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104-469: The cup was first contested in 1957, but the title was an informal title, not sanctioned by the IFA Until 1969. As an IFA sanctioned competition, the competition was played annually, except for 1972, 1973 and 1987 until its cancellation in 1990. Between 1969 and 1971 The IFA also sanctioned a "Champion of Champions" match for Liga Alef , which was played between the two regional winners of Liga Alef. The match

208-514: A bar association . Palestinians were denied direct political representation after 1976, and instead, village leagues ( rawabit al-qura ) were introduced, and furnished by Israel with arms and militias. These leagues had a short life: their appointees were considered to be quislings by General Binyamin Ben-Eliezer and collaborationists by the local population, and to have been recruited from people who were lazy or had criminal backgrounds. With

312-512: A "Champion of Champions" match for Liga Alef , to be played between the two divisional winners. The first Liga Alef Super Cup was played between Maccabi Petah Tikva and Beitar Tel Aviv in June 1969, the former winning 3–0. In 1979, the cup was named after Israeli sports broadcaster Nehemia Ben Avraham following Ben Avraham's death. In March 2014 the IFA announced the renewal of the competition. However,

416-527: A "Greater Israel theology" that year, which led to an incremental expansion of this projects, and marked in the view of Oren Yiftachel the peak of Israel's ethnocratic project , with the West Bank to become "the bedrock of Jewish national identity". A change in territorial focus took place, with settlements now promoted in the biblical heartland of the West Bank next to Palestinian population centres. The main plank of Likud's platform, still unaltered, called for

520-550: A "flagrant violation of international law", most recently in 2016 with United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334 . The International Court of Justice has also found that the establishment of Israeli settlements is illegal under international law. The creation and ongoing expansion of the settlements have led to Israel's policies being criticized as an example of settler colonialism . Israel has been accused of major violations of international human rights law , including collective punishment , in its administration of

624-508: A 5-year tax exemption, not applied to Palestinian Jerusalemites, who were placed in a high income tax bracket, and paid for 26% of municipal services while receiving 5% of the benefits. The Palestinian areas were encircled by Jewish new town developments which effectively closed them off from expansion, and services to the latter were kept low so that after decades, basic infrastructure was left in neglect, with shortages of schools, inadequate sewage and garbage disposal. By 2017, 370,000 lived in

728-462: A Palestinian football player who was imprisoned by Israel for several years without charge or trial, accused Puma of "supporting the hate which is destroying lives and poisoning the beautiful game" of football. In addition to Khattab and Sarsak, more than 200 Palestinian athletes and sports clubs have called for a Puma boycott, according to an article in Mondoweiss . In October 2019, posters calling for

832-430: A basis for PLO aggression. The fourth position, associated with Abba Eban , Pinhas Sapir and Yehoshafat Harkabi is reconciliationist , being opposed to the idea of "Fortress Israel". Its proponents do not generally consider retention of the West Bank indispensable for guaranteeing Israel's security interests, with Harkabi, a former head of military intelligence, advocating withdrawal to the 1967 borders in exchange for

936-660: A boycott of Puma appeared on trains in London. The posters were removed by Transport for London , which described them as an unauthorized act of vandalism. In 2020, Universiti Teknologi MARA , the largest university in Malaysia , ended a sponsorship deal with Puma for their football team due to Puma's IFA sponsorship. During the 74th FIFA Congress on 17 May 2024 in Bangkok , the Palestinian Football Association called for

1040-622: A charge that Israel rejects entirely. Israel's vast military superiority, with a modern army and air force, compared to the Palestinian use of guerrilla tactics, has led to accusations of war crimes on both sides, with Israel being accused of disproportionality and the Palestinians accused of indiscriminate attacks. The occupation also has numerous critics within Israel itself, with some Israeli conscripts refusing to serve due to their objections to

1144-403: A dramatic fall in Palestinian terror attacks. In 2009, 200 settler attacks took place, a figure which doubled to over 400 by 2011. Of the latter, nearly 300 consisted in attacks on Palestinian property, causing 100 Palestinian casualties, and the destruction of roughly 10,000 trees. Many of these are carried out as Price tag acts , which target innocent Palestinians and are designed to intimidate

