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60-490: The State Cup was first held in 1928 as the People's Cup . Because it involves clubs of all standards playing against each other, there is the possibility for " minnows " from the lower divisions to become "giant-killers" by eliminating top clubs from the tournament, although lower division teams rarely reach the final. The last below the top-flight club to make the final was Maccabi Netanya in 2014, they have since been promoted to

120-465: A Western European background was Chaim Herzog, who originally came from Belfast , United Kingdom . The first president with a Mizrahi background was Moshe Katsav , who was born in Iran . The first president to be born in the modern state after Israel's declaration of independence is Isaac Herzog . He is also the first son of a former Israeli president to also become president. As of 2024,

180-404: A decision regarding the prerogative of clemency at his or her own discretion, after receiving information from the applicants, requesting the opinion of other parties, and consulting the minister of justice or the minister of defense , as the case may be. Each Israeli president adopts a different approach to how they handle clemency, which influences their decision making. The president confers

240-436: A different set of expectations and allowances within a social context. The underdog is often seen as disadvantaged or less likely to conform to established norms. In this context, society might be more lenient or accept norm violations from underdogs, as their perceived struggles or challenges may evoke empathy or understanding.    We also rally round the underdog to satisfy our need for social justice . Supporting

300-589: A request, effectively dismissing the prime minister from office and triggering the resignation of the Government. The exercise of this authority by the president serves to prevent a prime minister from abusing their power – namely, beating the Knesset into submission through multiple snap elections . The president has broad power to pardon, reduce, or commute the sentences of both soldiers and civilians, including to refuse requests for such clemency. The president reaches

360-445: A shift in the polls towards the underdog, participants shifted their support back to the leading contender. This shift in support suggests that the pleasure derived from the underdog's potential victory may not necessarily stem from genuine support for the underdog but rather from the satisfaction of seeing the leading candidate lose their position of power. This highlights how opposition reactivity, possibly driven by schadenfreude towards

420-536: A term Thunder to the Dominant [teams] ( Russian : Гроза авторитетов , Groza avtoritetov) that referred to underdog, often a strong mid-table team, of which the dominant teams were afraid. The title is still in use in the post-Soviet period and sometimes is given to " dark horse " teams which manage to win a major tournament. There was an official sports award that was introduced by the Soviet sports weekly "Sportivnaya Moskva" in

480-403: A top team at home, although in some cases the expense of providing policing for a game can outweigh any financial windfall from larger crowds. Mid-ranked teams hope for a draw against a peer to improve their chances of reaching future rounds. Top-ranked teams look for easy opposition, but have to be on their guard against 'giant-killers' and lower teams with ambition. The balls are being drawn by

540-556: Is also reflected in the idea of the American dream , where someone from a low social class can achieve success through hard work. Sports are another instance where underdogs are highly valorized, reflected in both real events, such as the Miracle on Ice , and in popular culture depictions of sports. Spectators and commentators are commonly drawn to establishing one side as the underdog, even if both teams are considered evenly matched. In fiction,

600-625: Is called the favorite or top dog . In the case where an underdog wins, the outcome is an upset . An "underdog bet" is a bet on the underdog or outsider for which the odds are generally higher. The first recorded uses of the term occurred in the second half of the 19th century; its first meaning was "the beaten dog in a fight". In British and American culture , underdogs are highly regarded. This harkens back to core Judeo-Christian stories, such as that of David and Goliath , and also ancient British legends such as Robin Hood and King Arthur . This

660-482: Is eligible to run for president. The office falls vacant upon completion of a term, death, resignation, or the decision of three-quarters of the Knesset to remove the president on grounds of misconduct or incapacity. Presidential tenure is not keyed to that of the Knesset, in order to assure continuity in government and the non-partisan character of the office. There is no vice president in the Israeli governmental system. If

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720-425: Is held annually on Yom Ha'atzmaut . Moreover, the president serves as the keynote speaker at the opening ceremonies of the half-yearly Knesset conference, as well as at the annual official ceremonies for Yom Hazikaron and Yom HaShoah . Most Israeli presidents were involved in national politics or Zionist activities before taking office. Some were also distinguished in other fields. For example, Chaim Weizmann

780-419: Is to guarantee the institutional independence of the president from the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. This arrangement effectively makes the presidency – in the words of one constitutional scholar – Israel's "fourth branch of government", allowing successive presidents to exercise nonpartisan influence (as opposed to party-political policymaking power) in their dealings with politicians, to assure

