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56-598: The Istanbul Financial Center, which employs approximately 100 thousand employees, consists of offices, shopping malls, hotels, conference and exhibition centers. The concept of the Istanbul Financial Center emerged in the early 2000s as part of Turkey's broader economic vision to elevate its status in the global financial arena. The project gained momentum with the formal announcement by the Turkish government in 2009, signaling its commitment to transforming Istanbul into

112-540: A key player in shaping regional dynamics and promoting stability and prosperity in the broader neighborhood. Article 101, Section 1 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for holding the presidency. To serve as president, one must: If a presidential candidate is a member of the Turkish Grand National Assembly , they must resign their seat due to separation of powers. The principles regarding

168-976: A significant financial hub. Subsequent legislative measures and substantial investments were made to advance the project. In 2023, the opening ceremony of the Istanbul Financial Center was held with the participation of the President . Situated in the Ataşehir district on the Anatolian side of Istanbul, the Istanbul Financial Center enjoys a strategic location with convenient access to both domestic and international markets. The area benefits from transportation links, including highways and public transportation networks, as well as proximity to Sabiha Gökçen International Airport , facilitating connectivity for businesses and professionals. The Istanbul Financial Center comprises several components designed to accommodate diverse financial activities and services. The center hosts leading banks of

224-588: A simple majority in the Parliament vote to override the veto. On the approval of the President, laws are published in the Official Gazette and they come into force by virtue of that publication unless a specific effective date is stipulated within the law itself. The President has also the ability to introduce pieces of legislation by issuing presidential decrees. However, laws introduced by the Parliament prevail over

280-464: Is a regular business day of the Grand National Assembly . The president is elected for a term of office of five years and is eligible for one re-election. An exception exists when a president's term ends with a parliamentary decision (i.e., impeachment and removal from office). In this case, the president may be re-elected for an additional term, with the incomplete term not counting against

336-451: Is based on a separation of powers . The Constitution states that the legislative power is vested in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (art. 7), that the executive power is carried out by the President of Turkey (art. 8) and that the judicial power is exercised by independent and impartial courts (art. 9) It also states that parliamentary elections and presidential elections shall be held every five years (art. 77). The parliament accepts

392-490: Is connected to the city's extensive road network, including major highways such as the O-4 and O-2 (part of European route E80 and Asian Highway 1 ), which provide direct links to other parts of Istanbul and beyond. These highways offer access for commuters traveling by car or bus. The center is served by Istanbul's public transportation system, including metro, bus, and minibus routes. The M4 metro line provides direct access to

448-453: Is convicted by the Court would be removed from office. The provision of this article shall also apply to the offenses for which the president allegedly worked during his term of office. Before the 2017 constitutional referendum , the president was not accountable for its actions and orders, except for impeachment due to high treason . All presidential decrees, except those which the president

504-411: Is empowered to enact on his own, had to be signed by the prime minister and the minister concerned, in accordance with the provisions of the constitution and other laws. Thus, the prime minister and the concerned ministers were accountable for these decrees, not the president. The decisions and orders signed by the president on his own initiatives may not be appealed to any judicial authority, including

560-473: Is entitled to enjoy human rights and fundamental freedoms under conditions of national peace and prosperity and in a spirit of national solidarity and justice, and do my utmost to preserve and exalt the glory and honour of the Republic of Turkey and perform without bias the functions that I have assumed. The inauguration happens in the Grand National Assembly . The oath is broadcast live on TBMM-TV regardless of it

616-490: Is held on the last Sunday within forty-five days following the day the office is vacant. The president elected in this way continues his duty until the election date of the Turkish Grand National Assembly. For the president who has completed the remaining term, this period is not counted as a term. If the elections are not completed, the current president's office continues until the new one takes office. In

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672-494: Is required to amend a law and a three-fifth majority to amend the constitution. Bills can be introduced by any member of parliament. The duties and powers of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey are to enact, amend, and repeal laws; to debate and adopt the budget bills and final accounts bills; to decide to declare war; to approve the ratification of international treaties, to decide with the majority of three-fifths of

728-489: Is the national government of Turkey . It is governed as a unitary state under a presidential representative democracy and a constitutional republic within a pluriform multi-party system . The term government can mean either the collective set of institutions (the executive , legislative , and judicial branches) or specifically the Cabinet (the executive). According to the Constitution, Turkey's government system

784-426: Is the 12th and current president of Turkey, who has held the office since 28 August 2014. The office of the President was established with the proclamation of the republic on 29 October 1923. In the voting held on the same day, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was unanimously elected as the first president. From this date until 2014, all presidents except Kenan Evren were elected by the Turkish Grand National Assembly. Among

