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58-532: The constituent municipalities are (area in km / population): Due to its location on the rivers Jümme and Leda, Jümme is also known as Zweistromland ("Two Rivers Land"). The East Frisian geographer, Dodo Wildvang, coined the term "East Frisian Zweistromland " in the 1920s. On the rivers are the Pünte at Wiltshausen , the oldest, operational, hand-worked ferry in Central Europe, and Germany's smallest road bridge in

116-423: A soil conditioner . It is also used to describe a topsoil horizon that contains organic matter ( humus type , humus form , or humus profile ). Humus has many nutrients that improve the health of soil, nitrogen being the most important. The ratio of carbon to nitrogen ( C:N ) of humus commonly ranges between 8:1 and 15:1 with the median being about 12:1. It also significantly improves (decreases)

174-611: A half percent of the area of the Samtgemeinde is covered in water. In Jümme there are more than 150 km of rivers and streams; in addition there are lakes , bog kolks and oxbow lakes . The most important river is the Jümme, which gives the Samtgemeinde its name. On the border to the town of Leer, the Jümme flows into the Leda, which has flowed down from the Amdorf district. A few kilometres above

232-402: Is amorphous; it may gradually decay over several years or persist for millennia. It has no determinate shape, structure, or quality. However, when examined under a microscope, humus may reveal tiny plant, animal, or microbial remains that have been mechanically, but not chemically, degraded. This suggests an ambiguous boundary between humus and soil organic matter, leading some authors to contest

290-507: Is formed from the slow oxidation ( redox ) of soil carbon after the incorporation of finely powdered charcoal into the topsoil , suggested to result from the grinding and mixing activity of a tropical earthworm. This process is speculated to have been important in the formation of the unusually fertile Amazonian terra preta do Indio . However, some authors suggest that complex soil organic molecules may be much less stable than previously thought: “the available evidence does not support

348-479: Is located south of Detern and has a volume of three million cubic metres. In these polders, the water is "cached" until the sluice at Leer can be reopened. [8] In addition to the natural waterways Leda and Jümme, there are also artificial waterways throughout the Samtgemeinde, especially the numerous small ditches draining agricultural fields. In East Frisian, these are called Schloot s, a usage roughly equivalent to

406-486: Is named. Its area is 6.3 hectares and it is almost all part of the eponymous FFH area. The 45.5 hectare protected area of Filsumer Moor was established in 1975. It is a former bog between the villages of Stallbrüggerfeld, Busboomsfehn and Brückenfehn. There are also several natural monuments in the form of ancient trees in Nortmoor, Stickhausen and Detern. The northwestern part of the integrated municipality region belonged to

464-427: Is quickly transformed by white-rot fungi , is one of the primary precursors of humus, together with by-products of microbial and animal activity. The humus produced by humification is thus a mixture of compounds and complex biological chemicals of plant, animal, and microbial origin that has many functions and benefits in soil. Some judge earthworm humus ( vermicompost ) to be the optimal organic manure . Much of

522-465: Is shown for the immediately adjacent town of Leer, which has very similar climatic conditions: the average annual temperature there is 9 °C, with average highs in the months of July and August of around 20 °C and average lows around -2 °C in December and January. The average rainfall is 738 mm/year. The months with the most rainy days are November and December, each with 14, the months with

580-475: Is significantly increased by this form of fertiliser, although it is still clearly less than that of the fertile soils of the marshes. In places, the podsols of Anmoor have been intermingled or were turned into areas with very humus -rich topsoil as a result of peat extraction and subsequent cultivation. Along the stream of Holtslander Ehetief and the South Georgsfehn Canal are strips of fen. Five and

638-406: Is sometimes composted and used as a soil amendment . The primary materials needed for the process of humification are plant detritus and dead animals and microbes, excreta of all soil-dwelling organisms, and also black carbon resulting from past fires. The composition of humus varies with that of primary (plant) materials and secondary microbial and animal products. The decomposition rate of

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696-449: Is the dark organic matter in soil that is formed by the decomposition of plant and animal matter. It is a kind of soil organic matter . It is rich in nutrients and retains moisture in the soil. Humus is the Latin word for "earth" or "ground". In agriculture , "humus" sometimes also is used to describe mature or natural compost extracted from a woodland or other spontaneous source for use as