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1248-581: A further six probably died through settler actions, and eight were killed in response to stone throwing at cars. Only two died as a result of clashes. In the 1980s attempts by one Jewish terrorist group led by Meir Kahane to set up settlements were blocked by other settlers, the heads of Gush Emunim , though Kahane's views would later motivate the Cave of the Patriarchs Massacre . From 2009 such settler violence escalated rapidly, an uptick that coincided with

1352-634: A labour scarcity in the West Bank, and their remittances were the major factor in Palestinian economic growth during the 1969–73 boom years. The Israeli licensing system stipulated no industrial plant could be built without obtaining a prior Israeli permit, which was often tied to security concerns. Entrepreneurs were denied a permit for a cement factory in Hebron, melon production was forbidden, imports of grapes and dates banned, to protect Israeli farmers, and limits were set to how many cucumbers and tomatoes could be produced. Israeli milk producers exerted pressure on

1456-537: A military order stopped attempts by Palestinians to register their land, while permitting Israel to register areas as state land with its own Custodian of Enemy Property . Whereas Ottoman and British Mandatory Authorities had used property-tax books to collect taxes from villages, Israel ignored these as evidence of ownership, demanding instead that proof be given the land was under cultivation, while army seizures often prevented villagers from continuing to work their fields. From 1967 to 1983, Israel expropriated over 52% of

1560-666: A negotiated settlement with the PLO. The West Bank was considered a bargaining chip in securing a broad peace treaty with Arab nations. In time, especially after the Sinai withdrawal , and suggestions the Golan Heights were also negotiable, the idea of retaining territory for strategic interests dwindled in importance, as a military anachronism in an age of missile warfare. The military arguments for retaining ground were supplanted by political considerations, that Arab acquiescence in agreed on borders

1664-666: A number of settlements designed to form a bulwark against the threat of future mass tank assaults from Jordan and Iraq. The third approach, associated with Menachem Begin and the Likud party , is annexationist , and with the ascendency of Likud, the biblical resonance of West Bank territory outweighed questions of security significance in driving an expansion of settlements, though both Likud and Gush Emunim came to oppose Palestinian independence on security grounds and treated West Bank Palestinians as either potential enemies or security threats, by arguing that national autonomy would develop into

1768-407: A political disaster for the political parties involved. West Bank Palestinians have engaged in two uprisings that have led to an asymmetric set of wars of attrition , between the occupying power and the occupied people. This characterization has been further refined by classifying the conflict as structurally asymmetric, where the root cause of tension lies in the standoff between a colonizer and

1872-527: A prison sentence of seven and a half years for killing a child, and the rest were given light sentences. Writing in 2012, Daniel Byman and Natan Sachs judged that the pattern of settler violence was "undoubtedly working" and achieving its ends, by influencing the way Palestinians view Israelis, strengthening the hand of terrorists among them, and by seeding fears in the Israeli government that any pullout in exchange for peace would lead to conflict with settlers and

1976-461: A provisory division of the land, excluding East Jerusalem, into 3 areas: Area A (18% of territory, 55% of population), Area B (20% of territory, 41% of the population), and Area C (62% of territory, 5.8% of population). Israel never finalized the undertaking with regard to Area C to transfer zoning and planning from the Israeli to the Palestinian authorities within five years and all administrative functions continued to remain in its hands. Tactically,

2080-648: A result, Puma has become a BDS target with critics arguing that Puma, the IFA's only international sponsor, "is involved in violations of international law and human rights." Aya Khattab, a player on the Palestinian National Women's football team, argued that "Puma's sponsorship of the IFA, and the international legitimacy that it grants, signal to Israel's racist far-right regime that its expansion of illegal settlements by pushing Palestinian families off their ancestral lands can continue with impunity." Mahmoud Sarsak ,

2184-445: A security threat, including terrorism. A concern for security in Israel has been said to "vastly exceed the norm for other Western countries". Israel's military-industrial sector , which by the early 1980s employed a quarter of all industrial workers with 28% of GNP devoted to defense expenditures, became the fastest growing sector of the economy after 1967. It came to extend its activities beyond issues of defense, spilling over into

