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51-587: Jakob Augstein (born 28 July 1967) is a German journalist, publisher and heir . He is the publisher and editor-in-chief of Der Freitag and also one of the main owners of Der Spiegel and the Spiegel publishing company, that were founded by his father Rudolf Augstein . Augstein was born in Hamburg . He grew up as the son of Maria Carlsson , translator, and Rudolf Augstein , publisher of Germany's leading news magazine Der Spiegel . After Rudolf's death in 2002, Jakob

102-536: A decedent (a person who died), subject to the rules of inheritance in the jurisdiction where the decedent was a citizen, or where the decedent died or owned property at the time of death. The inheritance may be either under the terms of a will or by intestate laws if the deceased had no will. However, the will must comply with the laws of the jurisdiction at the time it was created or it will be declared invalid (for example, some states do not recognise handwritten wills as valid, or only in specific circumstances) and

153-499: A leftist position"). Also since early 2011, he is the counterpart of Nikolaus Blome , a journalist for Bild newspaper, in a weekly debate on controversial issues of German politics , on German public television channel Phoenix (" Augstein und Blome "). Augstein is married and has three children. In the 2012 edition of the Simon Wiesenthal Center 's (SWC) list of Top Ten Anti-Semitic/Anti-Israel Slurs, Augstein

204-540: A Greco-Roman model to a Judeo-Christian pattern, based on Biblical and traditional Judeo-Christian principles. The transformation was essentially complete in the Middle Ages, although in English-speaking countries there was additional development under the influence of Protestantism . Even when Europe became secularized and Christianity faded into the background, the legal foundation Christendom had laid remained. Only in

255-509: A daughter inherits land, she must marry someone within her father's tribe. (The daughters of Zelophehad marry the sons' of their father's brothers. There is no indication that this was not their choice.) The laws of Jewish inheritance are discussed in the Talmud , in the Mishneh Torah and by Saadiah ben Joseph among other sources. All these sources agree that the firstborn son is entitled to

306-574: A debate between Augstein and the SWC. Augstein immediately agreed to the debate but Rabbi Abraham Cooper , who is one of the founders of the SWC and responsible for compiling the list, said he needed time to consider the offer. Cooper responded to the magazine, writing that "Mr. Augstein must publicly apologize in advance for the statements that earned him his designation on the Wiesenthal Center's Top Ten anti-Semitism List" otherwise he would refuse to "sit in

357-442: A double portion of his father's estate. This means that, for example, if a father left five sons, the firstborn receives a third of the estate and each of the other four receives a sixth. If he left nine sons, the firstborn receives a fifth and each of the other eight receive a tenth. If the eldest surviving son is not the firstborn son, he is not entitled to the double portion. Philo of Alexandria and Josephus also comment on

408-490: A home than those who do not regardless of the size of the inheritance. Often, racial or religious minorities and individuals from socially disadvantaged backgrounds receive less inheritance and wealth. As a result, mixed races might be excluded in inheritance privilege and are more likely to rent homes or live in poorer neighborhoods, as well as achieve lower educational attainment compared with whites in America. Individuals with

459-819: A house, wants to remain — and hopes for security." A week after the opening ceremony, he was elected to the board of the Jewish Community of Frankfurt. In 1999 he became the chairman. Korn serves in several foundations and cultural and scientific institutions, such as the Ludwig Börne Foundation and the Foundation for the Promotion of the Scientific Relations of Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt. He

510-581: A job, and purchasing a home. The third form of inheritance is the transfers of bulk estates at the time of death of the testators, thus resulting in significant economic advantage accruing to children during their adult years. The origin of the stability of inequalities is material (personal possessions one is able to obtain) and is also cultural, rooted either in varying child-rearing practices that are geared to socialization according to social class and economic position. Child-rearing practices among those who inherit wealth may center around favoring some groups at

