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65-474: The system is summarized in its kata , and the specific techniques used to punch (vertical fist) and kick (snapping kicks) presented as upper and lower 'charts', most of which are thrown from natural stances and body posture. In many of the various forms of the system, sixteen kata (eight empty-hand, three bo , two sai , a bo-bo kumite kata, a bo-sai kumite kata and one tuifa kata) are agreed upon as composing Isshin-ryu. These kata include original developments of

130-461: A controlled, almost hard inhalation and exhalation. Touted primarily for its physical training aspects, Sanchin also contains many applicable martial techniques. Shimabuku also thought very highly of the form, saying once, "Sanchin is for health. Without health, how can one have karate?" This bō form comes to the Isshin Ryu system from Shimabuku's time with Chōtoku Kyan . Kyan is to have learned

195-424: A number of techniques that are not permitted in competition or in randori , including punches, kicks, and the use of the katana and other weapons. The study of kata is usually begun typically at around the green belt level. The most commonly studied judo kata is Nage-no-kata , which consists of fifteen throwing techniques. The Katame-no-kata is composed of pinning techniques, chokes, and joint locks. Kime-no-kata

260-596: A primary source for the article. Shimabuku began training under Shinko Ganeko (Okinawan: Ganiku), his maternal uncle. Ganeko later sent Shimabuku to study karate from Chotoku Kyan . Kyan served as Shimabuku's principal instructor and seems to have been the most influential of Shimabuku's teachers in shaping the Isshin-ryu style. The Classical Fighting Arts article questions this, noting that Eizo Shimabuku claimed that he and his brother Tatsuo were his students when they were young, then rhetorically asks why Eizo subsequently sent

325-539: A related version of Seisan, but Isshin-ryū Seisan was learned from Kyan, not Miyagi. The Seiunchin kata was brought into Isshin-ryū from Shimabuku's studies with the Gojū-ryū founder, Chojun Miyagi . It is theorized by some Isshin-ryu researchers that this kata is an original composed by Miyagi, based on his experiences in Fuzhou, China. However, since this kata was also taught by Miyagi's teacher, Kanryo Higaonna (1853-1915), and

390-713: A senior student from their Isshin ryu dojo to learn Kyan's distinctive forms. Nevertheless, the Shuri-Style Lineage Chart of the Okinawa Prefecture Board of Education lists Kyan as Shimabuku's teacher. As Donnelly, author of several books on Isshin-ryu karate, suggests in reference to this chart, "This is an indication that the Okinawan Kobudo Association only recognizes his [Shimabuku's] Shorin-Ryu lineage and doesn't feel that his time in Goju-Ryu

455-465: A series of 45 self-defense techniques, some devised from movements from the Isshin-ryu kata, some derived from kata that he did not include in the Isshin-ryu curriculum (presumably Gojushiho, Passai, and Ananku), and some derived from techniques that Shimabuku favored. Collectively, these techniques were listed in the dojo simply as Kumite , but some Isshin-ryu groups call them Shimabuku Tatsuo no Kumite (島袋龍夫の組手). Shimabuku Tatsuo ( 島袋龍夫 ) (1908–1975)

520-484: A traditional Ryukyu martial art. Coming from Miyagi Chojun , Sanchin has its origins in the Gojū-ryū system. Along with Seiunchin , this is one of two Gojū-ryū katas in Isshin-ryū. Previous to the instruction of Miyagi, the kata was practiced with open hands, turns, and natural breathing methods. With the founding of Gojū-ryū, this form was practiced with closed fists (a more traditional method on Okinawa), no turns, and

585-399: Is a frequently-used suffix meaning “way of doing,” with emphasis on the form and order of the process. Other meanings are “training method” and “formal exercise.” The goal of a painter's practising, for example, is to merge their consciousness with their brush; the potter's with their clay; the garden designer's with the materials of the garden. Once such mastery is achieved, the theory goes,

650-451: Is a loanword in English, from the 1950s in reference to the judo kata due to Jigoro Kano , and from the 1970s also of karate kata ; but the word has come to be used as a generic term for "forms" in martial arts in general, or even figuratively applied to other fields. In Japanese martial arts practice, kata is often seen as an essential partner to randori training with one complementing

