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52-681: In World War I the 5th Army was created on 25 May 1916 to help stop the Austrian Trentino Offensive . It was again disbanded on 2 July 1916. It consisted of Its commanders were : The Italian 5th Army was formed in 1939 to defend Libya from the French in Tunisia and Algeria. After the Battle of France ended, the 5th Army became a source of men and supplies for the Italian Tenth Army on

104-498: A "broken man", was dismissed on 15 July, perhaps in an effort to deflect further criticism. At the same time he was promoted from Freiherr to the noble rank of a Graf (count) and received the honorific post of a Guard colonel. After the war, Conrad denied any personal guilt for the outbreak and the results of the war and blamed the Imperial court and politicians for it. Embittered and sickened, he died on 25 August 1925, while taking

156-617: A "loner" who did not easily win friends or influence people and was politically inept. Conrad and his admirers took special pride in his elaborate war plans that were designed individually against various possible opponents, but did not take into account having to fight a two front war against Russia and Serbia simultaneously. His plans were kept secret from his own diplomatic and political leadership—he promised his secret operations would bring quick victory. Conrad assumed far more soldiers than were available, with much better training than they actually had. In practice, his soldiers were inferior to

208-476: A Serbian war twenty-five times". For decades, the reputation of the Austro-Hungarian Army and Conrad as one of the greatest military commanders in modern history was a matter of national pride among patriotic circles in post-war Austria—though his policies and tactics had already been criticized by contemporaries like Karl Kraus , who in his satirical drama The Last Days of Mankind portrayed him as

260-626: A cure in Mergentheim , Germany. When he was buried at Hietzing Cemetery in Vienna on 2 September 1925, more than 100,000 mourners participated in observances. After long discussion, his grave of honor ( German : Ehrengrab ) was redesignated a historical grave in 2012. Ennobled as Freiherr , usually translated as Baron , in 1910 and made a Graf , usually translated as count , in 1918, Conrad became simply Franz Conrad-Hötzendorf in April 1919, when

312-605: A heavy barrage against the Italian lines, setting Trentino afire. The Austro-Hungarian infantry attacked along a 50 kilometres (31 mi) front. The Italian wings stood their ground, but the center yielded, and the Austro-Hungarians broke through, threatening to reach the beginning of the Venetian plain. The offensive overwhelmed the undermanned and disorganized First Army , and with Vicenza about 30 kilometres (19 mi) away, all

364-497: A humiliating defeat at the hand of the Serbs in the first months of the war. On 22 August he launched an even larger campaign against Russia through Galicia, after early victories at Kraśnik and Komarów which were followed by defeat and the loss of Lemberg. Conrad unexpectedly had to deal with a massive incursion of Imperial Russian troops into Austrian Galicia . His plans had underestimated Russian strength and speed, while ignoring

416-459: A journal titled "Diary of my Sufferings" was found. The journal compiled over 3,000 letters written to Reininghaus, some over 60 pages in length, detailing the extent of Conrad's love for her. In order to prevent a scandal breaking out from a potential leak, Conrad kept the letters private and they were never sent to their intended recipient. Conrad joined the cadet corps of the Hainburg garrison and

468-514: A military expert' with no voice in the key decisions". To his admirers he was a military genius. Soviet general and theorist Boris Shaposhnikov presented Conrad as a model for a good Chief of the General Staff in his 1927 book Mozg Armii . The historian Cyril Falls , in his 1959 book The Great War , argues that Conrad was probably the best strategist of the war and that his plans were brilliant in conception. He argues that German generals in

520-466: A month. Many Army units were on leave to harvest crops and not scheduled to return until 25 July. To cancel those leaves would disrupt the harvest and the nation's food supply, scramble complex railroad schedules, alert Europe to Vienna's plans, and give the opposition time to mobilize. Meanwhile, Emperor Franz Joseph went on his long-scheduled three week summer vacation. On 12 August 1914, Conrad sent an army of 400,000 men into Serbia where it suffered