561-818: A person cannot be legally disinherited (such as the United States state of Louisiana , which allows disinheritance only under specifically enumerated circumstances ), a person who would be an heir under intestate laws may be disinherited completely under the terms of a will (an example is that of the will of comedian Jerry Lewis ; his will specifically disinherited his six children by his first wife, and their descendants, leaving his entire estate to his second wife). Inheritance has been compared to nepotism . Detailed anthropological and sociological studies have been made about customs of patrimonial inheritance, where only male children can inherit. Some cultures also employ matrilineal succession, where property can only pass along

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612-569: A portion of any inheritance or estate becomes government revenue . Salomon Korn Salomon Korn (born 4 June 1943 in Lublin , Poland) is a German architect and an honorary senator of Heidelberg University . Since 1999 he has served as chairman of the Jewish Community of Frankfurt am Main and since 2003 as vice president of the Central Council of Jews in Germany . Salomon Korn's grandfather

663-639: A real estate business. In 1964 he married Maruscha Rawicki. The couple has three children. Korn studied architecture and sociology in Berlin and Darmstadt . In 1976, he achieved a PhD with a study of the reform of the prison system. His brother Benjamin Korn  [ de ] (born 1946) became a theatre director. Korn became the architect of the Jewish Community Center in Frankfurt am Main that opened in 1986. On that occasion, he stated: "Someone who builds

714-464: A result, this inequality is believed to become part of the overall social structure. Women's unequal inheritance rights refer to the disparities and discriminatory practices that women face in inheriting property and assets compared to men. These inequalities stem from a combination of legal, cultural, and religious practices that often prioritize male heirs over female ones, resulting in significant socio-economic consequences for women. Dynastic wealth

765-482: A substantial amount of wealth and inheritance often intermarry with others of the same social class to protect their wealth and ensure the continuous transmission of inheritance across generations; thus perpetuating a cycle of privilege. Nations with the highest income and wealth inequalities often have the highest rates of homicide and disease (such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension) which results in high mortality rates. A New York Times article reveals that

816-496: Is a further concept of joint inheritance, pending renunciation by all but one, which is called coparceny . In modern law, the terms inheritance and heir refer exclusively to succession to property by descent from a deceased dying intestate . Takers in property succeeded to under a will are termed generally beneficiaries , and specifically devises for real property , bequests for personal property (except money), or legatees for money. Except in some jurisdictions where

867-793: Is a member of the advisory council of the American Jewish Committee in Berlin, of the Kuratoriums of the Leo Baeck Instituts and of the Federal Foundation Jüdisches Museum Berlin . He also serves in several scientific committees. In 2003 he was elected vice president of the Central Council of Jews in Germany . He has repeatedly declined to be a candidate for the presidency of this institution. He published works on social science and architectural history. In

918-433: Is considered an integral part of Sharia law and its application for Muslims is mandatory, though many peoples (see Historical inheritance systems ), despite being Muslim, have other inheritance customs. The distribution of the inherited wealth has varied greatly among different cultures and legal traditions. In nations using civil law , for example, the right of children to inherit wealth from parents in pre-defined ratios

969-713: Is enshrined in law, as far back as the Code of Hammurabi (ca. 1750 BC). In the US State of Louisiana, the only US state where the legal system is derived from the Napoleonic Code , this system is known as " forced heirship " which prohibits disinheritance of adult children except for a few narrowly-defined reasons that a parent is obligated to prove. Other legal traditions, particularly in nations using common law , allow inheritances to be divided however one wishes, or to disinherit any child for any reason. In cases of unequal inheritance,

1020-544: Is founded on the Marxist Labor Theory of Value , any money collected in the course of a lifetime is justified if it was based on the fruits of the person's own labor and not from exploiting others. The first communist government installed after the Russian Revolution resolved therefore to abolish the right of inheritance, with some exceptions. Many states have inheritance taxes or estate taxes , under which

