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79-644: For administrative purposes, JASON's activities are run through the MITRE Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation in McLean, Virginia , which operates Federally Funded Research and Development Centers (FFRDCs) for the federal government. The Department of Defense ended its contract with MITRE in April 2019, effectively cutting ties with JASON. However, due to the efforts of the Department of Energy as well as others within

158-529: A Freedom of Information Act action brought by the Nautilus Institute , the paper predicted catastrophic consequences for U.S. global interests as well as for the people and environment of Southeast Asia of a tactical nuclear weapons strike in the area. Going into great detail, the paper strongly contradicted game-scenario research from the RAND Corporation and other groups that was optimistic about

237-503: A $ 16.5 million MITRE-led project to create an enduring open source tool called Sara Alert, for monitoring symptoms of Americans exposed to COVID-19. MITRE developed the free tool in collaboration with multiple national public health organizations as well as local and state health agencies . In April 2020, Sara Alert launched in Arkansas and was being tested in Danbury, Connecticut as well as

316-558: A free app allowing election officials to report misinformation on social media; the app was being used by eleven U.S. states, as of October 2020. The company also established the National Election Security Lab, offering free risk assessments for voting systems. Other projects include the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) database of vulnerabilities and exposures related to information security and

395-532: A military think tank , spun out from the radar and computer research at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory . Over the years, MITRE's field of study had greatly diversified. In the 1990s, with the winding down of the Cold War , private companies complained that MITRE had an unfair advantage competing for civilian contracts; in 1996 this led to the civilian projects being spun off to a new company, Mitretek. Mitretek

474-415: A military-issues physics summer study program named Project 137 was launched by physicists John Archibald Wheeler , Eugene Wigner , and Oskar Morgenstern . Participants included Murph Goldberger, Kenneth M. Watson , Nick Christofilos , and Keith Brueckner . Out of that program came the idea of a permanent institution for advanced scientific research, a proposed National Defense Institute, on behalf of

553-494: A now-mothballed system for communicating with submarines using extremely long radio waves ( Project Seafarer , Project Sanguine ), an astronomical technique for overcoming the atmosphere's distortion ( adaptive optics ), the many problems of missile defense, technologies for verifying compliance with treaties banning nuclear tests, a 1979 report describing CO 2 -driven global warming , and the McNamara Line's electronic barrier ,

632-521: A nuclear option. Co-author Wright later stated that the report's main finding was that "employment of nuclear weapons by the US would be of little use against a widely distributed opponent but disaster if copied by the opponent." In a nuclear counterstrike against U.S. troops, the report concluded that, in the worst-case, "the U.S. fighting capability in Vietnam would be essentially annihilated." Co-author Weinberg showed

711-764: A professor at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) in 1988 was Head of Faculty. He played a leading role in the establishment of a supercomputer center at UCSD and in the establishment of the Institute for Theoretical Physics of the National Science Foundation at the University of California, Santa Barbara . In the 1960s he worked partly in collaboration with Murray Gell-Mann with current algebras of particle physics and models with chiral symmetry. In 1964, he worked on S-matrix methods to calculate electromagnetic corrections to strong interactions, including

790-537: A safety or security risk". The company's Unique Identification of Internet of Things (IoT) Devices Challenge tasked applicants with improving security for connected devices. In 2020, MITRE participated in the National Institute of Standards and Technology 's Too Close for Too Long Challenge to "help evaluate and potentially improve upon that baseline Bluetooth performance for helping detect when smartphone users are standing too close to one another". In addition to

869-540: A system of computer-linked sensors developed during the Vietnam War which became the precursor to the modern electronic battlefield. Among the more recent activities was a non-consensus-commensurate (in other words, providing a view alternative to the prevailing one in the federal executive department which commissioned the report), and now declassified, report to the State Department dismissing sounds associated with

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948-669: A technical standard for verifying vaccination and other clinical information. Clair William Halligan, an electrical engineer, served as MITRE's first president until 1966, when he became chairman of the company's executive committee. He retired in 1968. John L. McLucas succeeded Halligan as president. Robert Everett served as president from 1969 to 1986. Subsequent holders of the president and chief executive officer (CEO) role included Charles S. Zraket (1986–1990), Barry Horowitz (1990–1996), Victor A. DeMarines (1996–2000), Martin C. Faga (2000–2006), Alfred Grasso (2006–2017), and Jason Providakes (2017–2024). Mark Peters became