840-558: The 2007 referendum , the Grand National Assembly would elect one of its members as the President. Before executing the powers of the office, a president is required to recite the presidential Oath of Office , found in Article 103, Section 1 of the Constitution . This is the only component in the inauguration ceremony mandated by the Constitution: In my capacity as President of the Republic, I swear upon my honour and integrity before

896-507: The Constitution . The courts operate within the framework of civil law . The Constitutional Court checks whether laws are in accordance with the constitution. Since 2005, the legal principles as laid down in the various international human rights treaties have also been assessed. Government institutions, governing parties, and the opposition have direct access to the Court. Citizens can also plead

952-552: The Constitutional Court for the annulment of all or certain provisions of laws on the grounds that they are unconstitutional in form or in content (art. 104/7). In such a case, the decision of the Constitutional Court is final (art. 153). Legislative power is vested in a single-chamber parliament (the Grand National Assembly of Turkey ) with 600 members. The members are elected for a period of five years according to

1008-474: The Constitutional Court . The only accountability the president had was impeachment for high treason on the proposal of at least one-third of the total number of the members of the parliament and by the decision of at least three-fourths of the total number of the members. The Presidential Complex in Ankara is the official residence of the president. It was formally inaugurated as the official residence of

1064-416: The D'Hondt method . Every citizen over the age of eighteen is eligible to be a deputy. Members of the Grand National Assembly can not hold office in state departments and other public corporate bodies and their subsidiaries. Members of parliament can sit on behalf of a political party or as an independent parliamentarian . They are also delegates for the province in which they are elected. A simple majority

1120-652: The Directorate of Communications , Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency and the Presidency of Strategy and Budget . There are also state-owned enterprises such as the Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation . The Constitutional Court , the Court of Cassation , the Council of State , and the Court of Jurisdictional Disputes are the supreme courts mentioned in the judicial section of

1176-519: The president of the Republic of Türkiye ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanı ), is the head of state and head of government of Turkey . The president directs the executive branch of the national government and is the commander-in-chief of the Turkish military . The president also heads the National Security Council . The office of the president of Turkey was established with

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1232-415: The proclamation of the Republic of Türkiye on 29 October 1923, with the first president and founder being Mustafa Kemal Atatürk . Traditionally, the presidency was mostly a ceremonial position, with real executive authority being exercised by the prime minister of Turkey . However, constitutional amendments approved in the 2017 constitutional referendum abolished the office of prime minister, and vested

1288-531: The 1961 Constitution made after the 1960 coup, it was decided that presidents should cut off any relation with political parties. Evren, who was governing the country as the head of state and the head of the National Security Council after the 1980 coup, was appointed to the Presidency on 7 November 1982, when the constitution was adopted by popular vote, in accordance with the first provisional article of

1344-416: The 1982 Constitution. With the 2007 constitutional amendment referendum, it was decided that the president would be elected by the people, and in the first elections held on 10 August 2014 after this change, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was elected president by the people. The president, who is the head of state, is also the head of government after the 2017 constitutional amendment referendum. As head of state ,

1400-493: The Articles 104 of the Constitution . The president performs also the duties of selection and appointment, and other duties conferred by the Constitution and statutes. According to the constitutional amendments approved in the 2017 referendum , in the event of a temporary absence of the president on account of illness, travel abroad or similar circumstances, the vice president of Turkey serves as Acting President, and exercises

1456-578: The Assembly, and ten days after its distribution, the report would be discussed on the floor. Upon the approval of two-thirds of the total number of the Assembly by secret vote, the person or persons, about whom the investigation was conducted, may be tried before the Constitutional Court . The trial would be finalized within three months, and if not, a one-time additional period of three months shall be granted. A president about whom an investigation has been initiated may not call for an election . A president who

1512-426: The Assembly, each nominated by the political parties in proportion to their representation therein. The commission would submit its report indicating the outcome of the investigation to the speaker within two months. If the investigation is not completed within this period, the commission's time renewed for another month. Within ten days of its submission to the speaker, the report would be distributed to all members of

1568-457: The Grand National Assembly of Turkey to proclaim amnesty and pardon; and to exercise the powers and carry out the duties envisaged in the other articles of the Constitution. The executive power in the Turkish government is vested in the president of Turkey, where power is often delegated to the Cabinet members and other officials. The executive branch, under Part III of the Constitution, consists of

1624-464: The Great Turkish Nation and before history to safeguard the existence and independence of the state, the indivisible integrity of the country and the nation, and the absolute sovereignty of the nation, to abide by the Constitution, the rule of law, democracy, the principles and reforms of Atatürk, and the principles of the secular republic, not to deviate from the ideal according to which everyone