1071-952: Is member of the board of trustees of the Ignatz Bubis Award for Mutual Understanding, of the foundation Monument to the Murdered Jews of Europe, and of the Senate of the Deutsche Nationalstiftung ; he is also a Board Member of Aktion Sühnezeichen Friedensdienste . He serves in honorary functions for the Opera in the Abbey ruins of Bad Hersfeld , the German Film Institut and the Sigmund Freud Institute, both in Frankfurt/Main. He

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1122-514: Is monetary inheritance that is passed on to generations that did not earn it. Dynastic wealth is linked to the term Plutocracy . Much has been written about the rise and influence of dynastic wealth including the bestselling book Capital in the Twenty-First Century by the French economist Thomas Piketty . Bill Gates uses the term in his article "Why Inequality Matters". As Communism

1173-427: Is often persistent across generations and families with higher amounts of inheritance are able to acquire and transmit higher amounts of human capital . Lower amounts of human capital and inheritance can perpetuate inequality in the housing market and higher education. Research reveals that inheritance plays an important role in the accumulation of housing wealth. Those who receive an inheritance are more likely to own

1224-463: Is set out: a man's sons inherit first, daughters if no sons, brothers if he has no children, and so on. Later, in Numbers 36, some of the heads of the families of the tribe of Manasseh come to Moses and point out that, if a daughter inherits and then marries a man not from her paternal tribe, her land will pass from her birth-tribe's inheritance into her marriage-tribe's. So a further rule is laid down: if

1275-453: The Jewish laws of inheritance, praising them above other law codes of their time. They also agreed that the firstborn son must receive a double portion of his father's estate. At first, Christianity did not have its own inheritance traditions distinct from Judaism. With the accession of Emperor Constantine in 306, Christians both began to distance themselves from Judaism and to have influence on

1326-450: The Law of Moses , the firstborn son was entitled to receive twice as much of his father's inheritance as the other sons ( Deuteronomy 21:15–17 ). If there were no living sons and no descendants of any previously living sons, daughters inherit. In Numbers 27, the five daughters of Zelophehad come to Moses and ask for their father's inheritance, as they have no brothers. The order of inheritance

1377-659: The Otto-Suhr-Institut at the Free University of Berlin and at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris (Sciences Po). From 1993 to 2003 he worked for Süddeutsche Zeitung in Munich and Berlin , from 1999 to 2002 being the chief editor of the "Berlin" section of SZ . In 2004, he bought the majority of Rogner & Bernhard, a Berlin publishing house (he sold it to Haffmans & Tolkemitt in 2011). Augstein holds 24 percent of

1428-525: The 1990s, Korn made critical contributions to the debate about a central Holocaust memorial . In 2014, he took a stand in the controversy about the Stolpersteine by Cologne artist Gunter Demnig , favoring their collocations also in Munich. Between 1900 and 1933, synagogues in Germany began to become a part of the respective urban landscape — in spite of previous controversies, especially in large cities. With

1479-554: The Augstein family's part of the Spiegel-Verlag publishing house, that his father founded in 1947. After 2005, he also worked for the parliamentary office of Die Zeit , a weekly German newspaper. On 26 May 2008 Augstein bought, and became editor of, the minor weekly newspaper Der Freitag . Between January 2011 and October 2018, he also wrote a weekly column for Spiegel Online ("S.P.O.N. – Im Zweifel links" ("if in doubt, take

1530-704: The Gaza strip]". His inclusion in the ranking sparked a vast controversy in German media. Henryk M. Broder , a public commentator, was cited in the publication: "Jakob Augstein is not a salon anti-Semite, he's a pure anti-Semite … an offender by conviction who only missed the opportunity to make his career with the Gestapo because he was born after the war. He certainly would have had what it takes." After this publication, Broder apologized for his "dramatizations." Apart from that, he upheld his criticism of Augstein. Other journalists felt that