572-584: A negative reply from the Germans, who refused the proposed replacement and actively tried to discourage the Austro-Hungarian proposed attack, Conrad von Hötzendorf decided to operate autonomously. The 11th Austro-Hungarian Army , under the command of Count Viktor Dankl , would carry out the offensive followed by the 3rd Army under Hermann Kövess . It was not so easy, however, because the Italians had deployed in

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624-495: A vain poser (I 2). Not until the 1960s, in the course of the renewed controversy over the causes of World War I , did the evaluation of his role shift from hagiography towards a widespread perception as a warmonger and imperialist . The massive casualties his forces took through wave attacks rather than any tactical or strategic acumen has given him a reputation of being a callous and incompetent commander. Conrad's guard uniform and some of his personal belongings are on display at

676-684: The Eastern Front in Galicia to the Tyrol, substituting them with German divisions. His request was denied because Germany was not yet at war with Italy (which would declare war on Germany three months later), and because redeploying German units on the Italian Front would have diminished German offensive capability against Russia, as well as against France in the anticipated offensive in Verdun. After having received

728-719: The Fifth Battle of the Isonzo (March 1916). Commemorating this battle and the soldiers killed in World War I is the Asiago War Memorial . Already for some time the Austro-Hungarian commander-in-chief, General Conrad von Hötzendorf , had been proposing the idea of a Strafexpedition that would lethally cripple Italy, Austria-Hungary's ex-ally, claimed to be guilty of betraying the Triple Alliance , and in previous years he had had

780-502: The First Austrian Republic abolished nobility for its citizens. Conrad's legacy as a commander remains controversial, with earlier historians regarding him as a military genius, while more recent works characterize him as an utter failure; at least one military historian considered him to be "probably the best strategist of the war." In military matters, Conrad emphasized the importance of aggressive, well-trained infantry and

832-639: The Italian Front until he retired in the summer of 1918. He died in 1925. Conrad was born in Penzing , a suburb of Vienna , to an Austrian officers' family. His great-grandfather Franz Anton Conrad (1738–1827) had been ennobled and added to his name the nobiliary particle von Hötzendorf as a predicate in 1815, referring to the surname of his first wife who descended from the Bavarian Upper Palatinate region. His father Franz Xaver Conrad (1793–1878)

884-626: The Italian front . He urged the new Foreign Minister Stephan Burián von Rajecz to annex the occupied lands, and he continuously intrigued against the Hungarian prime minister István Tisza as well as against the Austrian minister president Count Karl von Stürgkh , whom he considered a fool, though to no avail. In addition, relations with the German Supreme Army Command (OHL) worsened due to

936-503: The Serbian Army proved far more effective than Conrad had expected despite the Austro-Hungarian manpower advantage. Undefeated in all major battles, it enforced a full-scale retreat of Conrad's troops by the end of the year. The first Austro-Hungarian offensives against Russia were remarkable for their lack of effect, culminating in the lost Battle of Galicia and the disastrous Siege of Przemyśl combined with massive human cost. Conrad

988-661: The Treaty of Berlin , these duties brought him to the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Sanjak of Novi Pazar , when those Ottoman provinces were assigned to the military administration of Austria-Hungary. He was a Captain ( Hauptmann ) and served as a staff officer during the 1882 insurrection in the Austrian Kingdom of Dalmatia . In 1886, he was appointed Chief of Staff of the 11th Infantry Division at Lemberg , where he showed great ability in reforming field exercise . In

1040-452: The 1st Infantry Regiment Kaiser at Kraków and from 1899 the 55th Infantry Brigade in Trieste , promoted to a Generalmajor . After acting against a major Italian uprising in the city in 1902, he was made Feldmarschalleutnant and took command of the 8th Infantry Division at Innsbruck in 1903. By the time of his appointment as Chief of Staff for the Austro-Hungarian military forces at

1092-519: The Asiago plateau, and by May 28th Asiago had fallen. The Austrians, however, were exhausted, low on munitions, and had weak supply lines, and by the end of May had failed to break out into the lowlands. The new Italian defensive line on Mounts Pasubio , Novegno , Zugna , Buole Pass and Astico Valley held and repelled repeated Austro-Hungarian attacks; on 2 June, Italian troops started their counteroffensive, slowly regaining ground. Furthermore, on 4 June,

