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114-729: The brand Italia Independent was founded in 2007 by Lapo Elkann , Andrea Tessitore and Giovanni Accongiagioco. The first model of sunglasses was made of carbon fiber, handmade in Italy and presented at the Pitti Uomo in Florence. Italia Independent, the design company, is entirely owned by its holding company , Italia Independent Group. The holding company debuted in the Italian Stock Exchange in 2013. Italia Independent launched on January 9, 2007 during Pitti Uomo . In 2008 Italia Independent

228-759: A personal assistant to Henry Kissinger , who had just been appointed chairman of the 9/11 Commission and was an old friend of his grandfather, Gianni Agnelli . He subsequently continued his work experience, which he started with different roles in Salomon Smith Barney and Danone , and worked as marketing associate for Ferrari and Maserati , where he spent four and a half years at the marketing office. Following Agnelli's worsening health conditions, Elkann decided to return to Italy in 2002 to be close to him. In 2003, he became Fiat's director of marketing. Upon joining Fiat, Elkann asked to be able to take care of corporate promotion and communication, believing that

342-739: A Ferrari, while the second time he was found in possession of three to four grams of cocaine. International relations International relations ( IR , and also referred to as international studies , international politics , or international affairs ) is an academic discipline. In a broader sense, the study of IR, in addition to multilateral relations, concerns all activities among states—such as war , diplomacy , trade , and foreign policy —as well as relations with and among other international actors, such as intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs), international legal bodies , and multinational corporations (MNCs). International relations

456-473: A United States official told the Associated Press , Elkann stated that he would be harmed if they did not pay a $ 10,000 ransom. He was accompanied by a transsexual escort who was also arrested, and Elkann later confessed that he made up the story. Charges against Elkann and the escort were later dropped. On 12 September 2020, Elkann was stopped twice by the police. The first case was due to speeding in

570-506: A collection of contemporary art that includes original paintings by Andy Warhol , Jean-Michel Basquiat , Damien Hirst , Roy Lichtenstein , and rising contemporary artists, such as Teddy McDonald and Ian Berry , who made his portrait out of denim . Elkann coordinated marketing for the Fiat Punto , Fiat Grande Punto , and Fiat 500 . For Garage Italia Customs, an atelier that he founded in 2015, and that customizes cars, he

684-559: A company specializing in the production and sale of luxury eyewear, accessories, and clothing under the initials I–I, characterized by the possibility offered to the buyer to customize the product to be purchased. The first product, presented at Pitti Men in January 2007, was an eyewear model made entirely of carbon fibre. The company then developed a line of clothing, accessories, and with several collaborations in home and automotive decorations. In addition to eyewear, also launched were jewellery,

798-561: A discrete field until 1919, when it was first offered as an undergraduate major by Aberystwyth University in the United Kingdom . The Second World War and its aftermath provoked greater interest and scholarship in international relations, particularly in North America and Western Europe , where it was shaped considerably by the geostrategic concerns of the Cold War . The collapse of

912-778: A distinct field of study began in Britain . IR emerged as a formal academic discipline in 1919 with the founding of the first IR professorship: the Woodrow Wilson Chair at Aberystwyth , University of Wales (now Aberystwyth University ), held by Alfred Eckhard Zimmern and endowed by David Davies . International politics courses were established at the University of Wisconsin in 1899 by Paul Samuel Reinsch and at Columbia University in 1910. By 1920, there were four universities that taught courses on international organization . Georgetown University 's Walsh School of Foreign Service

1026-647: A focus on the history of IR in the early modern , colonial , and Cold War periods. The first university entirely dedicated to the study of IR was the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies , which was founded in 1927 to form diplomats associated to the League of Nations . In 1922, Georgetown University graduated its first class of the Master of Science in Foreign Service (MSFS) degree, making it

1140-427: A given issue-area". Not all approaches to regime theory, however, are liberal or neoliberal; some realist scholars like Joseph Grieco have developed hybrid theories which take a realist based approach to this fundamentally liberal theory. (Realists do not say cooperation never happens, just that it is not the norm; it is a difference of degree). The constructivist framework rests on the fundamental assumption that

1254-509: A lot. He is one of the people I loved the most in my life together with my grandmother Marella." In 2010, Elkann made GQ ' s list of the world's 25 Sexiest Men. Newsweek described him as having "what the Italians call sprezzatura , the art of making elegance and intelligence so natural they seem accidental." Among the many cars owned by Elkann, several of them are Ferraris . A known presence to Formula One Grands Prix, particularly

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1368-696: A lot. I also feel close to the Jewish world, because first of all they saved me. And then I adore Israel." Passionate about new technologies and languages, over the years he learned to speak Italian, French, English, Portuguese, and Spanish. He said his best friend is his brother, John Elkann . Elkann had many flirtings that were widely reported by gossip magazines . He had relationships with actress Martina Stella , socialite Bianca Brandolini d'Adda , businesswoman Goga Ashkenazi , actress Zhu Zhu , and gallerist Carlotta Loverini Botta. From 2016 to 2017, he dated Iranian-German model Shermine Shahrivar . By 2020, he