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2288-467: A sense among the Palestinians of living in a ghetto. Between 1967 and 1977, settlement was small-scale totaling the transfer of 3,200 Israelis into the West Bank. By the end of Labor's term of power in 1977, 4,500 Israelis had established themselves in 30 West Bank settlements and some 50,000 in settlements in East Jerusalem. It was with the rise to power of Menachem Begin 's Likud Party , driven by

2392-680: A settlement near Ramallah ; Beitar Ma’aleh Adomim in Ma'ale Adumim , a settlement near East Jerusalem ; Hapo’el Oranit in Oranit ; and Hapo’el Jordan Valley in Tomer , a settlement built on land seized from the Palestinian village of Fasayil . A seventh club, Hapo’el Katamon Yerushalayim, plays some home games in the settlement of Ma'ale Adumim while two other clubs playing in Israel list offices in settlements near Hebron and Ramallah. Sari Bashi, Israel and Palestine advocacy director for Human Rights Watch , argues that

2496-675: A strict regime of permits. Before the Six-Day War , there had been an unwritten agreement between Israel and the Jordanian government to uphold the neutrality of the border between the two countries along the Green Line . According to King Hussein , after Israel retaliated against Syrian-backed guerrilla infiltrations and sabotage by conducting on 13 November 1966 an assault on Samu in the West Bank , an area administered by Jordan , that tacit accord

2600-504: A transitional period not exceeding five years of Palestinian interim self-government in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Major critics of these arrangements, headed by Raja Shehadeh , argue that the PLO had scarce interest or competence in the legal implications of what it was signing. These Oslo Accords ceded nominal control of a small amount of the West Bank to a Palestinian authority , with

2704-657: A voluntary movement by Israeli Jewish people. The International Court of Justice also determined that Israeli settlements in the West Bank were established in breach of international law in their 2004 advisory opinion on the West Bank barrier . In 1980, Israel declined to sign the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties which obliges national laws to give way to international law when the two conflict, and regulates settlements in terms of its own laws, in lieu of any compulsion to observe its treaty commitments and by arguing that all

2808-545: A vote on suspending the IFA from both UEFA and FIFA, stating that the damage to football infrastructure and deaths of Palestinian footballers during the Israel–Hamas war were enough grounds to justify the action, while other supporters referred to other suspensions such as those of Apartheid South Africa from 1961 to 1991 and Russia following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. The IFA responded stating that their football

2912-524: A word which, since 1967, has been replaced by the euphemism "settlement". The technique developed over the decades of early settlement was one of incremental spread, setting up tower-and-stockade outposts, a pattern repeated in the West Bank after 1967. A quote attributed to Joseph Trumpeldor summed up Zionist logic: "Wherever the Jewish plow plows its last furrow, that is where the border will run". The principle of this slow steady establishing of "facts on

3016-527: Is formally under PA administration, meaning they still effectively control all the West Bank including areas under nominal PA authority. According to the United Nations special rapporteur on Human Rights in the Palestinian Territories, Michael Lynk , the policies applied by Israel indicate an intention to annex totally Area C, which has 86% of the nature reserves , 91% of the forests, 48% of

3120-409: Is of greater importance, and that settlements, formerly placed along possible invasion routes, were no longer functional for security, if they were an obstacle to peace. The Oslo Accords , moreover, had set in place a Palestinian security apparatus that, as Yitzhak Rabin acknowledged, worked with Israel to safeguard Israel's security interests. According to analysts who support Israeli settlements,

3224-464: Is restored to its rightful owners are few and far between. If a claim is made, but the Custodian has sold it to a settler group in the meantime, the sale cannot be nullified even if invalid. Fourthly, land expropriated for public need under Jordanian law required notification, time for appeal, and royal approval. Israel modified this by delegating the power to regional military commanders, and by abolishing

