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35-525: The first permanent structure was constructed in Jackson in 1842. In 1926, the prison was relocated to a new building, and soon became the largest walled prison in the world with nearly 6,000 inmates. The prison was renamed the State Prison of Southern Michigan in 1935. Beginning in 1988, the prison was carved up into several correctional facilities. The Southern Michigan Correctional Facility (JMF), which contained

70-586: A bicycle cooperative . The first prison was built in Jackson, Michigan , and became the original nucleus of the city. The enclosed area of the old prison was about 20 acres (81,000 m). Almost from the beginning, the old prison was chronically overcrowded. In 1876, the problem was mitigated when new prisons were erected in Marquette and Ionia ; this only somewhat eased the overcrowding. Throughout its history, new buildings were added continuously. At its peak capacity,

105-416: A bicycle cooperatives takes the form of a retail cooperative , it often takes the form of multiple businesses within the industry coming together to achieve economies of scale to compete with big-box brands, department stores and direct-to-consumer bike sales. Retailers' cooperatives are governed by democratic member control, which generally means one vote per member. For many retailer co-ops, however, it

140-450: A felony involving dishonesty, deceit, fraud, or a breach of the public trust, and if the conviction were related to the person's official capacity while holding any elective office or position of employment in local, state, or federal government. From statehood until the election of 1966, governors were elected to two-year terms. Elections are held in November, and the governor assumes office

175-423: A guard and used his keys to release the other inmates in their wing. Damaging several wings and using the canteen for food, they held nine guards hostage at knifepoint for five days. The rioters wanted Prison Warden - retired Marine Corps General, Julian N. Frisbie , to agree to a list of eleven demands and that these be published in the local newspaper, and also asked for a personal guarantee of an investigation into

210-399: A number of modular housing units. That disturbance was quelled in late afternoon, and the facility was locked down for two months. As a result of the riot, two corrections officers and the deputy warden at the prison were fired. Also, fourteen corrections officers were suspended for their actions during the riot. The deputy dismissed was Willie Cason, deputy warden of the northside unit. He

245-621: A one-year membership, including unlimited shop time, even after it began paying rent. The cost of new or used parts is usually added to the shop fee, but is typically substantially below retail prices. Some workshops stock new items such as brake pads, inner tubes, cables and housing, and bearings, for example. Parts may be sourced from public donations. Children's bikes are often donated when they are outgrown, and abandoned bikes are sometimes obtained through partnerships with police departments (evidence control), street cleaning firms, or from large institutions such as schools and universities. When

280-514: A regionally sorted list of hundreds of co-ops scattered across a few dozen countries. Bike co-ops are some of the most historical and long standing co-ops, for example, Edinburgh Bicycle Co-operative is the longest established worker co-operative in Scotland. A cooperative for American independent bicycle dealers was established in 2003 as "The Biking Solution". Now called The Bike Cooperative , this retailers' cooperative has 300+ members across

315-600: A set fee of between US$ 5 and US$ 20 per hour. Some bike co-ops will waive the fees for low-income users. Bike Pirates in Toronto , and Bike Again! in Halifax, are examples of co-ops which use a pay what you want strategy. They request that each user make a donation. Co-ops with lower overhead costs are often more relaxed about cost recovery. For example, one co-op inside an Australian "community environment park" existed rent-free until recently. That co-op continued to charge just US$ 8 for

350-484: Is limited to two terms. Governors of Michigan, as well as their lieutenant governors , must be United States citizens who have been qualified electors in Michigan for the four years preceding election and must be at least 30 years of age. A constitutional amendment adopted at the 2010 general election provides that a person is ineligible for any elected office, including governor and lieutenant governor, if convicted of

385-496: Is an increase in votes based on business size, up to a certain point, say five or ten votes. This way, there is a varying degree of representation for member businesses, but no one member can gain too much control. In order to lower costs, retailers' cooperatives establish central buying locations, providing them with the opportunity to purchase in bulk. Retailers' cooperatives also engage in group advertising and promotion, uniform stock merchandising, and private branding. The aim of

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420-406: Is closely based on the Jackson riot. In 1975 inmate Dale Remling attempted a daring escape from the prison by flying out of the prison in a helicopter . Morris Colosky, a friend of Remling's, paid helicopter pilot Richard Jackson to fly him from Plymouth to Lansing. Five minutes into the flight, he pulled a knife on the pilot and told him to change his course and head towards Jackson . They flew to

