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41-494: Jacques Parizeau GOQ ( French pronunciation: [ʒak paʁizo] ; August 9, 1930 – June 1, 2015) was a Canadian politician and economist who served as the 26th premier of Quebec from September 26, 1994, to January 29, 1996. Parizeau was born in Montreal , Quebec, the son of Germaine ( née Biron) and Gérard Parizeau, from a family of wealth. Gérard Parizeau built one of Quebec’s great fortunes and one of

82-565: A Roman Catholic private school . He went on to graduate with a PhD from the London School of Economics in London , England , as well as degrees at HEC Montréal , Paris Institute of Political Studies and Faculté de droit de Paris . Because of a prior commitment to return to instruct at HEC, he left England, where career opportunities were offered in British academia. He served an internship with

123-439: A Grand Officer consists of two 18 kt gold plates, in the shape of a cross formed by two 60 millimetres (2.4 in) by 40 millimetres (1.6 in) arms, symmetrically superimposed atop one another 4 mm apart, the obverse face a high-polish , rusticated surface; at the lower left corner is a white enamel fleur-de-lis . On the reverse of the badge is inscribed the order's motto— Honneur au peuple du Québec (homage to

164-673: A Member of the National Assembly of Quebec , is eligible to be nominated and names may be submitted posthumously. The Cabinet may also, without the input of the Council of the National Order of Quebec, put forward the names of non-Quebecers for appointment as honorary members. Promotion through the grades is possible for both substantive and honorary members. Admission recognizes conspicuous meritorious actions that improve or support Quebec and/or its language and culture. Upon admission into

205-570: A group of foreign diplomats that what mattered most was to get a majority vote from Quebec citizens for the proposal to secede from Canada because with that, Quebecers would be in a "lobster pot," evidently indicating that like lobsters in a lobster trap, Quebecers would not be able to escape the consequences of a vote for independence once it was cast. The "Yes" side would lose the referendum by 55,000 votes. In his concession speech, Parizeau said sovereignty had been defeated by " l'argent pis des votes ethniques " ("money and ethnic votes"), and referred to

246-822: A number of innovative economic proposals, including the Quebec Stock Savings Plan ("QSSP") and the Fonds de solidarité (Solidarity Fund) FTQ in 1983. As of May 2020, the latter's net assets were $ 13.8 billion. Married to Polish immigrant Alice Poznanska (1930–1990). Jacques Parizeau was criticized for supporting the Charter of the French Language . This law limits access to English-language public schools to children whose parents didn't receive their education in English in Canada, and

287-630: A number of other positions. These included civil servant with the City of Montreal , researcher for Société Radio-Canada and, most notably, criminology researcher, lecturer and secretary-general of the Centre international de criminologie comparée at the Université de Montréal , where she served for many years as the de facto assistant director to Denis Szabo , founder of modern criminology in Quebec. Parizeau's writing

328-448: A referendum on Quebec sovereignty within a year of his election, and despite many objections, he followed through on this promise. In the beginning, support for sovereignty was only about 40% in the public opinion polls. As the campaign wore on, however, support for the "Yes" side grew larger. This growth halted, however, and Parizeau came under pressure to hand more of the campaign over to the more moderate and conservative Lucien Bouchard ,

369-462: A symmetrically placed, etched cross with arms 30 millimetres (1.2 in) long by 20 millimetres (0.79 in) wide and filled with a highly polished, rusticated surface; a gold fleur-de-lis is mounted at the lower, left side of the cross. Each member will also receive miniature versions of their insignia, identical in appearance save for size: those for all grades being 18 millimetres (0.71 in) wide in each direction or in circumference. A lapel pin

410-562: Is Pierre Duchesne . In 2005 he spoke of the 1995 referendum in the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation documentary Breaking Point . His wife and former secretary during his premiership, Lisette Lapointe won a seat in the National Assembly as a candidate for the PQ in the provincial riding of Crémazie in the 2007 Quebec general election . In June 2008, along with the other four living former Premiers of Quebec, Parizeau