1027-499: Is classified, ranging from recommendations on the United States nuclear arsenal and missile defense, to electronic surveillance and cyber-security. Much of JASON's public work has involved energy and the environment, including Gordon MacDonald's project to model climate change that soon convinced him that fossil-fuel burning would lead to dangerous global warming that would outstrip any industrial cooling effects. For decades, MacDonald

1106-644: The Air Force Association 's Mitchell Institute published a report in 2019 recommending improved technologies for the U.S. nuclear command, control and communications (NC3) network and warning that some of the system's early satellites are "vulnerable to electronic attacks and interference". The firm also published a government-mandated report with recommendations for the Air Force's inventory in 2030. The Department of Veterans Affairs hired MITRE to provide recommendation for implementation and program integration of

1185-712: The Cheyenne Mountain Complex facility in Colorado operating the North American Air Defense system. In the 1970s, MITRE continued supporting military projects such as AWACS and the Joint Tactical Information Distribution System and "[helping] civil agencies develop information systems for transportation, medicine, law enforcement, space exploration and environmental cleanup." MITRE has completed software engineering work for

1264-681: The Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) category system for software weaknesses and vulnerabilities. MITRE and the British startup company Simudyne partnered to convert an "agent-based" financial risk model of "asset fire-sales and investor flight from banks and funds into a commercial product". The new system is based on one MITRE had previously created for the Department of the Treasury . MITRE has also researched cloud computing policy, helped

1343-579: The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency and the FBI . Version 14.1 was released in October 2023. According to a 2020 study published by the University of California, Berkeley and security software company McAfee , 80 percent of companies use the framework for cybersecurity. The Structured Threat Information eXchange (STIX), described as a "machine-to-machine cyber threat information-sharing language",

1422-735: The Distributed Common Ground System and helped the North Atlantic Treaty Organization create intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) data standards. The company also worked with the Multi-Sensor Aerospace-Ground Joint ISR Interoperability Coalition to ensure proper formatting for ISR sensor data. In 2018, MITRE developed the "Deliver Uncompromised" strategy for the Department of Defense , proposing recommendations for supply chain security. MITRE and

1501-578: The Forever GI Bill . MITRE has also focused on the great power competition; in 2020, the company published a paper about 5G networks and competition between China and the U.S. In addition to military work, MITRE's early projects included air traffic control improvements for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). During the 1980s, MITRE helped modernize the Air Force's airborne early warning and control system and improve

1580-590: The Havana syndrome cases as caused by crickets as opposed to microwave weapons. This was followed by a 2021 report, in which JASON again found no compelling evidence that the anomalous health incidents (AHI) were caused by a deliberate attack using a radio-frequency or any other directed energy weapon. JASON members, known informally as "Jasons," include physicists, biologists, chemists, oceanographers, mathematicians, and computer scientists, predominated by theoretical physicists . They are selected by current members, and, over

1659-516: The Institute for Defense Analyses . In the early 1960s, JASON had about 20 members. By the end of the decade it had grown to over 40 members, with close ties to the President's Science Advisory Committee . In the early 1970s the backing institution for JASON was changed from IDA to SRI . The Vietnam War had a significant effect on JASON's membership and research focus. A major initiative of JASON became

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1738-609: The Internal Revenue Service (a bureau of the Department of the Treasury), the Department of Veterans Affairs joined as a co-sponsor in 2008, and the Social Security Administration joined as a co-sponsor in 2018. MITRE's Homeland Security Systems Engineering and Development Institute (HSSEDI) completes work for the Department of Homeland Security, such as maintaining the federal executive department's list of

1817-652: The MIT Lincoln Laboratory . MITRE's first employees had been developing the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) system and aerospace defense as part of Lincoln Labs Division 6. They were specifically engaged in MIT's research and engineering of the project. MITRE's early leadership has been described as "a mix of men" affiliated with the Ford Foundation , the Institute for Defense Analyses , RAND Corporation , System Development Corporation (SDC), and

1896-585: The McNamara Line electronic barrier, promoted by the hawks. (According to Freeman Dyson, a member of JASON, this research was actually not carried out by JASON, but by a group called JASON EAST). By around 1966, the team had become strongly divided along political and ethical lines. In March 1967, Freeman Dyson, Robert Gomer, Steven Weinberg, and S. Courtenay Wright produced a report, approved by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara and titled "Tactical Nuclear Weapons in Southeast Asia." Declassified in 2002 through