715-721: Is a long kata consisting of self-defense techniques against both unarmed attacks, and attacks with swords and knives. While the Japanese term is most well known in the English language, forms are by no means exclusive to Japan. They have been recorded in China as early as the Tang dynasty , and are referred to in Mandarin as taolu . South and Southeast Asian martial arts incorporate both preset and freestyle forms. In silat these are referred to as jurus and tari respectively. Malay folklore credits

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780-494: Is a sign indicating the name of this staff kata. It is not written in kanji (the preferred method when writing a native Japanese name). It is written in both Romaji (romanized spelling for Japanese writing) and in Katakana (a simplified form of Kanji also used for foreign words and non-Japanese names). The Romaji is shown as "TOKOMENI" (noting the "KO" on the sign and the common replacement as "KU" throughout most Isshin-Ryu schools). Yet

845-442: Is a technique allowing one person to carry another person without assistance, by placing the carried person across the shoulders of the carrier. The technique was commonly used by firefighters to carry injured or unconscious people away from danger, but has been replaced in firefighting due to the drawback that smoke and heat are greater higher up, and may be fatal to the person being carried. The "fireman's carry" technique

910-483: Is adequate to maintain that lineage. ... This is not to suggest that Master Shimabuku didn't study Goju-Ryu, but that his study was not of a significant amount of time to be listed under that system." Chotoku Kyan would be his most influential instructor (and after whom he initially named his style Chan Mi Te , with Migwa being a reference to Chotoku Kyan's nickname stemming from his wearing of glasses and his small eyes). Bishop claimed he studied under Choki Motobu during

975-460: Is broken into segments, each utilizing a specific breathing and muscle-tensing method. The kata has no obvious kicks, but one section contains hints of a rising knee strike. Naihanchi [Shodan] comes to Isshin Ryu from studies with both Chotoku Kyan and Choki Motobu (a cousin of Kyan). It is also considered one of the staples of Ryukyu Ti, and is prevalent in most forms of Karate. The Isshin Ryu version

1040-430: Is easier to carry them for a longer distance – 50 feet (15 metres) or more. The fireman's carry is preferred over a single-shoulder carry if someone is seriously hurt or if the person must be carried for a considerable amount of time. A person being carried over one shoulder would experience more jarring as their body is dangling more freely over the carrier's shoulder. Also, blood would be unevenly distributed if someone

1105-431: Is included in other naha-te descended styles such as Shito-ryu, it is more likely that it was Higaonna who brought the kata back to Okinawa after his earlier studies in Fuzhou. The kata focuses on the stance "shiko-dachi" (sometimes referred to as "seiunchin-dachi"), a low horse stance at which the knees are bent at obtuse angles and the feet are angled away from the direction the body is facing at 45-degree angles. The kata

1170-449: Is influenced heavily by the kumite of Motobu, with the exception of the turned-in toes (Motobu preferred the horse-riding stance with the toes in a neutral position). The kata is also noted for its use of the "Nami ashi", the returning wave kick. The kick has many different potentials for application, including the sweeping or redirecting of a low kick, a kick or knee to the inside of an opponent's thigh, knee, tibia, and ankle. It also has

1235-413: Is ongoing hazard, the carried person is larger than the rescuer, the rescuer is otherwise unable to move the victim at all, or it is imperative to cross significant distances, quickly. It is by no means appropriate when a stretcher is available and a viable alternative, or when the rescuer has the size and strength to easily carry the subject in a gentler, more compassionate and considerate hold. Currently,

1300-486: Is practiced in Japanese martial arts as a way to memorize and perfect the movements being executed. Korean martial arts with Japanese influence ( hapkido , Tang Soo Do ) use the derived term hyeong (hanja: 形) and also the term pumsae (hanja: 品勢 hangeul: 품새). Kata are also used in many traditional Japanese arts such as theatre forms like kabuki and schools of tea ceremony ( chadō ), but are most commonly known in

1365-577: Is prevented only by a high sensitivity of both participants to important concepts being taught and trained for. These include timing and distance, with the kata practised at realistic speed. This adjustability of kata training is found in other Japanese arts with roles of attacker and defender often interchanging within the sequence. Many martial arts use kata for public demonstrations and in competitions, awarding points for such aspects of technique as style, balance, timing, and verisimilitude (appearance of being real). The most popular image associated with kata

