 2006 granted rights to "traditional forest dwellers" to
3456-451: The former mill towns within Lancashire . A portion of these numbers consists of East African Gujaratis who, under increasing discrimination and policies of Africanisation in their newly independent resident countries (especially Uganda , where Idi Amin expelled 50,000 Asians), were left with uncertain futures and citizenships . Most, with British passports , settled in the UK. Gujarati
3528-416: The historical process suggests the opposite: that Rajputs emerged from other communities, such as Gurjars, Jats , Raikas etc. The oldest known reference to the word Gurjara is found in the book called Harshacharita (Harsha's Deeds), a biography of king Harshavardhana written around 630 CE. Banabhatta , the author of Harshacharita , mentions that Harsha's father Prabhakravardhana (560-580 CE)
3600-403: The impact of Portuguese has been greater on coastal languages and their loans tend to be closer to the Portuguese originals. The source dialect of these loans imparts an earlier pronunciation of ch as an affricate instead of the current standard of [ʃ] . Bungalow — 1676, from Gujarati bangalo , from Hindi bangla "low, thatched house," lit. "Bengalese," used elliptically for "house in
3672-428: The lands they have relied on for generations. The conflict between local forest officials, who claim rights over the newly created parks, and the thousand year nomadic traditions of the Van Gujjars has been ongoing. It has been estimated that Gujjars comprise 20% of Pakistan's total population. In 1999, British anthropologist Stephen Lyon estimated their total population in Pakistan to number 30 million and theorized
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#17328694062203744-691: The meat of the Andak animal as haram (forbidden) but many Gurjar people in the area said they had no choice. Gurjar tribal leaders met with Hamid Karzai when he was President of Afghanistan . They demanded schools and hospitals be built in their areas and the Afghan government give scholarships to Gurjar students to study abroad. Today, the Gurjars are classified under the Other Backward Class category in some states in India. However, in Jammu and Kashmir and parts of Himachal Pradesh, they are designated as
3816-594: The native languages of areas where the Gujarati people have become a diaspora community, such as East Africa ( Swahili ), have become loanwords in local dialects of Gujarati. The Linguistic Survey of India noted nearly two dozen dialects of Gujarati: Standard, Old, Standard Ahmedabad, Standard Broach, Nāgarī, Bombay, Suratī, Anāvla or Bhāṭelā, Eastern Broach, Pārsī, Carotarī, Pāṭīdārī, Vaḍodarī, Gāmaḍiā of Ahmedabad, Paṭanī, Thar and Parkar, Cutch, Kāṭhiyāvāḍī, Musalmān (Vhorāsī and Kharwā), Paṭṇulī, Kākarī, and Tārīmukī or Ghisāḍī. Similar to other Nāgarī writing systems,
3888-453: The nature of that". Gujarati is a modern Indo-Aryan language descended from Sanskrit (old Indo-Aryan), and this category pertains exactly to that: words of Sanskritic origin that have demonstratively undergone change over the ages, ending up characteristic of modern Indo-Aryan languages specifically as well as in general. Thus the "that" in "of the nature of that" refers to Sanskrit. They tend to be non-technical, everyday, crucial words; part of
3960-558: The neuter ũ . Aside from easy slotting with the auxiliary karvũ , a few words have made a complete transition of verbification: kabūlvũ – to admit (fault), kharīdvũ – to buy, kharǎcvũ – to spend (money), gujarvũ – to pass. The last three are definite part and parcel. Below is a table displaying a number of these loans. Currently some of the etymologies are being referenced to an Urdu dictionary so that Gujarati's singular masculine o corresponds to Urdu ā , neuter ũ groups into ā as Urdu has no neuter gender, and Urdu's Persian z
4032-593: The notion of "Gujarism", the fact that Gujjars in Pakistan are conscious of their identity and often base their social activities, such as local political participation, on this basis, what he calls kin-network activism. Gujjars are mostly found in the country's Punjab province , where they gave their name to cities and towns such as Gujranwala , Gujar Khan and Gujrat , but for economics reasons recently they have emigrated to cities such as Karachi . Gujjars are also present in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , where they're
4104-498: The past by illegal militias ; for example, during 2018 around 200 Gurjar families were displaced from their homes in Farkhar district in Takhar province. During the corona virus pandemic , the Gurjar people in the northeastern province of Badakhshan used Andak meat to treat the corona virus, due to lack of clinics and other health facilities in their areas. The Gurjar Tribe Council deemed
4176-489: The phenomenon of English loanwords is relatively new, Perso-Arabic has a longer history behind it. Both English and Perso-Arabic influences are quite nationwide phenomena, in a way paralleling tatsam as a common vocabulary set or bank. What's more is how, beyond a transposition into general Indo-Aryan, the Perso-Arabic set has also been assimilated in a manner characteristic and relevant to the specific Indo-Aryan language it
4248-456: The reign of Chaulukya king Jayasimha Siddharaja of Anhilwara (Patan). MIddle Gujarati (AD 1500–1800) split off from Rajasthani, and developed the phonemes ɛ and ɔ, the auxiliary stem ch -, and the possessive marker - n -. Major phonological changes characteristic of the transition between Old and Middle Gujarati are: These developments would have grammatical consequences. For example, Old Gujarati's instrumental-locative singular in -i