1975-514: The Milstar constellation of communications satellites . The company also worked on a major overhaul of the FAA's traffic control system as well as sensor technology for tracking stealth aircraft . In 1997, MITRE sponsored a research program related to Global Positioning System (GPS) adaptive nulling antennas. MITRE also provided global navigation satellite system signal generation equipment for testing at

2054-519: The National Airspace System (NAS). MITRE's Integrated Demonstration and Experimentation for Aeronautics (IDEA) Lab has assessed the impact of new technologies for the FAA since 1992. In addition to air traffic management and aviation regulations, the group has worked on merging unmanned aerial vehicle operations into the NAS as well as defining how the system will function in 2035, a decade after

2133-651: The United States Armed Forces , including Horace Rowan Gaither , James Rhyne Killian , James McCormack , and Julius Adams Stratton . In April 1959, a site was purchased in Bedford, Massachusetts, near Hanscom Air Force Base , to develop a new MITRE laboratory, which MITRE occupied in September 1959. MITRE established an office in McLean in 1963, and had approximately 850 technical employees by 1967. MITRE registered

2212-563: The United States Army 's White Sands Missile Range . The Air Force Research Laboratory 's geosynchronous satellite Navigation Technology Satellite-3 will use MITRE's Global Navigation Satellite System Test Architecture to "implement user equipment capability". MITRE has worked on the traffic collision avoidance system of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen), a modernization project of

2291-424: The open source Adversarial Machine Learning Threat Matrix in collaboration with IBM , Nvidia , and academic institutions. Launched in October 2020, the framework is "designed to organize and catalogue known techniques for attacks against machine-learning systems, to inform security analysts and provide them with strategies to detect, respond and remediate against threats". In February 2020, MITRE launched SQUINT,

2370-535: The renormalization group ) on the problem of random scattering of sound in the ocean. He worked with his JASON colleagues Kenneth M. Watson and Frederik Zachariasen . Dashen was senior scientific adviser to the US Navy , including the committee on the safety of SSBNs , the rocket-carrying submarines, and matters relating to submarine warfare. He was a member of the JASON Defense Advisory Group . Dashen

2449-426: The "command, control, communications and intelligence" ("C3I") division oversaw military projects, while non-military projects were handled by the civilian METREK division, which had approximately 800 employees based in McLean. By the 1990s, MITRE had become a "multifaceted engineering company with a wide range of clients," according to Kathleen Day of The Washington Post . MITRE worked on neural network software ,

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2528-474: The 'mCODE Initiative' to recommend data standards for cancer patients' electronic health records . MITRE supports the Homeland Security Experts Group, which has been described as "an independent, nonpartisan group of homeland security and counterterrorism experts that educates the public and government leaders, including the secretary of homeland security". MITRE became a founding member of

2607-554: The 1980s and known as the High Performance Computing Center since 2015, was retrofitted with a refrigerant-based cooling system, resulting in lower operating costs and a higher compute capacity. In 2023, a large underground marine equipment testing tank opened on the Bedford campus. The company's McLean campus houses the Integrated Demonstration and Experimentation for Aeronautics (IDEA) Lab, as well as

2686-678: The 25 most common software bugs . The HSSEDI was established in 2009, following passage of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 , and along with the Homeland Security Studies and Analysis Institute replaced the Homeland Security Institute. MITRE's CMS Alliance to Modernize Healthcare was established in 2012 as the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Federally Funded Research and Development Center, also known as

2765-714: The C3I Federally Funded Research and Development Center until 2011, addresses national security issues for the Department of Defense. MITRE's Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (CAASD) supports the FAA, an agency within the Department of Transportation . The organization's Center for Enterprise Modernization, which focuses on enterprise modernization, was established as the IRS Federally Funded Research and Development Center in 1998, before being renamed in August 2001. Originally sponsored by

2844-743: The COVID-19 Decision Support Dashboard, which uses public data to assess transmission trends and display color-coded indicators based on performance by jurisdiction. MITRE is also part of the Fight Is In Us coalition, a collaborative effort between advocates, companies, and government officials to promote plasma donation for patient treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. MITRE's Countering Unmanned Aircraft Systems Challenge in 2016 invited applicants to "demonstrate systems that detect and stop drones weighing less than five pounds that present