Israel Super Cup - Misplaced Pages Continue

3328-731: Is the governing body of football in Israel . It organizes a variety of association football leagues where the highest level is the Israeli Premier League ; as well as national cups such as the Israel State Cup , the Toto Cup , and the Israel Super Cup ; also, the Israel national football team . The IFA was founded in 1948 as the Palestine ( Eretz Israel ) Football Association and is based in

3432-539: The 1948 war . The number who left the West Bank as a consequence of the war ranges from 100,000 to 400,000, of which from 50,000 to 200,000 lived in the Jordan Valley. During the 1967 June War Israel appointed a Military Governor to rule the West Bank, with a remit to retain Jordanian law except where these conflicted with Israel's rights as belligerent occupying power . The Israeli administration of Palestinian territories became in time "the longest – and, accordingly,

3536-486: The 1964–65 season , the match was played in each season until 1990, except for 1972, 1973 and 1987. The IFA decided upon making the cup an official title at the beginning of the 1968–69 season , set it to be played at the beginning of each season and ruled that in case of a club winning both the league championship and the cup , their designated rival for the Super Cup match would be the league runner-up . The IFA also set

3640-411: The IFA , was named after Lt-Col Zivi Tzafriri and was won by Hapoel Tel Aviv, who had beaten its rivals 3–0. The Next time the competition was contested, in 1963, the cup was donated by Ilanshil-Polio, an Israeli organization dedicated to aid Poliomyelitis victims, with proceedings going towards the organization. In the match, Hapoel Petah Tikva and Maccabi Haifa have drawn 2–2. Starting from

3744-532: The Jewish Underground movement of the early 1980s, which began by targeting and severely maiming, through the deployment of car bombs , West Bank mayors such as Bassam Shakaa of Nablus , and Karim Khalaf of Ramallah . In the first two years of the First Intifada , settlers killed at least 34 Palestinians, four below the age of 16, with 11 killed by settler initiative at home or while guarding flocks;

3848-545: The Jordan River , and excluded areas closer to the pre-1967 border, which had a high density of Palestinians. The functionalist view, associated with Moshe Dayan and later Simon Peres , foresaw setting up five army bases along the Jordan ridges, which also left the Palestinians in between with a degree of autonomy, though constrained to accept the presence of Israelis among them. From 1968 to 1977 Labor governments facilitated

3952-508: The Litani River was also included. Though international pressure might foreseeably force Israel to evacuate these conquered lands, contingency plans also envisaged political circumstances whose development would enable Israel to maintain control of these occupied territory indefinitely. The model for controlling Palestinians in the West Bank, were this to eventuate, was to be modeled on the Israeli governance of their Palestinian communities under

4056-593: The Oslo Accords , Israel negotiated with the Palestinian Liberation Organization a provisory agreement which left the latter some autonomy in Area A, mixed regulation of Area B, and total Israeli administration of the largest zone, Area C. Israel retains a right to operate militarily in all three zones, but security issues have a bilateral dimension that had led a number of critics to argue that effectively

4160-616: The Tel Aviv District city of Ramat Gan , Israel . The Association is controversial due to its inclusion of clubs playing in Israeli settlements in the occupied West Bank . The Palestine Football Association (PFA) or Eretz Israel Football Association, was founded in a meeting held on 14 August 1928, and applied for membership of FIFA . It was admitted provisionally on 17 December 1928, affiliated on 17 May 1929 and recognised by FIFA's government on 6 July 1929. The PFA changed its name to

4264-435: The diaspora in moving into West Bank settlements, with 12% stating their first choice of residency is "Judea and Samaria". They now form the predominant block and number an estimated 60,000. Before proceeding with settlement, the government sought legal advice from their resident expert on international law, Theodor Meron . His top secret memorandum stated unequivocally that the prohibition on any such population transfer

Israel Super Cup - Misplaced Pages Continue

4368-526: The Accord lessened Israel's problem with large-scale demonstrations since the areas of ostensible PA control were fragmented into 165 islands containing 90% of the Palestinian population, all surrounded by the spatially contiguous 60% of the West Bank where the PA was forbidden to venture. Israel then reasserted in 2000 a right to enter, according to "operational needs", Area A where most West Bank Palestinians live and which