1482-547: A member of the board of directors of Ferrari N.V. and responsible for the promotion of the Fiat Group brand. He is the great-grandson of Fiat S.p.A. founder Giovanni Agnelli , the grandson of Gianni Agnelli , who is the former controlling CEO and controlling shareholder of Fiat Automobiles , and the brother of John Elkann . A member of the Agnelli family and named after the 12th-century Italian poet Lapo Gianni , Elkann

1596-582: A monarch or noble class. A state wherein the nation is sovereign would thence be termed a nation-state, as opposed to a monarchy or a religious state; the term republic increasingly became its synonym. An alternative model of the nation-state was developed in reaction to the French republican concept by the Germans and others, who instead of giving the citizenry sovereignty, kept the princes and nobility, but defined nation-statehood in ethnic-linguistic terms, establishing

1710-653: A partnership project with ToyWatch , at the time owned by Gianluca Vacchi, producing a special edition of 1,007 ToyWatch watches combined with Italia Independent sunglasses from the I-Wear series. A Second Unique Edition followed the next year. In July 2013, he was honoured with the Automotive Hall of Fame 's Young Leader & Excellence Award, the first member of the Agnelli family to receive it after his great-great-grandfather, Giovanni Agnelli . In January 2017, Elkann joined

1824-509: A period of convalescence in a family residence in Miami . About his past addictions, Elkann told Verissimo : "When you are alone, at a certain point you don't know how to deal with fragility. Substances destroy your life, and I have had problems. For me, the substance use was a way to anesthetize a pain I felt in me. Unfortunately I paid the consequences several times. I've done enough harm to myself, from now on I want more." In December 2019, Elkann

1938-597: A purely anarchical system. Rather, liberal theory assumes that states are institutionally constrained by the power of international organisations, and mutually dependent on one another through economic and diplomatic ties. Institutions such as the United Nations , the World Trade Organisation (WTO), and the International Court of Justice are taken to, over time, have developed power and influence to shape

2052-567: A school dedicated to teaching international affairs, was founded in Geneva , Switzerland. This was rapidly followed by establishment of IR at universities in the US. The creation of the posts of Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at LSE and at Oxford gave further impetus to the academic study of international relations. Furthermore, the International History department at LSE developed

2166-621: A single political body. Constructivism is also present in the analysis of international law , where norms of conduct such as the prohibition of chemical weapons , torture , and the protection of civilians in war , are socialised into international organisations, and stipulated into rules. Prominent constructivist IR scholars include Michael Barnett , Martha Finnemore , Ted Hopf , Peter Katzenstein , Kathryn Sikkink , and Alexander Wendt . Post-structuralism theories of international relations (also called critical theories due to being inherently critical of traditional IR frameworks) developed in

2280-488: A state, that the sovereign power(s) have absolute power over their territories, and that such a power is only limited by the sovereign's "own obligations towards other sovereigns and individuals". Such a foundation of sovereignty is indicated by a sovereign's obligation to other sovereigns, interdependence and dependence to take place. While throughout world history there have been instances of groups lacking or losing sovereignty, such as African nations prior to decolonization or

2394-549: A subdiscipline of political science, the focus of IR studies lies on political, diplomatic and security connections among states, as well as the study of modern political world history. In many academic institutions, studies of IR are thus situated in the department of politics/social sciences. This is for example the case in Scandinavia, where international relations are often simply referred to as international politics (IP). In institutions where international relations refers to

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2508-653: A watch, a bicycle, and skateboard for urban transport. The company was listed on the Milan Stock Exchange , on the AIM segment, on 28 June 2013. On 4 July 2007, Elkann founded the Independent Ideas creative agency together with Alberto Fusignani and Ivanmaria Vele, whose activity was documented for three months in the Idee in progress program of the satellite television channel Fox Life . From 30 October 2007 to June 2008, he

2622-409: Is dependency theory and the core–periphery model , which argue that developed countries, in their pursuit of power, appropriate developing states through international banking, security and trade agreements and unions on a formal level, and do so through the interaction of political and financial advisors, missionaries, relief aid workers, and MNCs on the informal level, in order to integrate them into

2736-537: Is a great-grandnephew of Ettore Ovazza , of the Ovazza banking family, via his grandmother, Carla Ovazza. In a discussion about his childhood with Silvia Toffanin , Elkann said: "I didn't love it very much. I was a dyslexic , hyperactive child, suffering from attention deficit, and since I was always behind at school, I wanted to prove that I was strong." He graduated from the lycée et collège Victor-Duruy in Paris and from

2850-537: Is a prominent solidarist, while Hedley Bull and Robert H. Jackson are perhaps the best known pluralists. Some English school theoreticians have used historical cases in order to show the influence that normative frameworks have on the evolution of the international political order at various critical junctures. International relations are often viewed in terms of levels of analysis . The systemic level concepts are those broad concepts that define and shape an international milieu, characterized by anarchy . Focusing on

2964-420: Is considerably different from the type of rights envisioned under natural law , Francisco de Vitoria , Hugo Grotius , and John Locke offered the first accounts of universal entitlement to certain rights on the basis of common humanity. In the 20th century, in addition to contemporary theories of liberal internationalism , Marxism has been a foundation of international relations. International relations as