754-496: The Archbishop of Bremen and the counts of Hoya , Diepholz and Tecklenburg , who had besieged Detern . Focko Ukena - a former henchman of Ocko - thrashed the combined Bremen-Oldenburg cavalry force, after Count Dietrich of Oldenburg deserted his allies during the battle. Count Johann von Rietberg, the second son of Otto II of Rietberg and Conrad X of Diepholz fell in battle. and Archbishop Nicholas of Oldenburg-Delmenhorst

812-647: The National Socialists received 52.1 percent of the vote [35] The takeover by the National Socialists initially focused on the East Frisian cities. However, the Leer District representative Hermann Conring retained many of his functions. During the war, the area was not affected by airstrikes. Allied troops invaded on 28 / 29 April 1945. Leer was conquered, and they subsequently moved further east in to

870-521: The Samtgemeinde . It is about 81.4 percent (compared with East Frisia at around 75 percent; Germany 52.3 percent.) The Samtgemeinde , characterised by grassy lowlands, has a very low proportion of forest, just 0.83 per cent (c.f 2.6% in East Frisia; 30.1% in Germany). Jümme borders on several other Samtgemeinden in the county of Leer, but is also one of the few municipalities in East Frisia that borders on

928-519: The Thirty Years War . It changed hands three times over the course of the conflict. In 1744, East Frisia fell to Prussia. During this time, the population steadily increased, and developed stable agricultural systems until it was absorbed into the Kingdom of Hanover in 1815. The area belonged to the Kingdom of Hanover for 51 years (1815-1866). In Prussia there was 1885 a territorial reform, in which

986-402: The bulk density of soil. Humus is amorphous and lacks the cellular structure characteristic of organisms . The solid residue of sewage sludge treatment , which is a secondary phase in the wastewater treatment process, is also called humus. When not judged contaminated by pathogens , toxic heavy metals , or persistent organic pollutants according to standard tolerance levels, it

1044-525: The geest areas, which account for the bulk of the territory of the collective municipality. In places, peat soils of the Holocene lie on top of the geest beds. The soils of the East Frisian Geest are largely made up of surface sands and boulder clay cover. Along the Leda and the Jümme the land consists of river marshes, which are formed from silty clays. In the transition area between the rivers and

1102-450: The modern German municipality of the same name .) The consular constitution of the Frisian freedom existed until about the middle of the 14th century. It then collapsed and was gradually replaced, as powerful families took over the region. The area thus came under the influence of the chief Focko Ukena from Neermoor . In the later conflict between Ukena and Freiheitsbund, this area was on

1160-487: The soil matrix , molecular soil humus should be considered to be of significance in removing the atmosphere's current carbon dioxide overload. There is little data available on the composition of humus because it is a complex mixture that is challenging for researchers to analyze. Researchers in the 1940s and 1960s tried using chemical separation to analyze plant and humic compounds in forest and agricultural soils, but this proved impossible because extractants interacted with

1218-671: The East Anglian " drain " or " lode ". In addition, the South- and the Nordgeorgs Fen Canals are drains of the two fens of the same name. The Nordgeorgs Fen Canal was created after the drainage of the fens in 1829 and completed in the 1920s. Since then it has connected the Ems, Leda and Jümme to the Ems-Jade Canal at Marcardsmoor . The channel played an important role in the development of

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1276-564: The Leda Sluice in Leer isn't closed - which occurs in severe storm surges - the tidal influence on the Ems can be felt far inland. The mean tidal range at the Leda Sluice is three metres. It is still 80 centimeters on the Drey Drain, a cross-connection between Leda and Jümme in the district Barge in southeastern Samtgemeinde territory.[7] Flood control, dyke safety and drainage are the responsibility of

1334-531: The Leda-Jümme association, which is based in Leer. Apart from the dikes and the sluices, the Association has five large controlled-discharge polders , essentially storm water overflow ponds. These are flooded when the Leda barrage must remain closed due to storm surges, but there are large water volumes coming down the Leda and Jümme (e.g. because of heavy rain or melting snow inland). One of the five discharge polders