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1144-640: The Austro-Hungarian army became increasingly dependent. After his defeats of the first year, Conrad was increasingly sidelined by the Germans on the eastern front. Conrad was a Social Darwinist , and believed life consisted of "an unremitting struggle for existence" in which the offensive was the only effective form of defence. The power of the Magyar elite within Austria-Hungary troubled him, as he believed it weakened and diluted what he saw as an essentially German-Austrian empire. He worried about Italian ambitions in

1196-536: The Austro-Hungarian forces under Conrad's command lost more than 600,000 men, and were never again capable of mounting an offensive without German help. The disaster was mostly due to Austrian overconfidence as well as Conrad having sent reinforcements to Italy, ignoring the Russian threat. Most of Austria's victories on the eastern front were possible only in cooperation with the German High Command (OHL) , on which

1248-808: The Balkans. His greatest ambition was for a pre-emptive war against Serbia in order to neutralize the threat that he believed they posed, and at the same time change the political balance within the Dual Monarchy against the Magyars by incorporating more Slavs in a third Yugoslavian component under Austrian control, denying the principle of self-determination . According to Hew Strachan , "Conrad von Hötzendorf first proposed preventive war against Serbia in 1906, and he did so again in 1908–09, in 1912–13, in October 1913, and May 1914: between 1 January 1913 and 1 January 1914 he proposed

1300-590: The Dual Monarchy had taken action at the eleventh hour. The army was also unprepared and he had resorted to politics to further his goals. He was unaware that Germany would relocate the majority of its forces to the Eastern Front , rather than in the Balkans . Conrad was anxious about invading Russia and when the Tsar's armies had captured the Carpathian mountain passes and were on the verge of invading Hungary, Italy entered

1352-554: The Germans. Commanders were In June 1940 it consisted of: Trentino Offensive Italian defensive victory 1916 1917 1918 White War (1915–1918) The Südtirol Offensive , also known as the Battle of Asiago or Battle of the Plateaux (in Italian: Battaglia degli Altipiani ), wrongly nicknamed Strafexpedition " Punitive expedition " (this name has no reference in official Austrian documentation of

1404-517: The Italian forces on the Isonzo would face outflanking. Cadorna hastily sent reinforcements to the First Army , and deployed the newly formed Fifth Army under Pietro Frugoni to engage the enemy in case they succeeded in entering the plain. The situation was critical, but the commitment of reserves and the replacement of several Italian commanders who were judged unfit gradually improved the situation. On 20 May, Austro-Hungarian troops advanced onto

1456-515: The Russians unexpectedly took the initiative in Galicia , where they managed to enter Austrian soil. Although they were effectively countered by German and Austro-Hungarian troops, Hötzendorf was forced quickly to withdraw half of his divisions from Trentino. With that, the Strafexpedition could no longer be sustained and the Austro-Hungarians retired from many of their positions. Italian troops in

1508-510: The area about 250,000 well-entrenched troops (General Brusati's First Army and part of the Fourth Army). Italian intelligence had been gathering information about an impending enemy offensive in Trentino — and a big one — for about a month, but Cadorna dismissed those reports, persuaded as he was that nothing could happen in that region. On 15 May 1916, 2,000 Austro-Hungarian artillery guns opened

1560-566: The border with Egypt . The army was disbanded on 16 February 1941 and incorporated into General Headquarters North Africa. The Army was shortly reformed in North Africa between 15 April 1941 and 5 September 1941. It was again reformed in Italy on 10 April 1942 to defend Tuscany, Sardinia and from November 1942 also Corsica. In September 1943, after the Armistice of Cassibile , the 5th Army surrendered to

1612-466: The death of his wife in 1905. In 1907, while attending a dinner party in Vienna, Conrad met and quickly became enamoured of Virginia von Reininghaus, an Italian aristocrat. In the weeks following this, he made many attempts to court Reininghaus, despite the fact that she was already married and with six children, which eventually resulted in the two conducting an affair. This illegitimate pairing continued until their marriage in 1915. Upon his death in 1925,