3078-404: Is dealt with in more detail below. IR theory, however, has a long tradition of drawing on the work of other social sciences . The use of capitalizations of the "I" and "R" in international relations aims to distinguish the academic discipline of international relations from the phenomena of international relations. Many cite Sun Tzu 's The Art of War (6th century BC), Thucydides ' History of

3192-590: Is generally classified as a major multidiscipline of political science , along with comparative politics , political methodology , political theory , and public administration . It often draws heavily from other fields, including anthropology , economics , geography , history , law , philosophy , and sociology . There are several schools of thought within IR, of which the most prominent are realism , liberalism , and constructivism . While international politics has been analyzed since antiquity , it did not become

3306-552: Is nephew of Don Carlo Caracciolo , member of the House of Caracciolo , founder of Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso and owner of the newspaper la Repubblica , the Italian daily general-interest newspaper. Elkann is also a stepson of a Russian nobleman , Count Sergei de Pahlen. Elkann has a filmmaker sister, Ginevra Elkann , and five half-siblings by his mother's second marriage. They are named: Maria, Pierre, Sophia, Anna, and Tatiana. He

3420-430: Is only a subjective judgment, divorced from the facts as they are and informed by prejudice and wishful thinking. Major theorists include E. H. Carr , Robert Gilpin , Charles P. Kindleberger , Stephen D. Krasner , Hans Morgenthau , Kenneth Waltz , Robert Jervis , Stephen Walt , and John Mearsheimer . In contrast to realism, the liberal framework emphasises that states, although they are sovereign, do not exist in

3534-501: Is the country that has the largest number of people arriving from various areas of the world where there are wars, suffering, and pain. We are the first to receive them, and Sicily is the area that receives the most. Europe must help and support Italy more." Elkann is 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in) tall. A Jew on his father's side, he converted to Judaism in 2009. About his faith, Elkann told Verissimo : "I believe in God, and I pray

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3648-537: Is the oldest continuously operating school for international affairs in the United States, founded in 1919. In 1927, the London School of Economics ' department of international relations was founded at the behest of Nobel Peace Prize winner Philip Noel-Baker : this was the first institute to offer a wide range of degrees in the field. That same year, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies ,

3762-524: Is what states make of it". By this he means that the anarchic structure that realists claim governs state interaction is in fact a phenomenon that is socially constructed and reproduced by states. Constructivism is part of critical theory, and as such seeks to criticise the assumptions underlying traditional IR theory. Constructivist theory would for example claim that the state leaders of the United States and Soviet Union were socialised into different roles and norms, which can provide theoretical insights to how

3876-483: The Agnelli family for compromising information against Elkann. Marco Durante, head of LaPresse  [ it ] , an international photographic agency, was hired by the Agnelli family to negotiate with Corona and manage the situation. In early December 2014, as reported by Il Giorno , Elkann was secretly filmed during a party with two brothers who allegedly blackmailed him in exchange for silence. The two blackmailers were arrested and Elkann's lawyer contested

3990-577: The European Business School London in international relations . He performed military service in the Alpini corps as a soldier in the Alpine Brigade "Taurinense" . According to those who know him and his two-year older brother well, they spoke of many similarities, such as the attachment to the family and particularly the grandfather, but also of many differences. In 2004, the elder Elkann

4104-644: The Gucci Special Edition of the Fiat 500 , and consulted with Ferrari , running Ferrari Tailor Made, which enables customers to customize their car. This was followed by the Abarth 500 Pied de Poule, which was acquired in 2020 for €37,700 from a Swiss investment vehicle launched by the Jalopy LTD fund. In 2015, he designed the Fiat 500X Black Tie. This was followed in 2016 by a special BMW i8 Futurism Edition, which

4218-551: The Italian Grand Prix in Monza, Elkann is a supporter of Scuderia Ferrari , of which his brother serves as chairman through Ferrari. The team's last World Drivers' Championship win dates back to 2007 with Kimi Raikkonen . Before that, Ferrari had a period of dominance in the early 2000s, winning five consecutive World Drivers' Championships with Michael Schumacher and six consecutive World Constructors' Championships under

4332-562: The MIT Technology Review for use thermosensitive fiber and microfiber linings. Lapo Elkann Lapo Edovard Elkann (born 7 October 1977) is an Italian businessman, philanthropist, and socialite. He is the chairman, founder, and majority shareholder (53.37%) of the Italia Independent Group . He is also the president and founder of Garage Italia Customs  [ it ] and Independent Ideas, as well as

4446-581: The Milan Stock Exchange . In 2017, he and his brother had to reinvest in Italia Independent after its share price plunged from €40 to €4.4 following disappointing sales and mismanagement. Elkann was elected by Vanity Fair four times in a row in its International Best Dressed List , most recently in 2008, and he was added to its Best Dressed Hall of Fame in 2009; in doing so, he joined his grandparents, Gianni and Marella Agnelli , about whom in 2020 he said: "My grandfather Gianni gave and taught me

4560-675: The Paris Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity , reflect a growing consensus that environmental degradation requires coordinated international responses , shaping diplomatic priorities and global governance frameworks. Within the study of international relations, there exists multiple theories seeking to explain how states and other actors operate within the international system. These can generally be divided into three main strands: realism, liberalism, and constructivism. The realist framework of international relations rests on