1392-583: The Neolithic period, both from the Funnel Beaker culture as well as from the single grave culture . A number of other finds are from the Bronze Age . A pair of tweezers and a razor made of bronze, a semicircle scraper made of flint and a double-leaf arrowhead from dentin were discovered around the graves. In the late Middle Ages Jümme belonged to Frisian country municipality Moormerland. (Not to be confused with

1450-577: The Oldenburg-East Frisian Geest ridge, on which the previously "oldest archaeological discovery" was found: an approximately 35,000- to 40,000-year-old, twelve centimetres long and nine centimetres wide flint device as a tool for cutting and scraping from the Middle Palaeolithic . [16] The find was made in the immediate northern Holtland . The oldest traces of human settlement were found in the districts of Filsum Nortmoor and date from

1508-451: The Samtgemeinde area and further upstream the river flows just south of the border of the Samtgemeinde. The Leda is classified as an inland waterway in the Samtgemeinde. [5] The geography of the rivers of the area lead the East Frisian geographer Dodo Wildvang, in the 1920s, to use the term "East Frisian Mesopotamia" to describe the area of today's integrated municipality. The integrated municipality still likes to call itself "Mesopotamia". If

1566-438: The analysed organic matter and created many artefacts. Further research has been done in more recent years, though it remains an active field of study. Microorganisms decompose a large portion of the soil organic matter into inorganic minerals that the roots of plants can absorb as nutrients . This process is termed mineralization . In this process, nitrogen ( nitrogen cycle ) and the other nutrients ( nutrient cycle ) in

1624-606: The area of today's integrated municipality. Battle of Detern The Battle of Detern ( German : Schlacht von Detern ) on 27 September 1426 marked the prelude to the East Frisian rebellion against the rule of the tom Brok family over East Frisia. In the course of the battle an East Frisian peasant army under Focko Ukena and Sibet of Rüstringen defeated the Oldenburg troops called by Chieftain Ocko II tom Brok to assist him,

1682-423: The centre of the county town of Leer. The nearest city is Oldenburg, located about 42 km as the crow flies from Filsum. Further large, nearby towns are Emden (about 30 kilometres) and Aurich (nearly 27 kilometres). With 6,453 inhabitants, spread over 82.34 square kilometres, the Samtgemeinde of Jümme is sparsely populated, its average population density being each about 78 people per square kilometre. Thus

1740-528: The city of Wiesmoor , and is still important for the drainage of the central East Frisia. Through the Nordgeorgs Fen Canal, water levels between the Ems-Jade Canal and the Jümme can be equalized. In addition, the Nordgeorgs Fen Canal is used for waterborne tourism. The land use table on the right clearly shows the extremely high proportion of agricultural land as a proportion of the total land area of

1798-568: The decomposed organic matter are recycled. Depending on the conditions in which the decomposition occurs, a fraction of the organic matter does not mineralize and instead is transformed by a process called humification . Prior to modern analytical methods, early evidence led scientists to believe that humification resulted in concatenations of organic polymers resistant to the action of microorganisms, however recent research has demonstrated that microorganisms are capable of digesting humus. Humification can occur naturally in soil or artificially in

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1856-400: The decomposition of sugars and starches from carbohydrates, which decompose easily as detritivores initially invade the dead plant organs, while the remaining cellulose and lignin decompose more slowly. Simple proteins, organic acids, starches, and sugars decompose rapidly, while crude proteins, fats, waxes, and resins remain relatively unchanged for longer periods of time. Lignin, which

1914-432: The different compounds will affect the composition of the humus. It is difficult to define humus precisely because it is a very complex substance which is still not fully understood. Humus is different from decomposing soil organic matter . The latter looks rough and has visible remains of the original plant or animal matter. Fully humified humus, on the contrary, has a uniformly dark, spongy, and jelly-like appearance, and

1972-518: The district of Amdorf. The Samtgemeinde has historical significance because of the Battle of Detern where, in 1426, the East Frisian chieftain, Focko Ukena , defeated his adversary, Ocko II tom Brok and his allies. For around 3 centuries, Stickhausen Castle in the eponymous village was also an important border fortification for the County of East Frisia. The cultural heritage of the Samtgemeinde includes