1581-633: The U.S. is the world's wealthiest nation, but "ranks twenty-ninth in life expectancy, right behind Jordan and Bosnia" and "has the second highest mortality rate of the comparable OECD countries". This has been regarded as highly attributed to the significant gap of inheritance inequality in the country, although there are clearly other factors such as the affordability of healthcare . When social and economic inequalities centered on inheritance are perpetuated by major social institutions such as family, education, religion, etc., these differing life opportunities are argued to be transmitted from each generation. As

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1632-542: The above changes, the Quran imposed restrictions on testamentary powers of a Muslim in disposing his or her property. Three verses of the Quran, 4:11, 4:12 and 4:176, give specific details of inheritance and shares, in addition to few other verses dealing with testamentary. But this information was used as a starting point by Muslim jurists who expounded the laws of inheritance even further using Hadith , as well as methods of juristic reasoning like Qiyas . Nowadays, inheritance

1683-478: The accusation against Augstein was absurd. In response to the ranking, the influential conservative daily Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung wrote that "the choice of Jakob Augstein for ninth place on the list of the 10 worst anti-Semites is a serious intellectual and strategic error made by the Simon Wiesenthal Center. Not only has a critical journalist been placed in a group into which he doesn't belong,

1734-594: The era of modern jurisprudence have there been significant changes. The Quran introduced a number of different rights and restrictions on matters of inheritance, including general improvements to the treatment of women and family life compared to the pre-Islamic societies that existed in the Arabian Peninsula at the time. Furthermore, the Quran introduced additional heirs that were not entitled to inheritance in pre-Islamic times, mentioning nine relatives specifically of which six were female and three were male. However,

1785-578: The expense of others at the bottom of the social hierarchy . It is further argued that the degree to which economic status and inheritance is transmitted across generations determines one's life chances in society. Although many have linked one's social origins and educational attainment to life chances and opportunities, education cannot serve as the most influential predictor of economic mobility . In fact, children of well-off parents generally receive better schooling and benefit from material, cultural, and genetic inheritances. Likewise, schooling attainment

1836-525: The female line, most commonly going to the sister's sons of the decedent; but also, in some societies, from the mother to her daughters. Some ancient societies and most modern states employ egalitarian inheritance, without discrimination based on gender and/or birth order. The inheritance is patrimonial. The father —that is, the owner of the land— bequeaths only to his male descendants, so the Promised Land passes from one Jewish father to his sons. According to

1887-536: The inheritance rights of women remained inferior to those of men because in Islam someone always has a responsibility of looking after a woman's expenses. According to Quran 4:11 , for example, a son is entitled to twice as much inheritance as a daughter. The Quran also presented efforts to fix the laws of inheritance, and thus forming a complete legal system. This development was in contrast to pre-Islamic societies where rules of inheritance varied considerably. In addition to

1938-458: The inter generational transmission of income or wealth which is said to have a direct impact on one's mobility (or immobility) and class position in society. Nations differ on the political structure and policy options that govern the transfer of wealth. According to the American federal government statistics compiled by Mark Zandi in 1985, the average US inheritance was $ 39,000. In subsequent years,

1989-568: The intestate laws then apply. The exclusion from inheritance of a person who was an heir in a previous will, or would otherwise be expected to inherit, is termed "disinheritance". A person does not become an heir before the death of the deceased, since the exact identity of the persons entitled to inherit is determined only then. Members of ruling noble or royal houses who are expected to become heirs are called heirs apparent if first in line and incapable of being displaced from inheriting by another claim; otherwise, they are heirs presumptive . There

2040-663: The law and practices of secular institutions. From the beginning, this included inheritance. The Roman practice of adoption was a specific target, because it was perceived to be in conflict with the Judeo-Christian doctrine of primogeniture . As Stephanie Coontz documents in Marriage, a History (Penguin, 2006), not only succession but the whole constellation of rights and practices that included marriage, adoption, legitimacy, consanguinity, and inheritance changed in Western Europe from