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1664-444: The east based most of their successful offensive operations on Conrad's plans. German general Paul von Hindenburg praised Conrad as a man of superior ability and a bold general, only hindered by the weaknesses of his army. Conrad's critics contend that his mistakes led to the disastrous first year of war that crippled Austro-Hungarian military capabilities. For example, in the 1914 Serbian Campaign , led by General Oskar Potiorek ,

1716-479: The enemy. His plans were based on railroad timetables from the 1870s, and ignored German warnings that Russia had much improved its own railroad capabilities. Conrad assumed the war would result in victory in six weeks. He assumed it would take Russia 30 days to mobilize its troops, and he assumed his own armies could be operational against Serbia in two weeks. When the war started, there were repeated delays, which were made worse when Conrad radically changed plans in

1768-537: The fall of 1888, Conrad was promoted to major and appointed professor of military tactics in the Kriegsschule in Vienna, a position he prepared for by touring the battlefields of the Franco-Prussian War . Conrad proved to be a good teacher who was quite popular among his students. In 1892 he requested transfer back to command and took charge of the 93rd Infantry Regiment at Olomouc . From 1895 he commanded

1820-447: The frontier studied in order to formulate studies with regard to a possible invasion. The problem had appeared to be serious, mostly because the frontier ran through high mountains and the limited Italian advances of 1915 had worsened the situation and excluded a great advance beyond the valleys of Valsugana and Val Lagarina (both connected by railway) and the plateaus of Lavarone , Folgaria and Asiago . The geographic location of

1872-683: The glaring weaknesses in his own army. His forces did win a great victory at Limanowa in December 1914 saving Kraków . After the Germans scored major victories especially at Tannenberg , and after the Western front was bogged down in stalemate, Germany had resources to help Austria. Although Conrad was officially in command, the German forces alongside him increasingly took control of the situation. Berlin sent in large armies and together they conquered large parts of Serbia, Montenegro and Romania and stabilised

1924-563: The middle of mobilization. Russia did much better than expected, mobilizing two thirds of its army within 18 days, and operating 362 trains a day – compared to 153 trains a day by Austria-Hungary. During the July Crisis upon the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand , Conrad was the first proponent of war against the Kingdom of Serbia in response. Germany is thought to have requested an immediate invasion of Serbia, but Conrad delayed for over

1976-567: The pretext of objection to Conrad's affair with Virginia von Reininghaus, who later became his wife. After Aehrenthal resigned and died the next year, Archduke Franz Ferdinand urged Conrad's re-appointment, which took place during the Balkan Wars in December 1912. Although Conrad's ideas had considerable impact in the decision making process of the government, especially in the lead-up to the First World War, historian John Leslie describes him as

2028-657: The region were increased to 400,000 to counter the Austro-Hungarian positions. Although the Strafexpedition had been checked, it had political consequences in Italy: the Salandra Cabinet fell, and Paolo Boselli became the new prime minister. 45°54′7″N 11°30′32″E  /  45.90194°N 11.50889°E  / 45.90194; 11.50889 Conrad von H%C3%B6tzendorf Franz Xaver Josef Conrad von Hötzendorf (after 1919 Franz Conrad ; 11 November 1852 – 25 August 1925), sometimes anglicised as Hoetzendorf ,

2080-554: The routes of advance was conducive to the original plan which called for an advance from Trent to Venice , isolating the Italian 2nd and 3rd Armies who were fighting on the Isonzo and the Italian 4th Army who was defending the Belluno region and the eastern Trentino . The preparations for the battle began in December 1915, when Conrad von Hötzendorf proposed to his German counterpart, General Erich von Falkenhayn , shifting divisions from

2132-439: The strategic and tactical offensive. Historian Gunther E. Rothenberg argued that his unrealistically grandiose plans disregarded the realities of terrain and climate, and that the plans which he drew up frequently underestimated the power of the enemy and the potential of quick-firing artillery forces. Conrad refused to take responsibility for the start of the war, or for Austria-Hungary's defeat, arguing that he had "been 'just

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2184-477: The suggestion of the heir to the throne ( Thronfolger ), Archduke Franz Ferdinand , in November 1906, Conrad had established a reputation as a teacher and writer. Like other Austro-Hungarian officers of his generation, he had little or no direct combat experience, but had studied and written extensively about theory and tactics. His published works on infantry tactics sold well and were printed in multiple editions. He