4674-701: The "500 by Gucci" project, launched in Milan on 23 February 2011, and at the Geneva Motor Show on 1 March 2011. In October 2011, he received the America Award from the Italy–USA Foundation . In December 2011, Elkann launched the Ferrari Tailor Made project together with Luca Cordero di Montezemolo to build a tailor-made Ferrari, personalized on the specific requests of the customer. He also started

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4788-409: The "critical" component of theory was derived significantly from their attempt to overcome the limits of positivism. Modern-day proponents such as Andrew Linklater , Robert W. Cox , and Ken Booth focus on the need for human emancipation from the nation-state. Hence, it is "critical" of mainstream IR theories that tend to be both positivist and state-centric. Further linked in with Marxist theories

4902-417: The 1980s from postmodernist studies in political science . Post-structuralism explores the deconstruction of concepts traditionally not problematic in IR (such as "power" and "agency") and examines how the construction of these concepts shapes international relations. The examination of "narratives" plays an important part in poststructuralist analysis; for example, feminist poststructuralist work has examined

5016-443: The 1990s opened up a space for gendering International Relations. Because feminist IR is linked broadly to the critical project in IR, by and large most feminist scholarship have sought to problematize the politics of knowledge construction within the discipline—often by adopting methodologies of deconstructivism associated with postmodernism/poststructuralism. However, the growing influence of feminist and women-centric approaches within

5130-483: The Agnelli–Elkann family like his brother, John Elkann , and his cousin, Andrea Agnelli , Elkann did not hold any role in the association football club Juventus . He remains a supporter of the club, got the club's emblem tattooed on his right arm, among his many tattoos, and engages with tifosi on social media. In February 2023, some observers and commentators, after the club's technocratic management

5244-530: The Catholic Agnelli family. As is tradition in the education of the offspring of the Agnelli family, Elkann began his career in 1994 as a metal worker on the assembly line of Piaggio in Pontedera under the pseudonym of Lapo Rossi. During this period, he also participated in a strike action to demand an improvement of the uncomfortable working conditions in the assembly line . In 2001, Elkann worked as

5358-464: The Covid emergency and the consequent lockdowns in various geographies, the instability of the markets, and the adverse macroeconomic context which has caused an increase and difficulty in procuring raw materials and the consequent growth in inflation." The statement added that "the company is open to evaluating reasonable measures such as to favour the redeployment of employees." Elkann is an art lover with

5472-595: The Elkanns over Gianni Agnelli 's inheritance. The lawsuit proceedings started in November 2022. In October 2005, Elkann was found unconscious and naked in the apartment of Donato Broco, who was described as a 53-year-old transsexual prostitute known as Patrizia. He was brought to the hospital, where he was in a coma for three days. Police investigated him at the time for cocaine use and soliciting prostitution . The Italian photographer Fabrizio Corona attempted to blackmail

5586-469: The Fiat brand was suffering in this field, especially in the youth sector. He promoted the group's image by launching different types of gadgets, including sweatshirts worn by himself, with the vintage logo of the car manufacturer, and the launch of the Fiat Grande Punto . In 2004, with the appointment of his brother John Elkann as the group's vice-chairman, he became responsible for promotion for

5700-490: The Peloponnesian War (5th century BC), Chanakya 's Arthashastra (4th century BC), as the inspiration for realist theory, with Hobbes ' Leviathan and Machiavelli 's The Prince providing further elaboration. Similarly, liberalism draws upon the work of Kant and Rousseau , with the work of the former often being cited as the first elaboration of democratic peace theory . Though contemporary human rights

5814-448: The Peloponnesian War , written by Thucydides , is considered a foundational text of the realist school of political philosophy. There is debate over whether Thucydides himself was a realist; Richard Ned Lebow has argued that seeing Thucydides as a realist is a misinterpretation of a more complex political message within his work. Amongst others, philosophers like Machiavelli , Hobbes , and Rousseau are considered to have contributed to

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5928-579: The Schumacher pairings with Eddie Irvine (1999) and Rubens Barrichello (2000–2004), the last of which was won in 2008, between 1999 and 2004. In an interview to Oggi , Elkann said: "[Gianni Agnelli] saved the Prancing Horse , preventing it from being sold to the Americans. Then he chose the right people: [former Ferrari chairman] Luca di Montezemolo and Jean Todt . He loved Ferrari cars and he loved all

6042-478: The Soviet Union and subsequent rise of globalization in the late 20th century have presaged new theories and evaluations of the rapidly changing international system . Depending on the academic institution, international relations or international affairs is either a subdiscipline of political science or a broader multidisciplinary field encompassing global politics , law, economics or world history. As

6156-455: The ability of states to control and limit war in their international relations. Early adherents include Woodrow Wilson and Norman Angell , who argued that states mutually gained from cooperation and that war was so destructive as to be essentially futile. Liberalism was not recognized as a coherent theory as such until it was collectively and derisively termed idealism by E. H. Carr . A new version of "idealism" that focused on human rights as

6270-510: The age of 13 when he had been sent to study in a Jesuit college; the Jesuits denied that he was one of their students. In an October 2020 interview to the Corriere della Sera , Elkann described his mother, Margherita Agnelli de Pahlen , as struggling with self-harm and accused her of destroying the family, having it split in two. Into the 2020s, the de Pahlens remain involved in a dispute with