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1430-410: Is still taught for use outside firefighting. Soldiers use this technique to carry the wounded. Lifeguards are sometimes trained to use the fireman's carry. Carrying someone in this manner has several advantages over other methods of moving another person. The subject's torso is fairly level, which helps prevent further injuries. When the subject's weight is evenly distributed over both shoulders, it

1495-404: Is that of a karate practitioner performing a series of punches and kicks in the air. The kata are executed as a specified series of approximately 20 to 70 moves, generally with stepping and turning, while attempting to maintain perfect form. There are perhaps 100 kata across the various forms of karate, each with many minor variations. The number of moves in a kata may be referred to in the name of

1560-586: Is the Okinawan term for arm conditioning. Karada-kitai is the term for body conditioning with ashi-kitai for the feet, fukubu-kitai for the stomach, etc. It is not unique to Isshin Ryu, and is also used by other Okinawan styles such as Uechi-ryu . As with the Kotekitai, the makiwara is a rather universal tool in Okinawan martial arts. It is made from an immovable punching post constructed of wood or some firm material, wrapped in straw or other soft padding. The Makiwara

1625-419: Is the practice of free-sparring, that is, sparring in a non-set pattern. Shimabuku was one of the first, if not the first, Okinawan instructors to institute free-sparring using full Kendo armor to allow for full-contact training while minimizing the risk of injury. Current equipment makes free-sparring much easier and safer, allow for a more involved and effective karate training method. Shimabuku also taught

1690-424: Is to create and maintain the organizational culture through consistent role modeling, teaching, and coaching, which is in many ways analogous to how kata are taught in the martial arts. Toyota Kata is a 2009 management book by Mike Rother aiming to establish a routine for establishing a continuous improvement process . Fireman%27s carry A fireman's carry or fireman's lift (also firefighter's- )

1755-562: Is used primarily in the development of the striking surfaces utilized in karate. Unlike a hanging bag, timing, cadence, and footwork are rarely utilized with this implement, instead using it almost solely as a resistance training aide. Striking of the makiwara tends to develop the muscles around the joints, strengthening them for the sometimes awkward or unorthodox strikes found in the various types of Ryukyu martial arts. The most common strikes used are straight punches using various hand formations and single, two, and three finger strikes. Kumite

1820-471: The Isshin Ryu stance "kiba-dachi", in which both feet are shoulder-width apart facing forward. "Naihanchi-dachi," as it's called, takes kiba-dachi and turns the balls of the feet (area of foot just behind the toes) and turns them inward and accentuates the continuous bend at the knees Isshin Ryu Karateka are taught from initiation. Also coming from Kyan, Wanshū (also known as Wansu) has several iterations on

1885-456: The Kashmiri khawankay . In historical European martial arts and their modern reconstructions, there are forms, plays, drills and flourishes. More recently kata has come to be used in English in a more general or figurative sense, referring to any basic form, routine, or pattern of behavior that is practised to various levels of mastery. In Japanese language kata (though written as 方)

1950-454: The Katakana below it was not consistent with how the romanized spelling should have been done. It should have been written in Romaji as "TOKUMINE". The first katakana is definitely "TO", the second "KU", the third "MI", the fourth is not clear but reasonably "NE" and together "TOKUMINE". The form Urashi no Kun was taught to Shimabuku by his kobudō instructor, Shinken Taira . Taira is the founder of

2015-622: The Master, and inherited kata from the parent styles. Tatsuo Shimabuku learned Seisan from his primary instructor, Chotoku Kyan . Previous to Kyan's instruction, the Seisan form was a staple of local traditions. This kata is sometimes the first introduced to students after the First and Second Charts of basics have been learned. This is in contrast to other Shorin systems where this kata is learned after other fundamental kata. The Gojū-ryū curriculum includes

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2080-477: The Ryūkyū Kobudō Hozon Shinkokai, whose goal is the preservation of Okinawa's weapons forms. Shimabuku learned this form from Shinken Taira who learned it from Kenwa Mabuni. The kata itself uses the bo in a horizontal manner, different from other cudgel traditions. This form is a product of Shimabuku's own research into the art of kobudō , the coverall for Okinawa's weapons studies. The kata