455-417: Is difficult to achieve a democratic standard. Since the members are businesses rather than individuals, offering one vote per member will leave the larger member businesses underrepresented. If the number of votes is based on the size of the business, there is a risk of all smaller businesses within the cooperative being outvoted by a larger business. A democratic solution that many retailers' cooperatives employ

490-761: The United States, one of the earliest and longest continuous running co-op is BICAS in Tucson, Arizona, founded in 1994 (named changed to BICAS in 1996.) Later, some bike co-ops were founded in the western US. Examples include the Salt Lake City Bicycle Collective in Utah, founded 2002, and the Bike Kitchen, founded in 2003 in San Francisco. Bike co-ops can be found worldwide. The Bike Collective Network includes

525-469: The cell blocks at the prison and set fire to many parts of the prison. Two hundred corrections officers and 165 local law enforcement officers worked to keep the riot under control. When it was finally ended without loss of life, the riot had lasted for almost 11 hours. The prison was locked down over the weekend, but once the lock down was lifted, prisoners from the North complex of the facility rioted, burning down

560-491: The city in Blackman Township . In 1926, 625 prisoners were moved from the old prison to cell block one of the new penitentiary. The name of the prison was changed to the State Prison of Southern Michigan in 1935. The new prison was built on 3,469 acres (14.04 km) with an enclosed area of 57.6 acres (233,000 m). The prison was enclosed by a concrete wall that was 33.9 feet (10.3 m) high. The wall stretched around

595-548: The complaints by the Governor of Michigan , G. Mennen Williams . In all, 2,600 inmates participated, doing $ 2.5 million ($ 28,700,000 in current dollar terms) worth of damage. The episode came to an end when officials agreed to publication, to allow outside inspectors and not to punish the participants. However, the leaders were eventually indicted for conspiracy and the demands remained largely unmet. The 1954 film Riot in Cell Block 11

630-497: The conditions Souders went through were "torture." Bicycle cooperative A bicycle cooperative ("bike co-op") can take the many forms of the cooperative model. These often include co-ops composed of businesses to achieve economies of scale ( retail cooperative ), co-ops managed by those who work at the business ( worker cooperative ), and bicycle co-ops owned and managed by the cyclists that use their services ( consumers' co-operative ). To date, many bicycle co-ops have taken

665-572: The cooperative is to improve buying conditions for its members, which are retail businesses in this case. The incentive to remain in the cooperative is largely due to the profits that members gain. An early bike co-op was the Fahrrad.Selbsthilfe.Werkstatt, founded in 1983 in a formerly squatted factory in Vienna , Austria. Another early co-op was "P'tit vélo dans la tête", founded in Grenoble, France, in 1994. In

700-468: The country. Governor of Michigan The governor of Michigan is the head of government , and chief executive of the U.S. state of Michigan . The current governor is Gretchen Whitmer , a member of the Democratic Party , who was inaugurated on January 1, 2019, as the state's 49th governor. She was re-elected to serve a second term in 2022. The governor is elected to a four-year term and

735-448: The entire prison, with parts joined at the ends of the cell houses. There were 12 watch towers and 16 cellblocks. Inmates were housed in 2,090 inside cells, 2,072 medium security cells, 1,312 outside cells, and 268 quarantine and detention cells, for a total of 5,742 cells. All of the cells were 10 feet (3.0 m) long, by 6 feet (1.8 m) wide, by 7 1 ⁄ 2 feet high. In April 1952, two maximum-security prisoners overpowered

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770-408: The first year after the prison was opened, 35 inmates were admitted, of whom seven managed to escape over the walls. The first mass break happened in 1840. Ten convicts overpowered two of the guards and broke free from the prison walls. They fled to Spring Arbor where they ran into a farmer, James Videto. He attempted to stop them, but the inmates took Videto's shotgun, beat him with it and left him on

805-413: The following January, except in the case of death or resignation. From statehood until 1851, elections were held in odd-numbered years. A new state constitution was drafted in 1850 and took effect in 1851. As part of the process bringing the constitution into effect, there was a single one-year term of governor in 1851. Thereafter elections were held in even years. The constitution adopted in 1963 changed