840-534: The Fool archetype is often an underdog if they are depicted as the main character. Their apparent ineptitude leads to people underestimating their true abilities, and they are able to succeed against a more powerful, "establishment" villain. An example in film is The Tramp portrayed by Charlie Chaplin . People often root for underdogs for various psychological and cultural reasons; for example, witnessing and experiencing underdog challenges can lead us to empathise with

900-506: The generalizability of its findings to other domains, such as sports or business competitions, where underdog phenomena and schadenfreude may manifest differently. Future research could mitigate these limitations by employing diverse methodological approaches and exploring underdog and schadenfreude dynamics across various contexts to gain a more comprehensive understanding of these phenomena. Furthermore, there are challenges in distinguishing underdog support from schadenfreude, underscoring

960-455: The prime minister as its head. Likewise, most presidential powers are either exercised in accordance with the strictures of the Basic Laws or on the binding advice of the Government. Indeed, most presidential acts require the countersignature of the prime minister or another minister designated thereby to have legal effect. Correspondingly, the presidency occupies a largely ceremonial role in

1020-427: The " Miracle Mets " of 1969, and the " Miracle on Ice " in 1980. Cinderella teams are also referred to as a surprise package or surprise packet, and their success would be termed a fairy-tale run. A related concept is the giant-killer, which refers to a lesser competitor who defeats a favorite, reflecting the story of David and Goliath . In Soviet sport, particularly team sports like football and hockey, there appeared

1080-444: The "top dog," or those perceived as riding high, indicating a pleasure from watching them fail, thus we support the underdog. The interconnection between rooting for the underdog and Schadenfreude is illustrated in a study by Stephen Ceci and Edward Kain (1982) in the context of political elections. Their findings suggest that exposure to polls depicting a candidate as having a dominant position did not evoke positive feelings towards

1140-585: The 1970s and 1980s for football and hockey top competitions awarded to teams that managed to take away the biggest number of points from the last season top-three placed teams. President of Israel The president of the State of Israel ( Hebrew : נְשִׂיא מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל , romanized :  Nesi Medinat Yisra'el , or Hebrew : נְשִׂיא הַמְדִינָה , romanized :  Nesi HaMedina Arabic : رئيس دولة إسرائيل , romanized :  Ra'īs Daūlat Al-Isrāʾīl , lit.   'President of

1200-497: The 1980 movie Caddyshack where he pretends as the announcer to his own golf fantasy: "Cinderella story. Outta nowhere. A former greenskeeper, now, about to become the Masters champion." Referring somewhat inaccurately to the plot details of the classic Cinderella story, the media will debate whether the given "Cinderella" team or player will "turn into a pumpkin", i.e. fail to win the prize and then return to its former obscurity. In

1260-557: The Government or in accordance with the strictures of the Basic Laws, the president enjoys personal discretion in matters of Government formation, parliamentary dissolution, and granting pardons. These functions comprise the reserve powers of the presidency. The president's most important power, in practice, is to lead the process of forming a Government. Israel's electoral system and fractured political landscape make it all but impossible for one party to govern alone, let alone win an outright majority of Knesset seats. After each election,

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1320-426: The Israeli league clubs with pairings for each round drawn at random – there are no seeds , and the draw for each round is not made until after the scheduled dates for the previous round. The draw also determines which teams will play at home. Each tie is played as a single leg. If a match is drawn, the game is settled with extra time and penalty shootouts , though until 1964 replays would be played until one team

1380-557: The Israeli Premier League. Maccabi Petah Tikva are the current Israel State Cup holders, having beaten Hapoel Be'er Sheva 1–0 in the final for their third title. Maccabi Tel Aviv have 24 titles, holding the record for most titles won. Hapoel Tel Aviv in 1937–1939 and 2010–2012 are the only club to have retained the State Cup for three consecutive seasons. The competition is a knockout tournament which includes all of

1440-446: The Knesset, by secret ballot . If no candidate receives an absolute majority of votes in the first or second round of voting, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated in each subsequent round, if needed until only two remain. From 1949 to 2000, the president was elected for a five-year term, and was allowed to serve up to two terms in office. Since 2000, the president serves a single seven-year term. Any Israeli resident citizen