2145-478: The above order. Developed by Tatsuo Shimabuku and one of his Okinawan students Eiko Kaneshi, the first chart (though some first-generation students learned this chart after the lower-body chart) of basic techniques is unique to the Isshin Ryu system. Though the technical content and number of techniques varies by lineage, the first Chart One was simply a collection of 15 upper-body dominant techniques Shimabuku felt were necessary for proper development. Developed at

2210-520: The age of 50 (c. 1959) Shimabuku began studying kobudō , the art of traditional Okinawan weapons, under Shinken Taira . Kobudō weapons included were the sai , bo , and tonfa . He incorporated the kobudō that he had learned from Kyan and Taira into the Isshin-ryu system. Kata (martial arts) Kata is a Japanese word ( 型 or 形 ) meaning "form". It refers to a detailed choreographed pattern of martial arts movements. It can also be reviewed within groups and in unison when training. It

2275-672: The book The Pragmatic Programmer . The concept was implemented by Laurent Bossavit and Emmanuel Gaillot who talked about it at XP2005 in Sheffield (UK). Following this conference, Robert C. Martin described the concept and initial usages in his article "The Programming Dojo". One of the things that characterize an organization's culture is its kata – its routines of thinking and practice. Edgar Schein suggests an organization's culture helps it cope with its environment, and one meaning of kata is, "a way to keep two things in sync or harmony with one another." A task for leaders and managers

2340-413: The development of the "sequential summation of movement", which is the scientific term for full-body whipping motion. This is exemplified by the emphasis on whipping strikes, which make up a vast majority of the offensive movements in the form. This form comes either from Shimabuku's studies of Sai methodology with Kyan, his primary karate instructor, or was possibly a form taught in its entirety. Shimabuku

2405-500: The doing of a thing perfectly is as easy as thinking it. Kata is a term used by some programmers in the Software Craftsmanship movement. Computer programmers who call themselves "Software Craftsmen" will write 'Kata' - small snippets of code that they write in one sitting, sometimes repeatedly, often daily, in order to build muscle memory and practise their craft. In 1999, the term was used by Dave Thomas , co-author of

2470-800: The early 1940s in Naha; however, since Shimabuku was only present in Okinawa between 1941–42 and Motobu died in 1944, the "Classical Fighting Arts" article deems it "difficult to understand" how he could have trained with Motobu "in any meaningful way." Bishop further cites Shimabuku having studied for various lengths of time with Chojun Miyagi, Choki Motobu, and Taira Shinken. The "Classical Fighting Arts" article claims that local sources list Shimabuku training for two months with Chojun Miyagi. Shimabuku opened his first dojo in Konbu village and began teaching in late 1946 after being repatriated from Kyushu . Around this time, he adopted

2535-566: The end. Its techniques may be utilized in places with low levels of light but is not exclusively a night fighting form. Depending on the lineage, Kusanku is the second of two kata which contain the zenkutsu-dachi in Isshin-Ryu. This kata was designed by the founder of Isshin-Ryu, Shimabuku Tatsuo, in approximately 1947. It incorporates several movements from other kata in the Isshin-Ryu syllabus, as well as from kata from other instructors, in addition to techniques and concepts Shimabuku favored. It

2600-420: The entire sequence of moves in the kata is to be executed as if one is standing up against a wall and one's opponents are to his left, right, and straight ahead. It is because of this that the kata is usually taught with the back straight and the heels and back placed firmly either on a straight edge such as a board or a wall, or on top of a long piece of tape. The main stance of naihanchi is a slight variant from

2665-420: The form either from Tokumine himself, or from Tokumine's landlord after the aforementioned had passed on. Shimabuku Tatsuo also commented that this was his favorite kata. Different isshin -ryu schools spell the name differently by changing the "e" and the "i". Research thus far has shown that the kata was named after someone (Shitsunen Tokumine). However, at this time, no genealogical findings have been found for

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2730-450: The form tends to focus on the slipping and in-close evasion and redirection of attack. It also contains a unique movement often described as a fireman's carry throw, or dump. Because of this, many schools during the 1960s and 1970s nicknamed this kata "the dumping form". Also, depending on the lineage, Wansu is one of two kata in Isshin Ryu which use the "zenkutsu dachi", the longer front stance seen in other forms of karate. As with most of