840-424: The form of community bike shops and cooperatives organized to give the local bike shop national scale and buying power. As a consumers' co-operative , community bike cooperatives are organized and owned by the cyclists who use them. Members often receive exclusive access and benefits to service and sales. Shop time is considered to be the use of the bike co-op's space and tools . Some bike co-ops charge users

875-450: The governor's term to four years, starting in 1967. Since then, gubernatorial elections have been offset by two years between the U.S. presidential elections (e.g., presidential elections were in 2008 and 2012 , while gubernatorial elections in that time period were in 2010 and 2014 ). Gubernatorial elections are held concurrently with state Senate elections. The winner of the gubernatorial election takes office at noon on January 1 of

910-521: The heart of the 1926 prison structure, was finally closed on November 17, 2007. [1] After JMF was closed, much of the prison remains open however, 7 Block, which used to be quarantine, has been closed and changed into a prison museum and was open to the public for tours. The museum was maintained as a part of Ella Sharp Museum and has since been closed. [2] The original 1842 site was used as a Michigan National Guard armory for some time, and now houses residential apartments as well as several art galleries and

945-451: The prison and landed in the yard where they picked up Remling. They then flew six miles (10 km) away to where two getaway cars were located. Once on the ground, Remling sprayed mace in the pilot's eyes to disable him, but he still managed to fly the helicopter and follow one of the cars while radioing for help. The car was caught by police only a few minutes later. The original escapee got away but surrendered himself to authorities over

980-555: The prison housed around 2,200 inmates in four cell blocks and a dormitory. In the older blocks, the cells were very small at only 7 feet (2.1 m) long, by 3 1 ⁄ 3 feet wide, by 6 1 ⁄ 2 feet high. In the newer blocks built in 1904, the cells measured 9 feet (2.7 m) × 5 1 ⁄ 2 feet × 7 feet (2.1 m). Women prisoners were confined at the Michigan State Prison up until 1852; there had been 10 female prisoners committed up until that date. During

1015-494: The restriction. Engler was reelected in 1994 and 1998, but was required to leave office for good in 2002. The governor has responsibilities to: The governor appoints the members of the governing boards of 10 of the state's 13 public universities and department commissions. Forty-seven people have been governor of the state over forty-nine distinct periods, with two, John S. Barry and Frank Fitzgerald , serving non-consecutive terms. Before statehood, there were five governors of

1050-476: The riot lasted for six days. On the sixth day, the 90 or so inmates who were leading the riot were beaten and the riot eventually came to an end, but not until after the governor had called in the National Guard . Despite additions to the old prison, it was evident that eventually a new prison would need to be built. In 1924, a new prison with a capacity of 5,280 inmates was built three miles (5 km) north of

1085-412: The road. After a few days, George Norton, the leader of the escape, was killed by another farmer. All but two of the rest of the convicts were eventually caught. On September 1, 1912, a riot that is described by many as the worst riot in the prison's history began. The first sign of trouble was when inmates started throwing plates against the walls of the dining halls. Many fights followed after this and

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1120-408: The soft restraints three days later, prison guards restrained him on a concrete slab. Souders went through the days being restrained in a cell lying naked in his own urine with temperatures rising higher than 100 degrees. After the incident, prison officials made a change to restraint policies so that misbehaving inmates could only be shackled for a maximum of six hours. A federal judge later said that

1155-436: The weekend at a bar just north of Jackson. On May 22, 1981, prisoners assaulted and seriously injured two corrections officers in Cell Block 4. The following morning, staff requested a shakedown of the facility. The administration refused and staff initiated an unauthorized lockdown. Those prisoners that had not been secured rebelled at 10:00 in the morning. Around 800 inmates from the maximum-security block took over two of

1190-450: The year following the election. Before 1992, governors could serve an unlimited number of terms. In 1992, an amendment to the Michigan constitution imposed a limit of two four-year terms for the office of governor, whether successive or separated. However, only those terms served after the amendment took effect counted toward the two-term limit. Thus, John Engler , the governor at the time, served three terms as his first term occurred before

1225-585: Was dismissed because it was discovered that he had prior knowledge that the riot might happen after the earlier riot. In 2006, an inmate's death at the Southern Michigan Correctional Facility gained national attention. Timothy Joe Souders died on August 6, 2006, after spending four days in a segregation cell. Souders, who suffered from a severe mental disorder, was originally transferred to the segregation cell and placed in soft restraints on July 31 for disobeying orders. After he broke out of

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