6384-420: The basis of the legitimacy of international law was advanced by Hans Köchler . Major theorists include Montesquieu , Immanuel Kant , Michael W. Doyle , Francis Fukuyama , and Helen Milner . Liberal institutionalism (some times referred to as neoliberalism) shows how cooperation can be achieved in international relations even if neorealist assumptions apply (states are the key actors in world politics,

6498-444: The beautiful things in life. It's not enough to be rich to appreciate beauty. Taste cannot be bought." About Schumacher, who suffered a skiing accident in 2013, Elkann wished him a happy 54th birthday in 2023 with the message: "Happy birthday to you dear Michael Schumacher. You don't know how much we miss you and how many joys you have given us. We always await you with open arms. You are unique and inimitable." Unlike other members of

6612-463: The board of directors of Ferrari N.V., the holding company that controls the homonymous car manufacturer. In December 2017, he inaugurated in Milan, in Piazzale Accursio, in an old Agip service station built by Mario Bacciocchi in the 1950s and renovated by Michele De Lucchi , Garage Italia Food & Restaurant, a joint venture with chef Carlo Cracco , to combine food-engines events, that

6726-487: The broader multidisciplinary field of global politics, law, economics and history, the subject may be studied across multiple departments, or be situated in its own department, as is the case at for example the London School of Economics. An undergraduate degree in multidisciplinary international relations may lead to a more specialised master's degree of either international politics, economics, or international law . In

6840-431: The capitalist system, strategically appropriating undervalued natural resources and labor hours and fostering economic and political dependence. Feminist IR considers the ways that international politics affects and is affected by both men and women and also at how the core concepts that are employed within the discipline of IR (e.g. war, security, etc.) are themselves gendered. Feminist IR has not only concerned itself with

6954-663: The conflict between the nations was conducted during the Cold War. E.g., prominent US policy makers frequently spoke of the USSR as an 'evil empire', and thus socialised the US population and state apparatus into an anti-communist sentiment, which defined the norms conducted in US foreign policy. Other constructivist analyses include the discourses on European integration; senior policy-making circles were socialised into ideas of Europe as an historical and cultural community, and therefore sought to construct institutions to integrate European nations into

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7068-567: The conflicts between states in the early European state-system; the causes of the First and Second World Wars , as well as the behavior of the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War . In settings such as these the realist framework carries great interpretative insights in explaining how the military and economic power struggles of states lead to larger armed conflicts. History of

7182-499: The connections existing between sovereign nation-states . This makes the establishment of the modern state system the natural starting point of international relations history. The establishment of modern sovereign states as fundamental political units traces back to the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 in Europe . During the preceding Middle Ages , European organization of political authority

7296-427: The consolidation of newly independent nation-states within the non-West , such as Brazil and India. In recent decades, IR has increasingly addressed environmental concerns such as climate change , deforestation , and biodiversity loss , recognizing their implications for global security and diplomacy. Once peripheral, these issues have gained prominence due to their global impact . Multilateral agreements, like

7410-660: The creation of foreign policy. The liberal framework is associated with analysis of the globalised world as it emerged in the aftermath of World War II . Increased political cooperation through organisations such as the UN , as well as economic cooperation through institutions such as the WTO, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund , was thought to have made the realist analysis of power and conflict inadequate in explaining

7524-591: The derogatory statements against his client. On 27 November 2016, as reported by the New York Daily News , The Daily Beast , and The Hollywood Reporter , Elkann was arrested in New York City, after a drug and sex party in Manhattan , for making a false police report claiming that he had been unlawfully imprisoned . After having run out of money available to him, he contacted his family; according to what

7638-490: The discipline is inherently masculine in nature. For example, in her article "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals" Signs (1988), Carol Cohn claimed that a highly masculinized culture within the defense establishment contributed to the divorcing of war from human emotion. Feminist IR emerged largely from the late 1980s onward. The end of the Cold War and the re-evaluation of traditional IR theory during

7752-416: The economic and material aspects. It makes the assumption that the economy trumps other concerns, making economic class the fundamental level of analysis. Marxists view the international system as an integrated capitalist system in pursuit of capital accumulation . Thus, colonialism brought in sources for raw materials and captive markets for exports, while decolonialization brought new opportunities in

7866-404: The end of December 2021, net debt had risen to €19.28 million, compared to €15.55 million at the beginning of the year. In a press release, the company said: "Despite the commitment made by management and the support of shareholders, Italia Independent has not managed to achieve the results envisaged in the business plans also due to external circumstances which have further aggravated the situation:

7980-531: The first graduate-only school of international affairs in the United States. In 1965, Glendon College and the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs were the first institutions in Canada to offer an undergraduate and a graduate program in international studies and affairs, respectively. The lines between IR and other political science subfields is sometimes blurred, in particular when it comes to

8094-627: The first fully-fledged international system. Analyses of the foreign policies of sovereign city states have been done in ancient times, as in Thycydides ' analysis of the causes of the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta , as well as by Niccolò Machiavelli in The Prince , published in 1532, where he analyzed the foreign policy of the renaissance city state of Florence . The contemporary field of international relations, however, analyzes