2923-514: The Center for Data-Driven Policy, was created to link MITRE "with senior government officials for research and development purposes". Members of the advisory board include John F. Campbell , Lisa Disbrow , William E. Gortney , Robert B. Murrett , and Robert O. Work , as of mid 2020. U.S. military forces, especially the Air Force , were primary initial sponsors; according to Air Force Magazine , MITRE

3002-483: The Center for Threat-Informed Defense that has 23 member organizations with cybersecurity teams, as of 2020, including Fujitsu and Microsoft . In September 2020, Engenuity's Center for Threat-Informed Defense and partners launched the Adversary Emulation Library, a GitHub -hosted project providing downloadable emulation plans to network security groups at no cost. The library's first plan was focused on

3081-445: The Department of Defense to support cyber-security research. In 2011, the panel published a public analysis of and recommendations for international greenhouse gas monitoring by the United States government. In 2014, the panel published results of its 2013 summer-study focus on health information exchange . In April 2019, JASON lost its contract with the Department of Defense. On 28 March, Representative Jim Cooper (D–TN), who chairs

3160-748: The Department of Defense. Wheeler was offered such a position by DARPA 's Herb York but turned it down, having put in the effort to establish Project 137. Murph Goldberger also turned down the request. However, in December 1959 Marvin Stern , Charles H. Townes , Keith Brueckner , Kenneth M. Watson , and Marvin Leonard Goldberger met in Los Alamos where several of them had been working on nuclear-rocket research and launched JASON as an ongoing summer study program, with financial and administrative support supplied by

3239-773: The Health FFRDC. The FFRDC is sponsored by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services , an agency within the Department of Health and Human Services . MITRE has managed the National Cybersecurity FFRDC since 2014, following receipt of a "single indefinite-delivery, indefinite-quantity " $ 5 billion contract from the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) for a research center dedicated to cybersecurity. MITRE will support NIST's work "related to cybersecurity solutions composed of commercial components and

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3318-968: The Mobile Autonomous Systems Experimentation lab, which focuses on self-driving cars . MITRE's laboratory in Singapore , called Mitre Asia Pacific Singapore (MAPS) assesses and displays "various safety and air traffic concepts in preparation for the future". In June 2008, MITRE was presented with the Secretary of Defense Medal for Outstanding Public Service for "significant contributions in communications, command and control decision-making, intelligence, cyberspace, and warfighter field support, as well as research and development". Roger Dashen Roger Frederick Dashen (May 5, 1938 in Grand Junction, Colorado – May 25, 1995 in La Jolla )

3397-652: The Northern Mariana Islands, with data being maintained by the Association of Public Health Laboratories . Sara Alert was being used in Idaho, Maine, Pennsylvania, and Virginia by the end of May, and Guam by October. Since January 2021, MITRE has co-lead a coalition known as the Vaccination Credential Initiative (VCI), which is composed of over 300 technology and healthcare organizations developing

3476-547: The Space Information Sharing and Analysis Center, a cybersecurity project for the space industry, in 2019. MITRE and partners such as Harvard Innovation Labs and MassChallenge launched Bridging Innovation in 2020 to connect government agencies and startup companies . MITRE is a member of the COVID-19 Healthcare Coalition, which is co-chaired by Jay Schnitzer. In June 2020, the coalition launched

3555-695: The U.S. federal government identify fraudulent comments intended to "spoof" public support for non-existent positions during the rulemaking process, and increased the Pennsylvania Department of Revenue 's delinquent taxpayer compliance rate. In 1982, Mitre authored a proposal for the State Department called "Cannabis Eradication in Foreign Western Nations." In this proposal, a plan was outlined to eradicate cannabis in participating nations within 121 days, for $ 19 million. The report discussed

3634-433: The antenna's effectiveness. MITRE has received three patents for the antenna. The MITRE ATT&CK framework, launched in 2015, has been described by Computer Weekly as "the free, globally accessible service that offers comprehensive and current cyber security threat information" to organizations, and by TechTarget as a "global knowledge base of threat activity, techniques and models". The framework has been used by