451-400: Is also used for wear on casual civilian clothing. Male members wear their emblems suspended from a 38 millimetres (1.5 in) wide ribbon, at the collar for Grand Officers and Officers, and on a vertical ribbon on a medal bar on the left chest for Knights; women Grand Officers and Officers wear their insignia on a ribbon bow pinned at the left shoulder, and female Knights carry their medals in

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492-683: Is gone.  In peace, surrounded by love.  After a titanic battle, hospitalized for five months, through one ordeal after another, with an uncommon courage. He surrendered tonight… We are devastated.  We love him and will love him forever. His state funeral mass was held at Saint-Germain d’Outremont Roman Catholic church, the Parizeau family parish. National Order of Quebec The National Order of Quebec , termed officially in French as l'Ordre national du Québec , and in English abbreviation as

533-567: The Bergen-Belsen prisoner of war camp and her receipt of a war medal following the war. Following the war Poznańska went to Paris to study at the Sorbonne , earning degrees in literature, law and political science. In 1955 she visited a friend from the Sorbonne in Quebec, where she accepted a short contract which would turn into a lifelong stay. She married economist and politician Jacques Parizeau

574-624: The Crown in Right of Quebec and must be returned upon a holder's cessation of membership in the society, whether by death or dismissal. The following are some notable appointees into the National Order of Quebec: Alice Parizeau Her parents were Stanislaw Poznański (1894 - 1943) and Rebeka (Bronislawa Breina) Kestenberg (1892-1943) Polish Jews murdered in the Holocaust, both in Otwock , Poland according to

615-512: The Francophones who voted Yes in the referendum as " nous " (us) when he said that this majority group was, for the first time, no longer afraid of political independence. Many suspected he may have been drinking. He resigned as PQ leader and Quebec premier the next day. The English-language media, as well as non-sovereigntist newspapers such as La Presse and Le Soleil , associated Parizeau's resignation only with these remarks, against which

656-610: The Order of Quebec , is an order of merit in Quebec . Instituted in 1984 when Lieutenant Governor Jean-Pierre Côté granted royal assent to the Loi sur l'Ordre national du Québec (National Order of Quebec Act), the order is administered by the Governor-in-Council and is intended to honour current or former Quebec residents for conspicuous achievements in any field, being thus described as

697-587: The "no" side. Parizeau let his PQ membership lapse and supported the fledgling party Option nationale and its youthful leader Jean-Martin Aussant . After Pierre Karl Péladeau entered provincial politics, Parizeau publicly decried the state of the PQ. In September 2014, after the party's defeat in the general election , he stated that it faced "a field of ruin." During the PQ leadership campaign of 2015 , Parizeau told Radio-Canada in his last televised interview that "the party

738-749: The 1960s, playing an important behind-the-scenes role in the Quiet Revolution . He was especially instrumental in the nationalization of Hydro-Québec (a hydro-electric utility) in 1962-1963, the nationalization of the Asbestos Corporation Limited mines in 1982, and worked with Eric Kierans to create the Quebec Pension Plan in 1963-1966. He joked that the Quiet Revolution was essentially carried out by three or four cabinet ministers, two dozen civil servants and 50 chansonniers. (At

779-557: The Bank of Canada in Ottawa, and directed his brightest students to Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario for postgraduate studies. Parizeau's predilection for three-piece, Savile Row suits, and proper manner of speaking French and English, earned him the nickname "Monsieur". A firm believer in economic interventionism , he was one of the most important advisors to the provincial government during

820-482: The National Order of Quebec are sought in Quebec's daily and weekly media publications and are directed to the Council of the National Order of Quebec, elected by and amongst the members of the order for a period of three years and headed by a president elected by the council for two years. This body is mandated to short-list candidates and forward their suggestions to the Governor-in-Council . Any person born, living, or who has lived in Quebec, save for anyone serving as