8208-513: The first international relations graduate program in the United States. This was soon followed by the establishment of the Committee on International Relations (CIR) at the University of Chicago , where the first research graduate degree was conferred in 1928. The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy , a collaboration between Tufts University and Harvard University , opened its doors in 1933 as

8322-520: The foreign policies of individual states. Furthermore, the existence of the globalised world economy makes continuous military power struggle irrational, as states are dependent on participation in the global trade system to ensure their own survival. As such, the liberal framework stresses cooperation between states as a fundamental part of the international system. States are not seen as unitary actors, but pluralistic arenas where interest groups, non-governmental organisations, and economic actors also shape

8436-461: The form of dependence. A prominent derivative of Marxian thought is critical international relations theory which is the application of " critical theory " to international relations. Early critical theorists were associated with the Frankfurt School , which followed Marx's concern with the conditions that allow for social change and the establishment of rational institutions. Their emphasis on

8550-551: The fundamental assumption that the international state system is an anarchy , with no overarching power restricting the behaviour of sovereign states. As a consequence, states are engaged in a continuous power struggle, where they seek to augment their own military capabilities, economic power, and diplomacy relative to other states; this in order to ensure the protection of their political system, citizens, and vital interests. The realist framework further assumes that states act as unitary, rational actors, where central decision makers in

8664-530: The inaugural issue of World Politics , Frederick S. Dunn wrote that IR was about "relations that take place across national boundaries" and "between autonomous political groups in a world system". Dunn wrote that unique elements characterized IR and separated it from other subfields: international politics is concerned with the special kind of power relationships that exist in a community lacking an overriding authority; international economics deals with trade relations across national boundaries that are complicated by

8778-465: The institutions were present in Lampedusa due to the tragedy of migrants that has taken place – as an Italian it makes me sad. ... I don't like the word migrants, it seems to me disparaging and not respectful. I like the word new Italians. I don't like Salvini, I don't like his behavior on the issue of migrants because I consider it dissolutive and not constructive." About the role of Europe, he said: "Italy

8892-839: The international policy communities (for example at the World Bank and the United Nations) is more reflective of the liberal feminist emphasis on equality of opportunity for women. Prominent scholars include Carol Cohn , Cynthia Enloe , Sara Ruddick , and J. Ann Tickner . International society theory, also called the English school, focuses on the shared norms and values of states and how they regulate international relations. Examples of such norms include diplomacy, order, and international law . Theorists have focused particularly on humanitarian intervention, and are subdivided between solidarists, who tend to advocate it more, and pluralists, who place greater value in order and sovereignty. Nicholas Wheeler

9006-492: The international system could remain stable in the absence of a hegemon, thus rebutting hegemonic stability theory. Regime theory is derived from the liberal tradition that argues that international institutions or regimes affect the behaviour of states (or other international actors). It assumes that cooperation is possible in the anarchic system of states, indeed, regimes are by definition, instances of international cooperation. While realism predicts that conflict should be

9120-425: The international system is anarchic, and states pursue their self interest). Liberal institutionalists highlight the role of international institutions and regimes in facilitating cooperation between states. Prominent neoliberal institutionalists are John Ikenberry , Robert Keohane , and Joseph Nye . Robert Keohane's 1984 book After Hegemony used insights from the new institutional economics to argue that

9234-534: The international system is built on social constructs; such as ideas , norms , and identities . Various political actors, such as state leaders , policy makers , and the leaders of international organisations, are socialised into different roles and systems of norms, which define how the international system operates. The constructivist scholar Alexander Wendt , in a 1992 article in International Organization , noted in response to realism that "anarchy

9348-442: The norm in international relations, regime theorists say that there is cooperation despite anarchy. Often they cite cooperation in trade, human rights and collective security among other issues. These instances of cooperation are regimes. The most commonly cited definition of regimes comes from Stephen Krasner , who defines regimes as "principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actor expectations converge in

9462-461: The occupation of Iraq during the Iraq War , there is still a need for sovereignty in terms of assessing international relations. The concept of power in international relations can be described as the degree of resources, capabilities, and influence in international affairs. It is often divided up into the concepts of hard power and soft power , hard power relating primarily to coercive power, such as

9576-409: The rarely if ever fulfilled ideal that all people speaking one language should belong to one state only. The same claim to sovereignty was made for both forms of nation-state. In Europe today, few states conform to either definition of nation-state: many continue to have royal sovereigns, and hardly any are ethnically homogeneous. The particular European system supposing the sovereign equality of states

9690-477: The real-world problems that international relations studies is supposed to contribute to solving. Constructivist theory (see above) is the most prominent strand of post-structuralism. Other prominent post-structuralist theories are Marxism, dependency theory, feminism, and the theories of the English school. See also Critical international relations theory . Marxist theories of IR reject the realist/liberal view of state conflict or cooperation; instead focusing on

9804-473: The realist philosophy. However, while their work may support realist doctrine, it is not likely that they would have classified themselves as realists in this sense. Political realism believes that politics, like society, is governed by objective laws with roots in human nature . To improve society, it is first necessary to understand the laws by which society lives. The operation of these laws being impervious to our preferences, persons will challenge them only at