3713-751: The current president and CEO in 2024. Jay Schnitzer serves as chief technology officer and chief medical officer . He is leading a national effort to combat COVID-19 on behalf of MITRE and 50 partner companies, health care providers , and researchers, as of March 2020. MITRE named Charles Clancy its first chief futurist in 2020 and restructured to create MITRE Labs. Current trustees include Rodney E. Slater (chairman), Sue Gordon (vice chair), Lance Collins , Maury W. Bradsher, Yvette Meléndez, George Halvorson , Paul G. Kaminski , Adalio T. Sanchez, Cathy Minehan , John H. Noseworthy , and Jan E. Tighe . The Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology , American Society of Clinical Oncology , and MITRE partnered on

3792-406: The defense hierarchy, the office of the Director, Defense Research & Engineering , name changed to Assistant Secretary of Defense (Research & Engineering) (ASD (R&E)) in 2011. In 2009, JASON issued its classified recommendations on the future of the United States nuclear arsenal , finding that a new generation of nuclear weapons was unnecessary. In 2010, JASON issued recommendations for

3871-462: The discovery of instantons in the quantum (QCD) by Polyakov , he examined it with David Gross and Curtis Callan . In the 1980s, he worked with lattice gauge theory s and found with Neuberger (regardless of Giorgio Parisi ) is an upper bound for the Higgs Boson - mass. Dashen was also involved in sound propagation in the ocean (with military applications in mind), where he applied quantum field theoretical methods (such as path integrals and

3950-447: The extent of my personal knowledge, the talk of using nuclear weapons in that war stopped after the JASON report on the subject." Gordon J. F. MacDonald , executive vice president of IDA at the time, reflected on the JASON report in 1998. MacDonald said that the "grim picture" painted in the report had a major effect on both Johnson and McNamara. It was central to McNamara's differences with the Joint Chiefs of Staff, who were sanguine about

4029-407: The first .org domain on July 10, 1985, which continues to be used by the company. During the 1980s, the German hacker Markus Hess used an unsecured Mitre Tymnet connection as an entry point for intrusions into U.S. Department of Defense , Department of Energy , and NASA computer networks. By 1989, the company had thousands of employees in Bedford and McLean; approximately 3,000 employees in

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4108-484: The government, to include an act of Congress, the contract was reinstated and is now again with the Department of Defense. JASON typically performs most of its work during an annual summer study. Its sponsors include the Department of Defense, the Department of Energy , and the U.S. Intelligence Community . Most of the resulting JASON reports are classified. The name "JASON" is sometimes explained as an acronym, standing either for "July August September October November",

4187-424: The headquarter campuses in Bedford and McLean, MITRE has more than 60 other locations throughout the United States and around the world. In New Jersey, two offices house approximately 60 employees, as of September 2020. Up to 70 percent of employees may continue working remotely, even after restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic have been lifted. MITRE's data center in Bedford, originally built during

4266-480: The integration of technology to build trustworthy information systems for government agencies". Currently, MITRE holds the contract to administer and provide management to JASON , an advisory group for the federal government made up of scientists. MITRE's Center for Data-Driven Policy, established in 2020, seeks to "provide evidence-based, objective and nonpartisan insights for government policymaking". The Center for Technology & National Security, now part of

4345-617: The long-distance telecommunications service FTS2000 for the General Services Administration , and a new computer system for the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . On January 29, 1996, Mitre divided into two entities: The MITRE Corporation, to focus on its FFRDCs for DoD and FAA ; and a new company established in McLean, called Mitretek Systems until 2007 and now called Noblis , to assume non-FFRDC research work for other U.S. Government agencies. MITRE restructured its research and engineering operations in mid 2020, forming MITRE Labs. Approximately half of MITRE's employees work under

4424-459: The mass difference between protons and neutrons with Steven Frautschi . In the 1970s, he studied with Brosl Hasslacher and André Neveu quantum field theoretical model theories (such as the Sine-Gordon model and the Gross-Neveu model) for extended particles and semiclassical approximations ([WKB approximation] []) for their analysis. They developed the Dashen-Hasslacher-Neveu method (DHN) for quantization of solitons using path integrals . After

4503-438: The months in which the group would typically meet; or, tongue in cheek, for "Junior Achiever, Somewhat Older Now". However, neither explanation is correct; in fact, the name is not an acronym at all. Mildred Goldberger , wife of group member Murph Goldberger , disliked the name given by the Pentagon, Project Sunrise, and suggested the group be named Jason, inspired by the mythological character Jason . JASON studies have included