2795-525: The incident that caused the injury is still ongoing (fire, combat, public disturbances, etc.). It is also harder to get a patient onto a rescuer's shoulders than it is to drag a patient by their shoulders. The fireman's carry presents severe hazards if the person being carried has or may have a spinal injury, and should be avoided. The fireman's carry, utilizing back and shoulder strength, is engineered as an emergency measure to optimize power, endurance, and mobility. As such, it may not be applicable where there

2860-597: The introduction of forms to the Buddhist monk Bodhidharma . In Korean martial arts such as taekwondo and Tang Soo Do , the word hyung or hyeong is usually employed, though in some cases other words are used. The International Taekwon-Do Federation uses the word tul , while the World Taekwondo Federation uses the word poomsae or simply the English translations " pattern " or "form." Taekwondo patterns have multiple variations including Palgwe and

2925-471: The island of Ryukyu . Popular history has the kata coming from a Chinese political visitor who, during his duties, taught his fighting method in the open. Isshin Ryu's version of this form is unique for its inclusion of two side kicks - techniques seen in the system previously only in the Chart Two exercises. Current research hints at this change being made by Shimabuku Tatsuo himself. For technical content,

2990-444: The kata Chinto. Of the eight weaponless kata in Isshin-Ryu, five come from the teaching of Chotoku Kyan . Kusanku is one of these. Kusanku is often referred to as a "night-fighting" kata, or a form which teaches fighting at night. The kata is set up in such a manner as to allow continual study of application potential from basic standing grappling and close striking in the beginning, to more aggressive and proactive techniques near

3055-512: The kata in Isshin Ryu, Chinto comes from the teaching of Kyan. The kata differs from others in that its embusen is a line placed on a 45-degree angle from the starting position, in the Kyan-style tradition. The footwork is indicative of a slipping, deflecting, and a whipping, relaxed body motion. Some karate instructors consider the previously learned forms of the system, Naihanchi and Wansu, to be preparatory and basic training forms, culminating in

3120-410: The kata, e.g., Gojū Shiho , which means "54 steps." The practitioner is generally counselled to visualize the enemy attacks, and his responses, as actually occurring, and karateka are often told to "read" a kata, to explain the imagined events. Kata can contain techniques beyond the superficially obvious ones. The study of the meaning of the movements is referred to as the bunkai , meaning analysis, of

3185-463: The kata. One explanation of the use of kata is as a reference guide for a set of moves. Not to be used following that "set" pattern but to keep the movements "filed". After learning these kata, this set of learned skills can then be used in a sparring scenario (particularly without points). The main objective here is to try out different combinations of techniques in a safe environment to ultimately find out how to defeat your opponent. Recently, with

3250-428: The learner develops the ability to execute those techniques and movements in a natural, reflex-like manner. Systematic practice does not mean permanently rigid. The goal is to internalize the movements and techniques of a kata so they can be executed and adapted under different circumstances, without thought or hesitation. A novice's actions will look uneven and difficult, while a master's appear simple and smooth. Kata

3315-399: The martial arts. Kata are used by most Japanese and Okinawan martial arts , such as iaido , judo , kendo , kenpo , and karate . Kata originally were teaching and training methods by which successful combat techniques were preserved and passed on. Practicing kata allowed a company of persons to engage in a struggle using a systematic approach, rather by practicing in a repetitive manner

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3380-548: The more popular Taeguk forms used by the WTF. Forms are included in certain taekwondo competitions and are a key element of gradings. In Sanskrit , forms are known either as yudhan (combat form) or pentra (tactical deployment). Other Asian martial arts refer to forms by various terms specific to their respective languages, such as the Burmese word aka , the Vietnamese quyen and

3445-416: The movement training potential for the basics of the sequential summation of movement. Some interpret the move as a low "yoko-geri" (side kick) from naihanchi-dachi to the opponent's farthest ankle, inside-calf, or knee, and returning the kick to the body around the opponent's nearest leg across one's body to the hip and back down to naihanchi-stance. A popular interpretation of the kata concerns its position:

3510-519: The name Tatsuo, or Dragon Man. He taught in Tairagawa village and also in Koza City before deciding to teach in his house in about 1948. On January 15, 1956, he held a meeting and announced that he was naming his new style of karate Isshin-ryu. Shimabuku's number one student, Eiko Kaneshi, was at the meeting and asked Shimabuku, "Why such a funny name?" Tatsuo replied, "Because all things begin with one." At