1500-774: The National Academy of Science, the Broadcasting Authority, the Authority to Rehabilitate Prisoners, the Chief Rabbinical Council and the Wolf Foundation . Judges are appointed by the president pursuant to the nominations of the Judicial Selection Committee . All other presidential appointments are made on the advice of the Government. In addition to routine functions exercised on the advice of

1560-468: The State Cup from the President of Israel . The president's role is traditional, and entered the Israeli sports lexicon, with meeting the president being an expression equal to saying winning the cup . Underdog (competition) An underdog is a person or group in a competition, usually in sports and creative works , who is largely expected to lose. The party, team, or individual expected to win

1620-500: The State';) is the head of state of Israel . The president is mostly, though not entirely, ceremonial; actual executive power is vested in the cabinet led by the prime minister . The incumbent president is Isaac Herzog , who took office on 7 July 2021. Presidents are elected by the Knesset for a single seven-year term. The President of Israel is elected by an absolute majority in

1680-530: The United Nations ) succeeded him as Israel's sixth president. Likud's Moshe Katsav 's victory over Labor's Shimon Peres in 2000 (by secret ballot) was an upset . Albert Einstein , a Jew, but not an Israeli citizen, was offered the presidency in 1952, but turned it down, stating: "I am deeply moved by the offer from our State of Israel, and at once saddened and ashamed that I cannot accept it. All my life I have dealt with objective matters, hence I lack both

1740-429: The authenticity of participants' expressions of support or disdain for candidates depicted in polls, especially in sensitive contexts like political elections. Moreover, reliance on self-report measures in the study may oversimplify participants' emotional reactions, particularly concerning complex psychological phenomena like schadenfreude. Additionally, the study's exclusive focus on electoral contexts may limit

1800-650: The competition. As well as being presented with the trophy, the winning team also qualifies for the UEFA Europa League . If the winners have already qualified for the UEFA Champions League via the Israeli Premier League, the UEFA Europa League place goes to the State Cup runners-up. If they also have qualified for the UEFA Champions League, the place goes to the next highest placed finisher in

1860-512: The complex interplay between underdog support and schadenfreude is necessary to unravel their intricate dynamics fully. Additionally, underdog narratives can sometimes reinforce stigmatization , highlighting the need to address paternalistic tendencies that may portray underdogs as objects of sympathy rather than active agents. Such portrayals risk overlooking the agency and dignity of individuals marginalised by society, perpetuating symbolic tokenism rather than genuine empowerment. In sports ,

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1920-411: The concept of schadenfreude plays an essential role in the sympathy gained by the underdog particularly when the dominant party is perceived as undeserving of their success. This phenomenon has received attention from social scientists who argue that resentment towards high-status individuals can fuel Schadenfreude when they experience a downfall.  Heider suggests there is tendency to root against

1980-450: The conduct of state business. Nevertheless, these constitutional limitations do not extend to the exercise of those discretionary functions comprising the president's reserve powers . The presidency enjoys immunity from both civil suit and criminal prosecution. Thus, the president is inviolable before the courts of law for any matter concerned with the performance of his or her official functions. The purpose of this substantive immunity

2040-429: The continuity and stability of state institutions, and to hold dialogue with the public on various charitable causes and issues of national import. The president signs bills passed by the Knesset into law, except those bills that pertain to the president's powers, and ratifies international or bilateral treaties approved by the Knesset. Acting on the advice of the Government, the president is also charged with endorsing

2100-558: The credentials of Israeli ambassadors abroad and receiving the credentials of foreign diplomats to Israel. Likewise, the president is responsible for appointing a wide array of public officials, including judges, the governor of the Bank of Israel , the president of Magen David Adom , the president of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities , and members of the Council on Higher Education,

2160-797: The dignity of Righteous Among the Nations on the recommendation of Yad Vashem , presents the Wolf Prize on the recommendation of the Wolf Foundation, and awards the Presidential Medal of Honor , the President's Fund for Outstanding Doctoral Students, and the Presidential Award for Volunteerism in his absolute discretion. The President also participates in the awarding of the Israel Prize , which

2220-621: The effort required to overcome such obstacles, fostering a connection with others who confront similar hardships. This shared understanding may, in turn, contribute to breaking social norms by challenging prevailing expectations and disrupting established power dynamics. Social norms often dictate that success is reserved for those in privileged or dominant positions; however, the underdog narrative challenges this norm by portraying individuals or groups who are perceived as disadvantaged , less powerful, or less likely to succeed. One could argue that individuals or groups perceived as underdogs may face