4582-490: The multi-day period of asymptomatic infectivity associated with the COVID-19 pathogen". MITRE managed the Coronavirus Commission on Safety and Quality in Nursing Homes, announced by the Donald Trump administration in June 2020, to "independently and comprehensively assess" responses to the pandemic and "offer actionable recommendations to inform future responses to infectious disease outbreaks within nursing homes". The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) funded

4661-489: The nuclear option; this ultimately led to McNamara's resignation. RAND experts also conceded the report's credibility. There arose internal conflict between hawkish JASON members such as William Happer , Edward Teller , and William Nierenberg and others such as MacDonald, Sid Drell , and Richard Garwin . Public attention to JASON's involvement in the Vietnam War led to public criticism and attacks, even against JASON members who were not hawks; for example, MacDonald's garage

4740-429: The political point of view of the writers and the increasing political division: I have to admit that its conclusions were pretty much what we expected from the beginning, and if I had not expected to reach these conclusions then, for the ethical reasons that we left out of the report I would not have helped to write it. Seymour Deitchman, a national security consultant who served with the IDA for over 28 years, said, "To

4819-771: The present squamous metaplasia in the respiratory tracts of the rats that "This study should not be used to calculate the safe inhalation dose of paraquat in humans." During the 1980s, MITRE worked on a digital radiological imaging project for MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and an upgrade to MEDLINE for the National Institutes of Health. Synthea, MITRE's open source synthetic data system, "mirrors real population information in terms of demographics, disease burden, vaccinations, medical visits and social determinants", and seeks to "mimic how each patient progresses from birth to death through modular representations of various diseases and conditions". MITRE's patient data set SyntheticMass, based on "fictional" Massachusetts residents,

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4898-433: The prominent cybercrime group FIN6. MITRE had previously released emulation plans for the Chinese and Russian hacker groups Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) 3 and APT29 in 2017 and 2020, respectively. In March 2021, Engenuity created the MITRE ATT&CK Defender training program to educate and certify cybersecurity professionals. MITRE manages six FFRDCs. The National Security Engineering Center, previously known as

4977-417: The scheduled implementation of NextGen. MITRE has explored the use of mobile devices for communicating instrument flight rules , specifically clearances at airports lacking Pre-Departure Clearance/Data Comm Clearance. The company's Pacer web application uses System Wide Information Management and Traffic Flow Management System data as well as airline and general aviation departure schedules to "improve

5056-483: The strategic forces subcommittee of the House Armed Services Committee , revealed that the MITRE Corporation , a nonprofit based in McLean, Virginia , that manages the JASON contract, received a letter from the Department of Defense ordering it to close up shop by 30 April. However, on 25 April 2019 the National Nuclear Security Administration in the Department of Energy offered the group an 8-month contract that would continue to employ JASON. About half of JASON's work

5135-421: The unit, which seeks to "further extend the parent organization's impact across federally-funded research-and-development centers and with partners in academia and industry". The nonprofit foundation MITRE Engenuity (or simply Engenuity) was launched in 2019 "to collaborate with the private sector on solving industrywide problems with cyber defense" in collaboration with corporate partners. The foundation created

5214-421: The use and safety considerations of paraquat . The plan would have been to aerially dispense paraquat over marijuana crops. One safety concern was the food crops grown alongside the marijuana crops being contaminated. A study conducted on rats by Imperial Chemical Industries was cited in the report, and claimed low health risks for paraquat. The U.S. Public Health Service commented on this study saying that due to

5293-484: The use of fossil fuels . MITRE The Mitre Corporation (stylized as The MITRE Corporation and MITRE ) is an American not-for-profit organization with dual headquarters in Bedford, Massachusetts , and McLean, Virginia . It manages federally funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) supporting various U.S. government agencies in the aviation, defense, healthcare, homeland security , and cybersecurity fields, among others. MITRE formed in 1958 as

5372-429: The way that general aviation operators file for and obtain departure clearances". MITRE has also completed air traffic control and safety work for the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS). The company's Singapore-based unit was hired by CAAS to consider how artificial intelligence , machine learning , and speech recognition could be used to improve air traffic management systems. Among MITRE's innovations