3575-408: The other. However, the actual type and frequency of kata versus randori training varies from art to art. In iaido , solo kata using the Japanese sword ( katana ) comprises almost all of the training. Whereas in judo , kata training is de-emphasized and usually only prepared for dan grading. In kenjutsu , paired kata at the beginners level can appear to be stilted. At higher levels serious injury

3640-408: The person being carried. The person carried is largely outside the rescuer's field of vision, and almost all vital areas are out of the rescuer's view. Thus, dangerous changes in their condition can be missed, and an inexperienced rescuer can inadvertently create or further compound injuries via collision with obstacles. Furthermore, the rescuer's obstructed peripheral vision puts both persons at risk if

3705-414: The same time as the first chart, the second set of techniques are, largely, the basic kicking techniques of the Isshin Ryu system. As with the first chart, the number of techniques, as well as actual technical content, vary by lineage. The initial chart contained eight kicking techniques and six stretching and calisthenic exercises. A ninth kick was informally added to the chart in the late 1960s. Kote-kitai

3770-408: The spelling "Tokumine" while several are noted for "Tokumeni". (Incorrect. The kanji and the katakana on the 1966 film of Tatsuo Shimabuku clearing shows it is TOKU MINE (pronounced Toe-koo-mee-nei)). The spelling changes, and pronunciation conflicts, may have indeed come from the 1966 film of Tatsuo Shimabuku and which is readily viewable on YouTube at the time of this update. At timeline 12:38 there

3835-446: The spread of extreme martial arts, or XMA, a style of kata called CMX kata has formed. These kata are performed in tournaments and include gymnastics related elements, such as backflips, cartwheels, and splits. These kata can also be performed with weapons such as the bō staff. Judo has several kata, mostly created in the late 19th century by Kano Jigoro , the founder of judo. The judo kata involve two participants. Judo kata preserve

3900-425: The technique preferred in firefighting involves dragging a person by the shoulders or upper clothing in a supine position across the floor or ground. This uses the rescuer's upper legs (the strongest muscles in the body) to push against the floor for leverage in order to pull the person towards an exit. This technique is also easier for rescuers who may be younger or of smaller size or stature. In addition, dragging by

3965-506: Was born Shinkichi Shimabuku on September 19, 1908, in Gushikawa village, Okinawa. While "The four most widely recognized of Tatsuo Shimabuku's instructors are Chotoku Kyan, Choki Motobu , Chojun Miyagi, and Taira Shinken," his training history remains controversial, with one review finding his karate career "riddled with historical inaccuracies, flaws, and unlikely scenarios." This review itself has been challenged by Andy Sloane, who claims to be

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4030-498: Was built as an introduction to Sai practice, with the weapon movements replacing the empty-hand applications. The form is taught one of two ways: with or without kicks. Initially, the kata was taught with kicks as it is a karate-based kata. Later, after 1960, the kicks were removed because Shimabuku wished to emphasize the weapon more so. Chatan Yara is taught as the second Sai kata in the Isshin Ryu system, coming from Shimabuku's instruction with Shinken Taira. The form focuses on

4095-433: Was dangling upside-down over the carrier's shoulder for an extended period of time. This could also be a very uncomfortable position for the carried person if they are still conscious. The fireman's carry allows a soldier to carry an injured comrade securely using only one hand, leaving their other hand free to carry and fire their weapon if required. In firefighting, smoke and heat are greater higher up, and may be fatal to

4160-452: Was teaching this kata in 1951 but by 1959 he had dropped in favor of Kusanku. This form is from Shimabuku's studies with Shinken Taira . It is the only Tonfa kata in the Isshinryu system. As do many Okinawans, Shimabuku always referred to the weapon, and thus the kata also, as tuifa . Some Isshin-Ryu schools teach the kata in a different order. However, Shimabuku Tatsuo taught the kata in

4225-556: Was used as a dojo kata and as a personal project of the founder, prior to the naming of Isshin Ryu in 1956. Sunsu is rarely found outside of Isshin Ryu dojo. (Only the Shorin-ryu dojo of Nagamine Kojun in Uruma City, Okinawa is known to retain Sunsu to this day.) The Okinawa Prefecture Karate Kobudo Rengokai has recognized Sunsu as a kata of Okinawa. This represents an acceptance of Isshin-Ryu as

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