1680-594: The Sports Arbitration Committee and the Turkish Football Federation Arbitration Committee. All Turkish citizens over 18 years of age have the right to vote in elections and to take part in referendums. Turkish women achieved voting rights in local elections in 1930. Four years later, universal suffrage was implemented in all Turkish elections. Turkey has been a multi-party democracy since 1950. A brief summary of

1736-646: The alleged unconstitutionality of a particular law in an ongoing lawsuit. International treaties, on ratification by the Parliament, have hierarchically the same effect as codes and statutes. However, international treaty provisions involving basic rights and freedoms prevail against domestic codes and statutes. There are also specialised courts for certain legal areas within the scope of the powers of civil courts such as cadastral courts, commercial courts, consumer courts, intellectual and industrial property courts, and labour courts. In certain disputes, some quasi-legal authorities must be used before applying to court such as

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1792-497: The center provides state-of-the-art office spaces, conference facilities, and commercial amenities to support the operations of financial firms and facilitate collaboration and networking. Notably, in response to the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic , all offices within the IFC are equipped with operable windows and UV-filtered ventilation systems, ensuring a safe working environment for

1848-749: The center, while the M12 is under construction. Additionally, numerous bus and minibus routes connect the center to various neighborhoods across Istanbul. Situated in close proximity to the Istanbul Financial Center, Sabiha Gökçen International Airport serves as a transportation hub for domestic and international flights. The airport offers a wide range of domestic and international destinations, providing access for business travelers and facilitating connectivity with global financial centers. 41°0′4.77″N 29°6′36.45″E  /  41.0013250°N 29.1101250°E  / 41.0013250; 29.1101250 President of Turkey The president of Turkey , officially

1904-413: The constitutional amendments approved in the referendum, the Grand National Assembly may initiate an investigation of the president, the vice president or any member of the Cabinet upon the proposal of simple majority of its total members, and within a period less than a month, the approval of three-fifths of the total members. The investigation would be carried out by a commission of fifteen members of

1960-561: The country, investment firms, asset management companies, and other financial institutions, offering a comprehensive range of banking, investment, and advisory services. Regulatory agencies such as the Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency (BRSA) and the Capital Markets Board of Turkey (CMB) have a presence in the center to ensure compliance with regulations and maintain market integrity. A modern business district within

2016-523: The election of the President are regulated in Article 101 of the Constitution and in the Presidential Election Law. In the election to be held by universal suffrage, the candidate who receives the absolute majority of the valid votes is elected president. If this majority is not achieved in the first round, a runoff is held on the second Sunday following this vote. The two candidates who received

2072-404: The election of the president is held together with the general election of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on the first Sunday following the sixtieth day after the vacancy of the office. In the event that the office of the President becomes vacant for any reason and there is more than one year remaining for the general election of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, the presidential election

2128-412: The electoral systems used for each type of election is as follows: The Constitution enumerates local governments as municipalities, special provincial administrations and villages. The administration of the provinces is based on the principle of devolution of powers . The regulatory and budgetary autonomy of local governments is secured in the Constitution. A governor is representing the government in

2184-486: The employees. The Istanbul Financial Center features robust infrastructure, including advanced telecommunications systems, high-speed internet connectivity, to meet the technological needs of financial institutions and businesses. The development includes residential complexes, hotels, restaurants, and recreational facilities, creating a vibrant living environment for the employees, as well as attracting international professionals and visitors. The Istanbul Financial Center

2240-447: The event that the Turkish Grand National Assembly decides that it is not possible to hold new elections due to the war, the presidential election is postponed for one year. If the reason for the postponement has not disappeared, this process can be repeated according to the procedure in the postponement decision. 2017 constitutional referendum extended the president's accountability beyond impeachment due to high treason . According to

2296-413: The first round. If only one candidate remains for the second round, this ballot shall be then conducted as a referendum. A presidential candidate receives the majority of the valid votes shall be elected as president. If that candidate fails to receive the majority of the valid votes in the election, the presidential election will be scheduled to be renewed. Before the constitutional amendments approved in

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2352-523: The former presidents, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, İsmet İnönü and Celâl Bayar served as presidents affiliated with a political party. Atatürk and İnönü continued to serve as both the chairman and the president of the Republican People's Party , while Celâl Bayar resigned from the Democrat Party chairmanship when he started his presidency, but continued to be a party member during his presidency. With

2408-419: The law proposals prepared by the deputies (88 art.) The president promulgates the laws adopted by the Parliament (art. 89). The president may veto some of the provisions of the law and return it to the Parliament for reconsideration, but the approval of the president is not needed if the majority of the Parliament rejects the reconsideration of the law or provisions of the law (art. 89). The president can appeal to