2030-416: The exception of deep horizons of podzolic soils enriched with colloidal humic substances which have been leached down the soil profile. The importance of chemically stable humus is thought by some to be the fertility it provides to soils in both a physical and chemical sense, though some agricultural experts put a greater focus on other features of it, such as its ability to suppress disease. It helps

2088-512: The fewest are March and May, when precipitation falls on an average of nine days. The average annual sunshine is 1,550–1,600 hours, with the average number of hours of sunshine per day varying between one (December/January) and six hours (May/June). The average frost-free period is given as 170–187 days. Since 1941, there has been a nature reserve in Jümme: the Barger Meer by the village after which it

2146-480: The formation of large-molecular-size and persistent ‘humic substances’ in soils. Instead, soil organic matter is a continuum of progressively decomposing organic compounds.″ Humus has a characteristic black or dark brown color and is organic due to an accumulation of organic carbon. Soil scientists use the capital letters O, A, B, C, and E to identify the master soil horizons , and lowercase letters for distinctions of these horizons. Most soils have three major horizons:

2204-429: The geest are peaty marshes that consist mostly of clay less than 40 centimetres thick on peat soils. The central part of the area between the Leda and the Jümme now consists of fully cultivated fen ( Niedermoor ). North and east of this area, in the municipalities of Nortmoor, Filsum, Detern and Stickhausen podsol soils predominate, usually in wet locations. They are mostly on hardpan but their yield has been improved by

2262-599: The humus in most soils has persisted for more than 100 years, rather than having been decomposed into CO 2 , and can be regarded as stable; this organic matter has been protected from decomposition by microbial or enzyme action because it is hidden (occluded) inside small aggregates of soil particles, or tightly sorbed or complexed to clays . Most humus that is not protected in this way is decomposed within 10 years and can be regarded as less stable or more labile . The mixing activity of soil-consuming invertebrates (e.g. earthworms , termites , some millipedes ) contribute to

2320-448: The lower level administrative centre for Samtgemeinde . Detern has the greatest area of the three communities that make up the Samtgemeinde . With an area of 43.3 square kilometres, it is the second largest after of the six East Frisian Samtgemeinden after Hesel. Geologically, the surface of the Samtgemeinde of Jümme, like the whole of East Frisia, is formed from Pleistocene and Holocene beds. Pleistocene strata can be found in

2378-443: The more when associated with cations (e.g. calcium ), and in providing a very large surface area that can hold nutrient elements until required by plants, an ion exchange function comparable to that of clay particles. Soil carbon sequestration is a major property of the soil, also considered as an ecosystem service . Only when it becomes stable and acquires its multi-century permanence, mostly via multiple interactions with

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2436-424: The municipalities of two neighbouring counties at the same time. East of Jümme is the municipality of Apen in the county of Ammerland . To the southeast Jümme borders on the municipality of Barßel in the county of Cloppenburg . The remaining municipalities that border on Jümme are in the county of Leer. They are (clockwise) Ostrhauderfehn to the south, Rhauderfehn to the southwest, the county town of Leer to

2494-416: The municipality is well below the East Frisian average of 148 inhabitants per square kilometre which, in turn, is well below Lower Saxony (168) and Germany as a whole (230). At around 6,500 inhabitants, the municipality (compared to other collective and independent municipalities) is not one of the most populous municipalities in East Frisia. The regional planning programme for the county of Leer has made Filsum

2552-452: The number of overnight stays, behind Borkum and the county town. Jümme has hardly any industry; rather it is a commuter residential area, especially for its neighbouring county town. The Samtgemeinde of Jümme is located in the eastern part of the county of Leer in East Frisia, in the northwest of the German state of Lower Saxony. Its main settlement, Filsum, is situated about ten kilometres from

2610-568: The old offices were resolved in favor of newly created district, as well as in East Frisia. The district of Leer was created from the previous offices of Leerort Stickhausen. For the county sea, the town of Leer was chosen. The villages Amdorf and Neuburg were early strongholds of the NSDAP . At the county council election on 17 November 1929, the Nazis had two of their best results in the district of Leer with 51 and 53.7 percent. [34] By comparison, county wide,