2280-463: The execution of the public will. Put another way, the presidency serves as a national symbol that seeks to reinforce the core values of the state and to give a voice to the diversity of Israeli society in the performance of its official functions. In these respects, the powers of the president of Israel are generally equivalent to those held by heads of state in other parliamentary democracies and are largely dictated by Basic Law: The Presidency , which

2340-439: The fairy tale, it was the carriage that turned into a pumpkin at midnight, not Cinderella herself. Another popular term is "strike midnight", when a Cinderella team does finally get beaten. Prior to the widespread use of Cinderella in this way, the more common term for unexpected and dramatic success was Miracle , as in the "Miracle Braves " of 1914 , the " Miracle on Grass " in 1950, the " Miracle of Coogan's Bluff " in 1951,

2400-406: The following year after Weizmann's death. Since then, elections have been held in 1957 , 1962 , 1963 (an early election following Yitzhak Ben-Zvi 's death), 1968 , 1973 , 1978 , 1983 , 1988 , 1993 , 1998 , 2000 , 2007 , 2014 , and 2021 . Six elections (1951, 1957, 1962, 1968, 1978, and 1988) have taken place with no opposition candidate, although a vote was still held. Isaac Herzog

2460-554: The inability of the governing Likud coalition to elect its candidate to the presidency. Israeli observers believed that, in counterbalance to Prime Minister Menachem Begin 's polarizing leadership, Navon, the country's first president of Sephardi origin, provided Israel with unifying symbolic leadership at a time of great political controversy and upheaval. In 1983, Navon decided to re-enter Labor politics after five years of non-partisan service as president, and Chaim Herzog (previously head of military intelligence and Ambassador of Israel to

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2520-624: The intricate relationship between these psychological constructs. While the assumption is that both forces operate in the same direction, they may represent interchangeable phenomena rather than distinct processes. Attempts to disentangle them may have inadvertently created a byproduct , complicating rather than clarifying their distinction. This suggests that the emotions associated with supporting underdogs and experiencing schadenfreude may be more intertwined than previously recognized, posing difficulties for researchers seeking to isolate and comprehend each theory independently. Further investigation into

2580-493: The leading candidate, influences shifts in support towards the underdog during electoral contests. Both underdog support and Schadenfreude are influenced by perceptions of deserving and fairness within competitive contexts. The interplay between these two phenomena sheds light on the complex motivations underlying individuals' reactions to competitive situations, where notions of justice, fairness, and deserving play crucial roles in shaping emotional responses. Studies supporting

2640-403: The league table. The draw for each round, performed by drawing the clubs name from a jar, is a source of great interest to clubs and their supporters, and is broadcast live on the internet. Sometimes two top clubs may be drawn against each other in the early rounds, removing the possibility of them meeting in the final. Lower-ranked clubs with reputations as 'giant-killers' look forward to meeting

2700-530: The officials of the Israel Football Association. The semifinals and the finals were traditionally held in the Ramat Gan Stadium in the middle of the week (Tuesday or Wednesday). The semifinals take place on the same day, with the stadium split to four sections for each supporter set, and a single ticket valid for both matches – the fans can enter the stadium whenever they want to, and stay for

2760-549: The only other presidents with close family ties were Chaim Weizmann and his nephew Ezer Weizman . All Israeli presidents from Yitzhak Ben-Zvi to Ezer Weizman were members of, or associated with, the Labor Party and its predecessors, and have been considered politically moderate. Moshe Katsav was the first Likud president. These tendencies were especially significant in the April 1978 election of Labor's Yitzhak Navon , following

2820-512: The president assigns the task anew. If a government is not formed within the timeframe stipulated in Basic Law: The Government , then the president dissolves the Knesset and calls for fresh elections. The prime minister may request, by virtue of section 29 (a) of Basic Law: The Government, that the president dissolve the Knesset whenever the Government has lost its majority and is incapable of functioning. The president may refuse such

2880-416: The president consults with party leaders to determine who is most likely to command a majority in the Knesset. Following such consultations, the president assigns a Knesset member the task of forming a Government. If the nominee is successful in forming a Government that can command the confidence of the Knesset, then said Knesset member becomes the prime minister . If a nominee fails to form a Government, then