2236-487: The time and it is considered to be of popular origin), was a major offensive launched by the Austro-Hungarians on the territory of Vicentine Alps in the Italian Front on 15 May 1916, during World War I . It was an "unexpected" attack that took place near Asiago in the province of Vicenza (now in northeast Italy , then on the Italian side of the border between the Kingdom of Italy and Austria-Hungary ) after

2288-456: The uneasy relationship between Conrad and General Erich von Falkenhayn . Following the accession of Emperor Charles I of Austria to the throne in November 1916, Conrad was elevated to the rank of field marshal , one of only three men in Austria-Hungary to hold that rank at the time. While still the heir-apparent, Charles had reported to Emperor Franz Josef that the "mismanagement" in the army's high command could not be cleared out until Conrad

2340-697: The war on the side of the Allies . The Austro-Germans cleared Galicia and Poland during the Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive in the summer of 1915 and later conquered Serbia in October with the help of Bulgaria . From 1915 his troops were increasingly reliant on German support and command. Without support from its German allies the Austro-Hungarian Army was an exhausted force. In March 1917, Charles I dismissed him as Chief of Staff after Emperor Franz Joseph died and Conrad's Trentino Offensive had failed to achieve its objective; he then commanded an army group on

2392-522: Was a retired colonel of Hussars , originally from southern Moravia , who had fought in the Battle of Leipzig and took part in the suppression of the Vienna Uprising of 1848, wherein he was severely wounded. Conrad married Wilhelmine le Beau (1860–1905) in 1886, with whom he had four sons. In the latter part of his life, he was known to hold doubts about his fitness for office and occasionally suffered severe bouts of depression. These worsened after

2444-450: Was a tireless campaigner for modernization of the armed forces. He was made General der Infanterie in November 1908. Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria conferred the noble rank of a Freiherr on Conrad in 1910. Conrad's differences with Foreign Minister Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal , who objected several times to Conrad's suggestion of a preventive war with Italy, ultimately led to Conrad's dismissal as Chief of Staff in 1911, partly under

2496-638: Was an Austrian general who played a central role in World War I. He served as K.u.k. Feldmarschall (field marshal) and Chief of the General Staff of the military of the Austro-Hungarian Army and Navy from 1906 to 1917. He was in charge during the July Crisis of 1914 that caused World War I . For years he had repeatedly called for preemptive war against Serbia to rescue the multiethnic Austro-Hungarian Empire , which was, he believed, nearing disintegration. Later on, he came to believe that

2548-728: Was educated at the Theresian Military Academy in Wiener Neustadt . He developed a strong interest in natural science , especially in Charles Darwin 's theory of evolution . In 1871, at age 19, he was commissioned as a lieutenant in a Jäger battalion. After graduating from the Kriegsschule military academy in 1876, he was transferred to the General Staff Corps of the Austro-Hungarian Army . In 1878–1879, upon

2600-618: Was fully responsible for this disaster, for he had committed too many troops in Serbia, leaving severely outnumbered units to resist the Russian advance. Conrad blamed the German allies, who had driven out the Russian Army from East Prussia in the Battle of Tannenberg , for the lack of military support. The most disastrous defeat came in 1916, in the Russian Brusilov Offensive , one of the most lethal battles in world history , whereby

2652-505: Was placed in command of the South Tyrolean Army Group . In the late spring of 1918, the failure of the Austro-Hungarian offensives against the Italians , with costly and bloody assaults led by both Conrad and Boroević , brought condemnation upon the imperial leadership. Further complicating Conrad's image was his identification with those in the government intent on continuing the war. In this atmosphere, Conrad, described as

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2704-532: Was replaced, but admitted that finding someone to take his role would not be easy. Yet under the new emperor, Conrad's powers were gradually eroded. In December, the commander-in-chief Archduke Friedrich of Austria-Teschen was removed from office, which the new emperor assumed himself. Charles took operational control of all combat units in the army and navy and on 1 March 1917 officially dismissed Conrad, who then requested retirement. The emperor personally asked him to remain on active duty, and when Conrad accepted, he

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