2464-399: The most votes in the first ballot participate in this voting and the candidate who receives the majority of the valid votes is elected president. If one of the presidential candidates who gains the right to run for the second round is unable to participate in the election for any reason, the second round shall be conducted by substituting the vacant candidacy in conformity with the ranking in

2520-526: The new president is elected within 45 days. Presidential elections were held in Turkey in May 2023, alongside parliamentary elections , to elect a president for a term of five years. The following timeline depicts the progression of the presidents and their political affiliation at the time of assuming office. Government of Turkey The Government of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hükûmeti )

2576-420: The powers of the president until the president comes back. If the office of the presidency becomes vacant for any reason, the presidential election shall be held within forty-five days and in the meantime, the vice president shall act as and exercise the powers of the president until the next president is elected. If one year or less remains for the general election, the parliamentary election will be conducted at

2632-398: The presidency with full executive powers, effective upon the 2018 general election . The president is directly elected by eligible Turkish voters for a five-year term. The president of Turkey is referred to as Cumhurbaşkanı ("Republic leader"), and previously archaically as Cumhurreisi or Reis-i Cumhur , also meaning "head of the republic/people". Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

2688-639: The president and cabinet ministers. As part of the separation of the legislative branch from the executive branch, members of the cabinet cannot be a member of the parliament during their ministry. In addition to ministries, a number of staff organizations are grouped into the Executive Office of the President. These include the National Security Council , the State Supervisory Council , the National Intelligence Organization ,

2744-527: The president and those to whom the president's powers are delegated. The president is both the head of state and government , as well as the military commander-in-chief . The president, according to the Constitution, must "ensure the implementation of the Constitution", and "ensure orderly and harmonious functioning of the organs of the State". The president may sign legislation passed by the Parliament into law or may veto it, preventing it from becoming law unless

2800-645: The president by Erdoğan on the country's Republic Day , 29 October 2014. From 1923 to 2014, the Çankaya Mansion served as the residence of the presidents. The Presidential State Guesthouse  [ tr ] serves as the president's official guest house and as a secondary residence for the president if needed. The Huber Mansion , the Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion and the Vahdettin Pavilion have been used as presidential workplace or as summer residence. The president's duties are stated in

2856-644: The president represents the Turkish government to its own people, and represents the nation to the rest of the world. Insulting the head of state is prohibited by Article 299 of the Turkish Penal Code . Leaders of political parties are generally expected to run as a presidential candidate for their party. However, they can also decide not to run as a candidate and contribute to the process of nominating other individuals. From 1961 until 2017, Turkish presidents were required to sever all relations, if any, with their political party. This convention existed to ensure

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2912-624: The president's impartiality in presiding over the Turkish constitutional system. However, the presidency's reorientation in 2017 into a chief executive office abolished this convention, given a president's assumption of office as winners of a partisan electoral contest. The presidents of Turkey are widely perceived as regional power due to the country's strategic importance, geopolitical influence, economic and military strength, cultural heritage, and historical ties. Their active engagement in regional diplomacy, mediation efforts, humanitarian assistance, and economic cooperation underscores Turkey's role as

2968-431: The presidential decrees with respect to the same subject in the hierarchy of norms. Furthermore, fundamental and personal rights or duties and political rights or duties cannot be regulated under presidential decrees. The daily enforcement and administration of federal laws is in the hands of the various executive ministries, to deal with specific areas of national and international affairs. The Cabinet of Turkey includes

3024-763: The province and is also the figurehead and executive organ of the special provincial administration. Governors act as the chairman of the provincial executive committee. Most of the taxes are levied by the central government. However some specific taxes are levied by municipalities. Taxation system in Turkey is regulated by the Tax Procedure (TP) Law. It regulates the rights, burdens, carrying out duties along with principals of accrual. This Law consist of procedural and official provisions of all tax laws. The TP has five main sections: taxation, taxpayer duties, valuation, penalty provisions, tax cases. The budget document often begins with

3080-415: The same time. If more than a year remains, the newly elected president will continue to serve until the next general election. Before the constitutional amendments approved in the 2017 referendum , the speaker of the Grand National Assembly served as Acting President in cases where the presidency is temporarily or permanently vacant and exercises presidential powers until the president returns to duty or

3136-419: The two-term limit. The term of the incumbent president continues until the president-elect takes office. Before the constitutional amendment approved in the 2007 referendum , the president used to be elected for a single seven-year term. In the event that the office of the President becomes vacant for any reason and there is one year or less before the general election of the Turkish Grand National Assembly,

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