861-582: The Order of Quebec, members are presented with various insignia of the organization—a medallion, miniature, and button. All are administered by the Regulations for the Insignia of the National Order of Quebec and were designed by Madeleine Dansereau , who was inspired by the heraldic elements of the provincial flag , notably the colours of blue and white used on the order's ribbon and the fleur-de-lis . The badge of

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902-403: The PQ was elected to office in the 1976 provincial election , which saw Parizeau elected in the district of L'Assomption , the new premier, René Lévesque , appointed him as Minister of Finance. Parizeau played an important role in the 1980 Quebec referendum campaign in favour of the government's proposals for sovereignty-association . As Minister of Finance in Quebec, he was responsible for

943-600: The end of his career, he said that he would like to be remembered most for his contributions to the reformation of Quebec.) Parizeau gradually became a committed sovereigntist , and officially joined the Parti Québécois (PQ) on September 19, 1969. In 1970, he became the president of the PQ’s executive council until 1973. He ran for office in the Montreal districts of Ahuntsic in 1970 and Crémazie in 1973, but lost in both. After

984-519: The following year. Though of Jewish background, and interned in Bergen Belsen during the Holocaust, Alice Poznanska's funeral was held at a Catholic church. As a Quebecer, Parizeau was strongly associated with Montreal's intellectual and sovereigntist scenes, respectively. While best known as a novelist and journalist — she wrote for Cité libre , La Presse , Châtelaine , Le Devoir , La Patrie and Maclean's — Parizeau held

1025-452: The highest honour in Quebec. In 1986, the order was expanded to include honorary membership for people outside Quebec. Although the National Order of Quebec was established with the granting of royal assent by Quebec's lieutenant governor and the Canadian sovereign is the fount of honour , the viceroy does not, as in other provinces, form an explicit part of the organization. Instead,

1066-450: The majority in Quebec, and who had voted in the majority for sovereignty. In an interview with 98.5 FM Montreal , Jacques Parizeau clarified the controversial comments he made in a 1995 speech following the sovereignty referendum's yes-side loss. He said that when he laid blame for the loss, he said "ethnic votes" and not the ethnic vote, and was referring to a coalition of Greek, Italian, and Jewish organizations which actively campaigned on

1107-453: The monarch's representative is related to the order only by virtue of his or her place in council , collectively termed the government of Quebec , to which the constitution of the Order of Quebec makes specific reference. The order contains three grades, each with accordant post-nominal letters and place in the Canadian order of precedence for honours, decorations, and medals . They are, in descending hierarchical order: Nominations to

1148-417: The people of Quebec)—and a serial number at the base of the vertical bar. The badge for Officers is of a nearly identical design, but made of arms 50 millimetres (2.0 in) long by 25 millimetres (0.98 in) wide, the obverse plate in 18k gold with an applied gold fleur-de-lis, and the rear in sterling silver . Knights have a medal with a 40 millimetres (1.6 in) diameter, brushed silver medallion with

1189-479: The popular leader of the federal Bloc Québécois party. Parizeau agreed and as the campaign progressed he lost his leadership role to Bouchard. During the 1995 referendum he caused an uproar when it was reported by columnist Chantal Hébert in the La Presse newspaper that despite the guarantee of an offer of partnership with the rest of Canada before declaring sovereignty following a "Yes" vote, Parizeau had told

1230-716: The province’s largest financial firms from a brokerage he established in the 1930s. Jacques' great-grandfather was a founder of the Montreal Chambre de Commerce and his grandfather was a doctor of renown and a Chevalier of the Légion d’honneur. As a teenager, Parizeau had radical views and distributed leaflets for Communist Fred Rose 's election campaigns. While sympathetic to the Labor-Progressive Party he never joined. His parents supported bilingualism and sent him to English summer camp. He attended Collège Stanislas ,

1271-527: The referendum was over.) Parizeau was replaced by Lucien Bouchard as PQ leader and Quebec premier on January 29, 1996. Parizeau retired to private life, but continued to make comments critical of Bouchard's new government and its failure to press the cause of Quebec independence. He owned an estate at his vineyard in France , a farm in the Eastern Townships of Quebec and a home in Montreal . His biographer