9918-457: The red, and had to sell various assets. Dossena came to hold 25.44% while Elkann remained the largest shareholder at 53.92%. Italia Independent Group closed 2021 with a turnover of €11.54 million, an increase of 1.7% compared to the €11.35 million obtained in the previous year. The final result was negative for €24.1 million, compared to the loss of €2.81 million recorded in 2020, as a result of write-downs and provisions for €18.12 million. At

10032-407: The relations of these different types of states is disputed. "Levels of analysis" is a way of looking at the international system, which includes the individual level, the domestic state as a unit, the international level of transnational and intergovernmental affairs, and the global level. What is explicitly recognized as international relations theory was not developed until after World War I , and

10146-403: The relationship between the institutionalization of IR as an academic discipline and the demands of national governments. Robert Vitalis  [ ar ] 's book White World Order, Black Power Politics details the historical imbrication of IR in the projects of colonial administration and imperialism, while other scholars have traced the emergence of international relations in relation to

10260-443: The risk of failure. Realism, believing as it does in the objectivity of the laws of politics, must also believe in the possibility of developing a rational theory that reflects, however imperfectly and one-sidedly, these objective laws. It believes also, then, in the possibility of distinguishing in politics between truth and opinion—between what is true objectively and rationally, supported by evidence and illuminated by reason, and what

10374-419: The role that "women" play in global society and how they are constructed in war as "innocent" and "civilians". Rosenberg's article "Why is there no International Historical Sociology" was a key text in the evolution of this strand of international relations theory. Post-structuralism has garnered both significant praise and criticism, with its critics arguing that post-structuralist research often fails to address

10488-420: The state apparatus ultimately stand for most of the state's foreign policy decisions. International organizations are in consequence merely seen as tools for individual states used to further their own interests, and are thought to have little power in shaping states' foreign policies on their own. The realist framework is traditionally associated with the analysis of power-politics, and has been used to analyze

10602-513: The study of conflict , institutions , political economy and political behavior . The division between comparative politics and international relations is artificial, as processes within nations shape international processes, and international processes shape processes within states. Some scholars have called for an integration of the fields. Comparative politics does not have similar " isms " as international relations scholarship. Critical scholarship in international relations has explored

10716-518: The systemic level of international relations is often, but not always, the preferred method for neo-realists and other structuralist IR analysts. Preceding the concepts of interdependence and dependence, international relations relies on the idea of sovereignty. Described in Jean Bodin 's Six Books of the Commonwealth in 1576, the three pivotal points derived from the book describe sovereignty as being

10830-422: The territory's sovereign borders. These principles underpin the modern international legal and political order. The period between roughly 1500 to 1789 saw the rise of independent sovereign states , multilateralism , and the institutionalization of diplomacy and the military. The French Revolution contributed the idea that it was the citizenry of a state, defined as the nation, that were sovereign, rather than

10944-437: The three brands: Fiat, Alfa Romeo , and Lancia . In this period, he oversaw the worldwide launch of the new Fiat 500 . Elkann resigned from his position in 2005. This came after he was being widely reported as having a serious cocainism and heroin addiction . After a period of convalescence, Elkann returned to Italy in January 2007. Along with Andrea Tessitore and Giovanni Accongiagioco, he founded Italia Independent ,

11058-486: The traditional focus of IR on states, wars, diplomacy and security, but feminist IR scholars have also emphasized the importance of looking at how gender shapes the current global political economy. In this sense, there is no clear cut division between feminists working in IR and those working in the area of International Political Economy (IPE). From its inception, feminist IR has also theorized extensively about men and, in particular, masculinities. Many IR feminists argue that

11172-461: The uncontrolled actions of sovereign states; and international law is law that is based on voluntary acceptance by independent nations. The terms "International studies" and " global studies " have been used by some to refer to a broader multidisciplinary IR field. Studies of international relations started thousands of years ago; Barry Buzan and Richard Little considered the interaction of ancient Sumerian city-states, starting in 3,500 BC , as

11286-493: The workings of the international system. The intellectual basis of liberal theory is often cited as Immanuel Kant 's essay Perpetual Peace from 1795. In it, he postulates that states, over time, through increased political and economic cooperation, will come to resemble an international federation—a world government ; which will be characterised by continual peace and cooperation. In modern times, liberal international relations theory arose after World War I in response to

11400-494: Was acquired by Italia Independent Group, created to manage new divisions of the company. Italia Independent Group debuted in the stock exchange in 2013. In 2009 opened the brand's first showroom in Milan with sunglasses and clothing collections. On 28 June 2013, Italia Independent Group was listed on the AIM segment of the Italian Stock Exchange , the market for smaller Italian companies, with code IIG. The company received an award from

11514-408: Was announced in 2015. In April 2019, the restaurant closed and the company passed entirely under the control of Laps to Go, Elkann's holding company. In February 2019, the venture capital fund Talent EuVeca, chaired by Giovanna Dossena, entered Italia Independent with a capital increase, which in the meantime became Italia Independent Group after it closed the 2018 financial statements with income in