4320-1012: The same area. The Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh was also known as Gurjargadh previously, due to the presence of many Gurjar zamindars in the area. Gurjars are linguistically and religiously diverse. Although they are able to speak the language of the region and country where they live, Gurjars have their own language, known as Gujari . They variously follow Hinduism , Islam , and Sikhism . The Hindu Gurjars are mostly found in Indian states of Rajasthan , Gujarat , Haryana , Madhya Pradesh , Punjab Plains and Maharashtra . Muslim Gurjars are mostly found in Pakistani province of Punjab , mainly concentrated in Lahore and northern cities of Gujranwala , Gujrat , Gujar Khan and Jhelum ; Indian Himalayan regions such as Jammu & Kashmir , Himachal Pradesh , and Garhwal and Kumaon divisions of Uttarakhand ; and Afghanistan . The word Gujjar represents
4392-455: The same basis as it is expressed in Gujarati: vowel type, and the nature of word meaning. The smaller foothold the Portuguese had in wider India had linguistic effects. Gujarati took up a number of words, while elsewhere the influence was great enough to the extent that creole languages came to be ( see Portuguese India , Portuguese-based creole languages in India and Sri Lanka ). Comparatively,
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#17328694062204464-645: The second largest of the British South Asian speech communities, and Gujarati is the fourth most commonly spoken language in the UK 's capital London . Gujarati is also spoken in Southeast Africa , particularly in Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda , Zambia , and South Africa . Elsewhere, Gujarati is spoken to a lesser extent in Hong Kong , Singapore , Australia , and Middle Eastern countries such as Bahrain and
4536-643: The spoken vernacular. Below is a table of a few Gujarati tadbhav words and their Old Indo-Aryan sources: તત્સમ tatsama , "same as that". While Sanskrit eventually stopped being spoken vernacularly, in that it changed into Middle Indo-Aryan , it was nonetheless standardised and retained as a literary and liturgical language for long after. This category consists of these borrowed words of (more or less) pure Sanskrit character. They serve to enrich Gujarati and modern Indo-Aryan in its formal, technical, and religious vocabulary. They are recognisable by their Sanskrit inflections and markings; they are thus often treated as
4608-421: The state government to urge the central government to include Gojri in the list of official languages of India . In 2002, some Gurjars and Bakarwals in Jammu and Kashmir demanded a separate state called Gujaristan for Gujjar and Bakarwal communities, under the banner of All India Gurjar Parishad. Gurjars and Bakarwals have at times been targeted by militants of the insurgency in the territory, such as during
4680-425: The states of Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra , and Tamil Nadu and the union territory of Delhi . According to British historian and philologist William Tisdall , who was an early scholar of Gujarati grammar , three major varieties of Gujarati exist: a standard 'Hindu' dialect, a ' Parsi ' dialect and a ' Muslim ' dialect. However, Gujarati has undergone contemporary reclassification with respect to
4752-416: The third largest ethnic groups after the Pashtuns and the Awan , found in the Hazara region as well places like Dir , Swat , and Bajaur , often being conversant in Pashto , the provincial language. In Swat, Pir Samiullah was a Gujjar community leader who was the first to raise a private tribal army against the Pakistani Taliban , with around 10,000 men, but was eventually defeated and executed by
4824-460: The widespread regional differences in vocabulary and phrasing; notwithstanding the number of poorly attested dialects and regional variations in naming. Kharwa, Kakari and Tarimuki (Ghisadi) are also often cited as additional varieties of Gujarati. Kutchi is often referred to as a dialect of Gujarati, but most linguists consider it closer to Sindhi . In addition, the Memoni is related to Gujarati, albeit distantly. Furthermore, words used by
4896-401: The word 'gurjara' such as gurjaraeshvara or gurjararaja , as now it is debatable whether the kings bearing these epithets were tribal or ethnic Gurjaras. Historians and anthropologists differ on the issue of Gurjar origin. According to one view, circa 1 CE , the ancient ancestors of the Gurjars came in multiple waves of migration and were initially accorded status as high-caste warriors in
4968-446: Was "a constant threat to the sleep of Gurjara" — apparently a reference to the Gurjara king or kingdom. Inscriptions from a collateral branch of Gurjaras, known as Gurjaras of Lata , claim that their family was ruling Bharakucha ( Bharuch ) as early as 450 CE from their capital at Nandipuri. According to scholars such as Baij Nath Puri , the Mount Abu (ancient Arbuda Mountain) region of present-day Rajasthan had been an abode of
5040-402: Was also in news its falling sex ratio , unavailability of brides, and the resultant polyandry . As of 2022 , the Gurjars in Madhya Pradesh are classified as Other Backward Classes. In Maharashtra, Gurjars are in very good numbers in Jalgaon District. Dode Gurjars and Dore Gurjars are listed as Other Backward Classes in Maharashtra. The State took its name from the Gurjara, the land of
5112-458: Was leveled and eliminated, having become the same as Old Gujarati's nominative/accusative singular in -ə. A major phonological change was the deletion of final ə , such that the modern language has consonant-final words. Grammatically, a new plural marker of - o developed. In literature, the third quarter of the 19th century saw a series of milestones for Gujarati, which previously had verse as its dominant mode of literary composition. In 1920s,
5184-425: Was the belief that modern Rajasthani sporadically expressed a neuter gender, based on the incorrect conclusion that the [ũ] that came to be pronounced in some areas for masculine [o] after a nasal consonant was analogous to Gujarati's neuter [ũ]. A formal grammar , Prakrita Vyakarana , of the precursor to this language, Gurjar Apabhraṃśa , was written by Jain monk and eminent scholar Acharya Hemachandra Suri in
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