4472-526: The IDF. From the mid-1990s to 2015 many of these, such as Amona , Avri Ran 's Giv'ot Olam and Ma'ale Rehav'am – the latter on 50 dunams of private Palestinian land – were directly funded, according to Haaretz , by loans from the World Zionist Organization through Israeli taxpayer money, since its approximate $ 140 million income derives from Israel and is mostly invested in settlements in

4576-549: The IFA is in violation of FIFA rules forbidding a club of one national association from playing in the territory of another as the West Bank is covered by the Palestinian Football Association , a FIFA member. Bashi also notes that Palestinians are not allowed to enter settlements to watch games played by these clubs. German sportswear company Adidas previously sponsored the IFA, leading to criticism for supporting settlement clubs. More than 130 Palestinian sports clubs signed an open letter calling for Adidas to end its sponsorship of

4680-600: The IFA was admitted to UEFA as an associate member, becoming a full member two years later. Since 1992, Israeli clubs have played in the various UEFA club competitions, while the national teams have played in UEFA championships. As of 2017, the IFA included six member clubs playing in Israeli settlements in the West Bank. These are Maccabi Ariel indoor football club and Ariel municipal football club in Ariel ; Beitar Givat Ze’ev Shabi in Giv'at Ze'ev ,

4784-504: The IFA. An online petition of the BDS Movement to "Tell Adidas to end sponsorship of Israeli settlement teams" reportedly received more than 16,000 signatures. In June 2018, a Dutch BDS group delivered the open letter and petition to an Adidas office in Amsterdam . In July 2018, Adidas ended its sponsorship deal but was replaced as sponsor by Puma , another German sportswear company. As

4888-805: The Israel Football Association (IFA) following the founding of the state of Israel in 1948. The IFA was a member of the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) from 1954 until 1974, when it was expelled due to political pressure from Arab and Muslim members that refused to play against Israel . From then until 1992, the IFA was not affiliated with any confederation. During this period, the Israeli national teams played only in FIFA competitions and occasionally in OFC (Oceania), UEFA (Europe), and CONMEBOL (South America) qualifying tournaments. In 1992,

4992-651: The Israeli Civil Administration, military order 947, specified that "the Civil Administration shall administer civilian affairs ... with regard to the welfare and benefit of the population." Meron Benvenisti argues that this transition marked the transformation of the occupation from a temporary into a permanent system. The military closely supervised elections in local clubs, cooperatives or charitable organizations. West Bank lawyers were banned on security grounds from organizing professionally

5096-454: The Israeli cabinet did not regard the West Bank as having a "vital security value". Before the war ended, the IDF 's research department under Shlomo Gazit drew up a proposal to pull back from the West Bank and Gaza almost completely in exchange for a peace treaty, since, they concluded, there was no need for retaining any territory on security grounds. The document was ignored. It was in the wake of

5200-577: The Jordan Valley, which, together with the northern Dead Sea, covers 30% of the West Bank and constituted the "most significant land reserve" for Palestinians, 85% of whom are barred from entering it. By 2011, 37 settlements had been established among the 64,451 Palestinians there (who constitute 29 communities) 70% of whom live in Area A in Jericho. According to ARIJ , by 2015 only 3 of 291 Palestinian communities in Area C received Israeli building approval (on just 5.7 hectares), and any construction outside that

5304-462: The Jordan, took the entire West Bank by noon on 8 June. Israel expelled many people from areas it had conquered, beginning with an estimated 12,000 people who on the very first day were rounded up in the villages of Imwas , Yalo and Bayt Nuba in the Latrun Salient and ordered by the Israeli military into exile eastwards. All three villages were then destroyed, and within two years the area

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5408-507: The Ministry for Industry and Trade to stop the establishment of a competitive dairy in Ramallah . Ian Lustick states that Israel "virtually prevented" Palestinian investment in local industry and agriculture. Two decades later, 90% of West Bank imports came from Israel, with consumers paying more than they would for comparable products had they been able to exercise commercial autonomy. In 1968