11628-568: Was based on a vaguely hierarchical religious order. Contrary to popular belief, Westphalia still embodied layered systems of sovereignty, especially within the Holy Roman Empire . More than the Peace of Westphalia, the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 is thought to reflect an emerging norm that sovereigns had no internal equals within a defined territory and no external superiors as the ultimate authority within

11742-510: Was behind the Vintage Icon-e, the Fiat 500's electric car , and the Fiat Panda 's electric versions, and also created a grass-like green Fiat 500, a golden Fiat 500 for Paco Rabanne , a special, limited edition in 1958 units of the Fiat 500 Spiaggina '58, and KarMasutra's Fiat 500 special edition. In 2011, Elkann worked with Gucci 's creative director, Frida Giannini , on developing

11856-571: Was born in New York City, the son of Countess Margherita Agnelli de Pahlen and the American-born Italian writer Alain Elkann . His father is Jewish and his mother is Catholic . He is the brother of John Elkann , the chairman of Fiat and the chairman and CEO of Exor , an investment company controlled by the Agnelli family, which also owns Juventus FC Elkann is a grandson of Fiat chairman Gianni Agnelli and Marella Agnelli . He

11970-537: Was described as serious and rigorous, in contrast to the expansive and creative younger Elkann, who was in charge of operational marketing at Fiat, where he went to work at the Mirafiori plant every morning driving a Fiat Panda rather than a Lancia Ypsilon , the model he personally helped to launch. From their father, the two Elkanns share the Jewish faith, which represented the first time that young heirs brought with them values and ethics that were different from those of

12084-594: Was exported to the Americas, Africa, and Asia via colonialism and the "standards of civilization". The contemporary international system was finally established through decolonization during the Cold War . However, this is somewhat over-simplified. While the nation-state system is considered "modern", many states have not incorporated the system and are termed "pre-modern". A handful of states have moved beyond insistence on full sovereignty, and can be considered "post-modern". The ability of contemporary IR discourse to explain

12198-658: Was honorary president of the Italian Volleyball League club Sparkling Volley Milano; he is an international ambassador for the Milan Triennale , an ambassador for Tel HaShomer Hospital in Tel Aviv , and a board member of various companies, such as the auction house Phillips . Elkann and the Independent Ideas agency participated together with the Centro Stile Fiat  [ it ] and Frida Giannini in

12312-523: Was hospitalized in serious conditions in the intensive care unit of the Mauriziano Hospital in Turin due to an overdose of a mix of opiates and cocaine after a night in the company of several people including a transgender woman who was the first to call an ambulance. Subsequently, he resigned from his positions in Fiat and moved to Arizona , where he began rehabilitation therapy, to continue with

12426-596: Was involved in a car accident in Tel Aviv , where he was hospitalized; he was there as part of a car trip. After recovering from a ten-day coma , he moved to a clinic in Switzerland , and was seen on a wheelchair for a while; the accident led him to a change of lifestyle. In addition to working with the Laps Foundation, a non-profit organization created in 2016 in support of children with dyslexia, learning disabilities, abuses, addictions, and discriminations, he

12540-798: Was involved in supporting the Italian Red Cross in the donations of shopping vouchers intended for the most needy families during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy . He said: "I've decided to change my life, to help others, support others and do everything I can." The campaign, which raised over €400,000, won the 2021 UEFA Foundation for Children award. Through Laps, he leased a Boeing to take 150 Ukrainian refugees to safety, along with ten dogs and five cats, in April 2022. In October 2013, Elkann gave an interview to Beatrice Borromeo , of Il Fatto Quotidiano , in which he said that he had suffered sexual abuse at

12654-456: Was over, made the name of Elkann as a future Juventus chairman; both Exor , the family holding company, and Elkann denied this. That same month, he criticized Evelina Christillin , a member of the FIFA Council , for her negative comments about the budget situation of the club. Elkann shares his grandfather's love for yachting , which served as inspiration for his home in Milan. The house

12768-452: Was presented to BMW 's design director Adrian van Hooydonk . In 2007, Elkann created Italia Independent , a lifestyle and clothing brand featuring Italian products. That same year, he founded Independent Ideas, a communication and advertising agency. In 2011, Italia Independent and ToyWatch of Gianluca Vacchi presented a special edition of 1,007 copies of watches called Unique Edition. In June 2013, Elkann listed Italia Independent on

12882-574: Was single, wished to become a father, and said that if he had a daughter, he would like to call her Italia. On 7 October 2021, Elkann married the Portuguese former rally raid racer Joana Lemos , and they moved to Lisbon . He met Lemos during a 2020 dinner in Portugal. Through the previous marriage of Lemos to Manuel Reymão Nogueira, which ended in 2014 after 18 years, Elkann is the stepfather of two children: Tomás and Martim. On 11 October 2005, Elkann

12996-597: Was subject of a photoshoot by Architectural Digest . About his inspiration from the nautical world, he said: "I don't like houses, so I decided that this place would be redesigned to look like a ship and evoke the ocean." Elkann said he is not interested in politics and that it is not his job. In October 2019, he was involved in a diatribe with Matteo Salvini , who had mocked him by referring his past drug abuse. Elkann criticized Salvini's anti-immigrant policies and rhetoric. He said: "I am in favour of NGOs that help people at sea. I also find it quite shameful that none of

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