2940-411: The president is temporarily incapacitated, or leaves office, the speaker of the Knesset becomes acting president. The first presidential election took place on 16 February 1949, and the winner was Chaim Weizmann . The second took place in 1951, as at the time presidential terms were linked to the length of the Knesset term (the first Knesset lasted only two years). Another election took place

3000-461: The second game if they wish. This practice is known in Israel as hatzaga kfula (lit. double show), and was common in Israeli football in the past. During the last few years, both the semi-finals and the final have been played in other, newer stadiums, such as Teddy, Sammy Ofer and Netanya. For the final, the two winning teams of the semifinal play a single final game, with the winning team being awarded

3060-457: The terms Cinderella, "Cinderella story", and Cinderella team are used to refer to situations in which competitors achieve far greater success than would reasonably have been best expected. Cinderella stories tend to gain much media and fan attention as they move closer to the tournament final game. The term comes from the well-known European folk tale of Cinderella , which embodies a myth-element of unjust oppression and triumphant reward, when

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3120-509: The title character's life of poverty is suddenly changed to one of remarkable fortune. In a sporting context the term has been used at least since 1939, but came into widespread usage in 1950, when the Disney movie was released that year, and in reference to City College of New York , the unexpected winners of the NCAA Men's Basketball championship also that year. The term was used by Bill Murray in

3180-477: The underdog but instead created a negative reaction towards the dominant candidate. This negative reaction could be indicative of a form of schadenfreude, where individuals derive satisfaction from seeing the dominant figure falter. When participants were shown the leading contender in the polls, they tended to move away from supporting them, possibly due to a subconscious pleasure in witnessing their potential downfall. However, when presented with information indicating

3240-486: The underdog effect often face challenges in accurately assessing its implications. Despite efforts to create realistic scenarios, limitations persist in capturing the emotional nuances and social dynamics present in real-life situations where underdog support is observed. For instance, Stephen Ceci and Edwards Kain's (1982) study may be susceptible to demand characteristics or social desirability bias , potentially influencing participants' responses. Such biases could affect

3300-858: The underdog gives us a sense of agency and empowerment as we align ourselves with those fighting against the odds. It reinforces the belief that individuals can overcome adversity and effect positive change, promoting a sense of hope and optimism for social justice efforts. Humans naturally support social justice, as seen in a study publicised by the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . This study examined how individuals and groups manage shared resources. The results revealed differences in resource allocation and outcomes based on group size. These findings shed light on our innate preference to fairness and equality, as how individuals and groups allocate and utilise these resources reflects principles of fairness and equality. Austrian psychologist Fritz Heider argues that

3360-655: The winner of each Liga Gimel division (8 teams) qualify to the sixth round. Clubs playing in the Liga Alef play in the Fifth Round, from which 16 clubs (8 from each Liga Alef division) qualify to the sixth round. Liga Leumit teams are given exemption to the Seventh Round. The 18 teams (14 winners and 4 byes) from that round join the 14 clubs from the Israeli Premier League , at which point there are 32 teams remaining in

3420-434: Was elected 11th President on 2 June 2021 . His term started on 9 July. The president's fundamental role within the machinery of Israel's uncodified constitution is to "...stand at the head of the State", representing the state of Israel abroad and fostering national unity at home. In this capacity, the president personifies the Israeli state, sanctions the decisions of legitimate constitutional authorities, and guarantees

3480-524: Was a leading research chemist who founded the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot ; Zalman Shazar was an author, poet, and journalist; and Chaim Herzog was a military leader, attorney, and diplomat. The first Israeli presidents were born in the former Russian Empire . The first native-born president, as well as the first with a Sephardi background, was Yitzhak Navon . The first president with

3540-501: Was passed in 1964. The Basic Law: The Government also makes provision for the powers of the president in relation to Government formation. However, unlike heads of state in most other parliamentary republics, the president is not the nominal chief executive. Rather, Basic Law: The Government explicitly vests executive power in the Government (as the Cabinet is officially called), with

3600-502: Was victorious. Some ties took as many as three matches to settle. There are a total of 13 rounds in the competition—nine rounds, followed by quarter-finals, semi-finals, and the final. The competition begins in September with the preliminary rounds which are contested by the lowest-ranked clubs. Liga Bet and Liga Gimel clubs compete in their own division for the divisional cup, with the two finalists in each Liga Bet division (8 teams) and

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