5451-877: The years, have included eleven Nobel Prize laureates and several dozen members of the United States National Academy of Sciences . Claire Ellen Max was the first female scientist invited to join in 1983. All members have a wide range of security clearances that allow them to do their work. The founders of JASON include John Wheeler and Charles H. Townes . Other early members included Murray Gell-Mann , S. Courtenay Wright , Robert Gomer , Walter Munk , Hans Bethe , Nick Christofilos , Fredrik Zachariasen , Marshall Rosenbluth , Ed Frieman , Hal Lewis , Sam Treiman , Conrad Longmire , Steven Weinberg , Roger Dashen , and Freeman Dyson . Some Nobel Prize-winning members of JASON include Donald Glaser , Val Fitch , Murray Gell-Mann , Luis Walter Alvarez , Henry Way Kendall , and Steven Weinberg . In chronological order: In 1958,

5530-476: Was a "speech recognition prototype that will automate and shorten the transcription process during an aviation incident investigation". MITRE and the Naval Research Laboratory developed the Frequency-scaled Ultra-wide Spectrum Element (FUSE) antenna to increase the data transfer speed between ground users and satellites. Meshbed, a CubeSat launched into orbit by the Indian Space Research Organisation 's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle in November 2019, will test

5609-411: Was a prominent scientific advocate for action on climate change. Current JASON energy research has included reports on advanced biofuel production and how to reduce the Department of Defense's carbon footprint for strategic and environmental reasons. However, several other members of JASON, including past chairs Nierenberg, Happer, and Koonin, have cast doubt on climate science and policies that would limit

5688-422: Was also the channel through which JASON received funding from other sponsors. DARPA's decision came after JASON's refusal to allow DARPA to select three new JASON members. Since JASON's inception, new members have always been selected by its existing members. After much negotiation and letter-writing—including a letter by Congressman Rush Holt of New Jersey—funding was subsequently secured from an office higher in

5767-477: Was an American theoretical physicist who studied particle physics and quantum field theory . Dashen studied physics at the Harvard University (where he also played in the football team), where he graduated "summa cum laude" in 1960. Then he went to Caltech , where he earned his PhD in 1964. After that, he was a professor at Caltech in 1967 and the Institute for Advanced Study in 1969. In 1986, he became

5846-508: Was approved in 2017. In September 2020, the U.S. Air Force awarded a $ 463 million contract to continue work for the National Security Engineering Center, an FFRDC supporting the Department of Defense and Intelligence Community . The contract will provide cybersecurity, electronics, information technology , sensors, and systems engineering services in Bedford and McLean for one year. Microsoft and MITRE partnered on

5925-402: Was burned down and Richard Garwin was called a "baby killer." Around this time, some members critical of the war left, and others directed JASON research into unclassified, non-military work on behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy on problems like global warming and acid rain . In 2002, DARPA decided to cut its ties with JASON. DARPA had not only been one of JASON's primary sponsors, it

6004-522: Was created "as a special-purpose technical not-for-profit firm to perform the SAGE systems-engineering job". The aerial warfare service branch had struggled to identify a for-profit corporation to develop the defense system, so MITRE was hired to serve as the system engineer. MITRE subsequently designed air defense systems for the U.S. and allies, improving aircraft and missile tracking as well as communication interception abilities. The company also helped design

6083-471: Was developed by MITRE and the Department of Homeland Security . The program facilitates information sharing between industry, critical infrastructure operators and government in order to blunt cyberattacks" and allows participants to share data via the Trusted Automated eXchange of Indicator Information (TAXII). Program governance was granted to the global nonprofit consortium OASIS in 2015, and STIX 2.0

6162-493: Was formatted by Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources and made available to developers via Google Cloud in 2019. In March 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic , MITRE published a white paper claiming the number of confirmed and reported COVID-19 cases "significantly underrepresent the actual number of active domestic COVID-19 infections" in the United States. MITRE said the gap was because of "limited testing capability and

6241-555: Was renamed Noblis in 2007. The name MITRE was created by James McCormack Jr. , one of the original board members . The name is not an acronym, although various claims that it is can be found online. Originally always seen in upper case , MITRE began using normal capitalization around the time of the Mitretek spinoff, but both forms can still be widely found as of 2023 . MITRE was founded in Bedford, Massachusetts in 1958, spun off from

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