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1312-763: The same fashion as the men. The ribbon for miniatures is 18 millimetres (0.71 in) wide. The regulations of the National Order of Quebec stipulate that the premier presents new inductees with their insignia, either on the National Holiday of Quebec or another day during the National Week. The ceremony takes place in the Salon Rouge of the parliament building in Quebec City , though exceptions are sometimes made when inductees cannot be present (notably for some non-Quebecer appointments). The insignia remain property of

1353-482: The sovereigntist-friendly media (notably the newspaper Le Devoir ) argued that he had made the decision beforehand, drawing attention to a television interview conducted on the eve of the vote with the Groupe TVA channel in which Parizeau spoke of his intentions to step down in the event of defeat. (This interview had previously been held under "embargo", which is to say that the station agreed not to broadcast it until

1394-570: The testimony of Kestenberg's brother, Yehuda Adam Kestenberg, recorded in Yad Vashem. Stanislaw Poznański was the son of Karol Poznański and grandson of Izrael Poznański , a famous Polish-Jewish businessman, textile magnate and philanthropist ( Philanthropy ) in Łódź. Born in Łuniniec , Poland, as a young girl Poznańska was associated with the Polish Home Army during the 1944 Warsaw Uprising during World War II , which led to her internment in

1435-458: The upper house as well as part of his strategy to achieve reconciliation with Quebec sovereigntists which led to the Meech Lake Accord . Parizeau rejected the offer and went on to become PQ leader and premier. In the 1989 election , Parizeau's first as PQ leader, his party did not fare well. But five years later, in the 1994 election , it won a majority government. Parizeau promised to hold

1476-591: The wholesale adoption of the Quebec Charter of Values , which would have banned most religious symbols and clothing in the public sector (but not the crucifix over the National Assembly President's chair). "Federalism is turning into true defenders of minorities in Quebec," he said to Radio-Canada at the time. "We can't put ourselves in a situation like that." By "we", he meant the Franco-Quebecois,

1517-558: Was generally opposed by the English-speaking minority. In 1984, he had a falling out with Lévesque. Lévesque had moved away from pursuing sovereignty to accept a negotiation with the Federal Government , called Beau Risque . Parizeau opposed this shift, resigned from Cabinet along with many other members, and temporarily retired from politics. Lévesque was taken by surprise with all these retirements and retired soon after. He

1558-405: Was gradually demolished and it has lost its soul." He lost the 1989 election , and won the 1994 election . He announced his resignation the day after the "Yes" side in the 1995 Quebec referendum was defeated. In a social media posting, Parizeau's wife announced his death after five months of hospitalization, on June 1, 2015. He was 84. On her Facebook page, Lapointe wrote: The man of my life

1599-532: Was known for its outstanding storytelling and sensitive treatment of themes relating both to the Quebec people, which she portrayed in romantic terms congruent with the sovereignty movement's ideals, and life in and exile from Poland. She won the Prix européen de l'Association des écrivains de langue française in 1982 for her novel Les lilas fleurissent à Varsovie (translated as The Lilacs are Blooming in Warsaw ). In 1987, she

1640-516: Was named a Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec by Premier Jean Charest . At a 2013 meeting of Option nationale , Parizeau stated to the room that the target of sovereignty for Quebec is still realizable, and that the PQ should make the maximum effort to attain it, including using public funds. In October 2013, to the surprise of many Quebecers, Parizeau nuanced his earlier infamous "money and ethnic votes" statement to come out against

1681-533: Was replaced by Pierre-Marc Johnson . In 1987, Johnson also left the PQ leadership after losing the 1985 election . Parizeau, still a widely liked figure, was elected to replace him as party leader on March 19, 1988. It was revealed in 2013 that federal Prime Minister Brian Mulroney offered in 1987 to appoint Parizeau as an independent Senator in his attempt to secure passage of the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement through

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