2091-406: The majority might receive a small amount while the minority inherits a larger amount. The amount of inheritance is often far less than the value of a business initially given to the son, especially when a son takes over a thriving multimillion-dollar business, yet the daughter is given the balance of the actual inheritance amounting to far less than the value of the business that was initially given to

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2142-765: The midst of benefiting from the greatest inheritance of wealth in history". Inherited wealth may help explain why many Americans who have become rich may have had a "substantial head start". In September 2012, according to the Institute for Policy Studies , "over 60 percent" of the Forbes richest 400 Americans "grew up in substantial privilege", and often (but not always) received substantial inheritances. Other research has shown that many inheritances, large or small, are rapidly squandered. Similarly, analysis shows that over two-thirds of high-wealth families lose their wealth within two generations, and almost 80% of high-wealth parents "feel

2193-505: The next generation is not financially responsible enough to handle inheritance". It has been argued that inheritance plays a significant effect on social stratification . Inheritance is an integral component of family, economic, and legal institutions, and a basic mechanism of class stratification . It also affects the distribution of wealth at the societal level. The total cumulative effect of inheritance on stratification outcomes takes three forms, according to scholars who have examined

2244-511: The nine other people and groups who have justifiably been pilloried can now exculpate themselves by pointing to such arbitrariness." Salomon Korn , vice president of the Central Council of Jews in Germany , defended Augstein saying that he didn't believe that his writings were antisemitic and suggested that the Americans (referring to the SWC) hadn't done their homework. Der Spiegel tried to organize

2295-426: The overall amount of total annual inheritance more than doubled, reaching nearly $ 200 billion. By 2050, there will be an estimated $ 25 trillion inheritance transmitted across generations. Some researchers have attributed this rise to the baby boomer generation. Historically, the baby boomers were the largest influx of children conceived after WW2. For this reason, Thomas Shapiro suggests that this generation "is in

2346-402: The same room with him." Augstein refused the offer. The magazine then proposed that the debate would be held over Skype so that the two men wouldn't have to be seated in the same room, but Cooper again reiterated that he would not participate unless Augstein first apologized. Heir In law, an "heir" ( FEM: heiress) is a person who is entitled to receive a share of property from

2397-443: The son. This is especially seen in old world cultures, but continues in many families to this day. Arguments for eliminating forced heirship include the right to property and the merit of individual allocation of capital over government wealth confiscation and redistribution, but this does not resolve what some describe as the problem of unequal inheritance. In terms of inheritance inequality, some economists and sociologists focus on

2448-463: The subject. The first form of inheritance is the inheritance of cultural capital (i.e. linguistic styles, higher status social circles, and aesthetic preferences). The second form of inheritance is through familial interventions in the form of inter vivos transfers (i.e. gifts between the living), especially at crucial junctures in the life courses. Examples include during a child's milestone stages, such as going to college, getting married, getting

2499-641: Was a rabbi in Lublin , Poland. He was born as the eldest of three brothers in the Lublin ghetto . After the fall of the Nazi regime, he and his parents were transferred to a camp for displaced persons in Frankfurt- Zeilsheim . The family had planned to emigrate to the USA or to Israel, but moved emigration over and over again . Korn visited the Helmholtz School during this time. His father successfully established

2550-427: Was ranked ninth, for statements critical of Israel such as "Israel's nuclear power is a danger to the already fragile peace of the world", "the ultra-orthodox Hareidim...are cut from the same cloth as their Islamic fundamentalist opponents", "[violence in the middle east always benefits] the insane and unscrupulous. And this time it's the U.S. Republicans and Israeli government", and "Israel incubates its own opponents [on

2601-470: Was told by his mother that his biological father was the novelist Martin Walser ; Jakob publicised his mother's alleged confession in 2009. His half-sisters or sisters are journalist Franziska Augstein, actress Franziska Walser, dramatist Theresia Walser and writers Johanna Walser and Alissa Walser . After graduating high school ( Abitur ) at Christianeum Hamburg , Augstein studied political science at

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