2668-418: The original plant material (foliage, wood, bark), in part from similar molecules that have been produced by microbes . During decomposition processes these polyphenols are modified chemically so that they are able to join up with one another to form very large molecules. Some parts of these molecules are modified in such a way that protein molecules, amino acids, and amino sugars are able to attach themselves to

2726-421: The polyphenol “base” molecule. As protein contains both nitrogen and sulfur, this attachment gives humus a moderate content of these two important plant nutrients. Radiocarbon and other dating techniques have shown that the polyphenolic base of humus (mostly lignin and black carbon ) can be very old, but the protein and carbohydrate attachments much younger, while to the light of modern concepts and methods

2784-416: The production of compost . Organic matter is humified by a combination of saprotrophic fungi, bacteria, microbes and animals such as earthworms, nematodes, protozoa, and arthropods (see Soil biology ). Plant remains, including those that animals digested and excreted, contain organic compounds: sugars, starches, proteins, carbohydrates, lignins, waxes, resins, and organic acids. Decay in the soil begins with

2842-409: The remains of the castle as well as historic churches, of which Filsum's 13th century church of St. Paul's is the oldest. Even in comparison with the rest of inner East Frisia, the Samtgemeinde is only sparsely populated. It is dominated by dairy farming, especially on the grassy plains along the rivers. Tourism is of some importance, among the municipalities of the county, Leer is in third place for

2900-475: The side of the Neermoorer or Leeraner chief. Stickhausen Castle was built around 1435 near the city of Hamburg. The Hamburger gave the castle to the chief and later Counts (since 1464). Ulrich I, ordered the expansion of the castle as a border fortification against the county Oldenburg. The castle secured the Oldenburg from Apen and Stickhausen. Much of the area was part of an important strategic location during

2958-461: The situation appears much more complex and unpredictable than previously thought. It seems that microbes are able to pull protein off humus molecules rather more readily than they are able to break the polyphenolic base molecule itself. As protein is removed its place may be taken by younger protein, or this younger protein may attach itself to another part of the humus molecule. The most useful functions of humus are in improving soil structure , all

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3016-424: The soil retain moisture by increasing microporosity and encourages the formation of good soil structure . The incorporation of oxygen into large organic molecular assemblages generates many active, negatively charged sites that bind to positively charged ions (cations) of plant nutrients , making them more available to the plant by way of ion exchange . Humus allows soil organisms to feed and reproduce and

3074-471: The stability of humus by favouring the formation of organo-mineral complexes with clay at the inside of their guts , hence more carbon sequestration in humus forms such as mull and amphi, with well-developed mineral-organic horizons , when compared with moder where most organic matter accumulates at the soil surface. Stable humus contributes few plant-available nutrients in soil, but it helps maintain its physical structure. A very stable form of humus

3132-432: The surface horizon (A), the subsoil (B), and the substratum (C). Some soils have an organic horizon (O) on the surface, but this horizon can also be buried. The master horizon (E) is used for subsurface horizons that have significantly lost minerals ( eluviation ). Bedrock, which is not soil, uses the letter R. The richness of soil horizons in humus determines their more or less dark color, generally decreasing from O to E, to

3190-446: The use of plaggen over the centuries. The use of plaggen fertilisation for centuries until the emergence of artificial fertilizer in the late 19th century, has resulted in the formation of plaggen soils , especially around the villages. Because of the constant addition of fresh soil, the Esch , called Gaste in East Frisia, lies at a higher level than the village centres. The soil value

3248-518: The use of the term humus and derived terms such as humic substances or humification , proposing the Soil Continuum Model (SCM). However, humus can be considered as having distinct properties, mostly linked to its richness in functional groups , justifying its maintenance as a specific term. Fully formed humus is essentially a collection of very large and complex molecules formed in part from lignin and other polyphenolic molecules of

3306-482: The west, the collective municipality of Hesel to the northwest and north (including Brinkum , Holtland and Hesel ) and the municipality of Uplengen to the northeast. Jümme lies in the temperate climatic zone, moderated by the influence of the North Sea . In summer, the daytime temperatures are lower, often higher in winter than further inland. Its climate is dominated by Central European westerlies . Weather data

3364-475: Was captured, but released after negotiations with the Bremen town council. This article about a battle in German history is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Lower Saxony location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This East Frisia article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Humus In classical soil science , humus

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