5512-500: The Palestinian National Authority has become Israel's subcontractor in the occupation. According to an analysis by the Israeli think tank Molad in 2017, Israel deploys 50–75% of its active IDF forces in the West Bank, while only one-third deals with Arab states, Iran , Hezbollah , Hamas and other perceived external threats. 80% of the former defend settlements, while 20% handle any behavior that Israel considers

5616-509: The Palestinian landscape" being heir to the English appropriation of common land and its conversion to private use – or to the conversion of Amerindian land into "white property". Early Zionist policy for land appropriation was outlined by Menachem Ussishkin in 1904 and, aside from voluntary sales, also foresaw the need to seize land by war and compel sale through expropriation via the ruling authority. It called this practice "colonization",

5720-557: The Palestinian village lands of Ni'lin , Kharbata , Saffa , Bil'in and Dir Qadis , increased by 55%. The majority of Israeli West Bank agriculture arises from contracts with the World Zionist Organization that bypass direct contracts with the Israeli Land Regulating Commissioner, and many were given to use private Palestinian land. With the Regularization Law of 2017 , Israel retroactively legalized

5824-606: The United Nations, an announcement which generated plans for a further 3,000 settler homes in the West Bank. Economic motivations also drive settlement: selling a 50–60 sq. m. apartment in Jerusalem allows the purchase of an apartment three times larger in settlements like Ma’aleh Adumim . One early metaphor likened the expansion of settlements to the baobab tree in The Little Prince , whose seeds take root and eventually cover

5928-450: The West Bank had a favourable educational basis compared to Israeli Arabs and Jordanian youth, due to the preexisting provisions of the Jordanian school system which provided 12 years of free and compulsory education, with some 44.6% of West Bank teenagers in the 15–17 age group participating in some form of secondary schooling. In 1956, the Israeli leader David Ben-Gurion stated that: "Jordan has no right to exist. [...] The territory to

6032-520: The West Bank numbered 28,400. Incentives consisting of government mortgage and housing subsidies, tax incentives, business grants, free schooling, infrastructure projects, and defense were provided. After the Oslo Accords down to 2002, the settler population doubled. In 1972 the number of Israeli settlers in Area C were 1,200, in 1993 110,000, and in 2010 310,000 (excluding East Jerusalem). Before 1967 there were between 200,000 and 320,000 Palestinians in

6136-481: The West Bank within its ambit: historic rights stemming from the Balfour Declaration ; security grounds, both internal and external; and the area's symbolic value for Jews. Israel has controversially, and in contravention of international law , established numerous Jewish settlements throughout the West Bank. The United Nations Security Council has repeatedly affirmed that settlements in that territory are

6240-466: The West Bank, and 40% (approximately 170,000 in 106 other settlements) live outside the major settlement blocs, where 214,000 reside. A continuity has often been observed between the Realpolitik processes governing the creation of Israel and the practices adopted with regard to the West Bank. Several analysts have likened the process to enclosure – the "establishment of exclusionary Jewish spaces on

6344-438: The West Bank, most of its prime agricultural land and, by the eve of 1993 Oslo Accords, these confiscations had encompassed over three-quarters of the territory. The mechanisms by which Israel seizes or expropriates West Bank land were set forth in a detailed work by B'Tselem in 2002. Many practices outlined there were confirmed in the official Israeli Sasson Report of 2005, which focused on government subsidies and support for

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6448-465: The West Bank. The first site chosen for settlement was Gush Etzion , on some 75 acres (30 ha) worked by Palestinian refugees. Hanan Porat was inspirational, intending by developing the settlement in order to put in place a practical application of the radical messianic Zionism of Rabbi Zvi Yehuda Kook , whose father Abraham Isaac Kook 's Mercaz HaRav yeshiva in particular has exercised considerable influence on Israel's policies regarding

6552-490: The West Bank. According to Eyal Benvenisti , a 1972 judgement by Supreme Court justice Moshe Landau , siding with a military commander's decision to assign electrical supply in the Hebron area to the Israel Electric Corporation rather than to a Palestinian company, was to prove pivotal to encouraging the settlement project, since it placed the latter under the jurisdiction of the military authorities. During

6656-481: The West of the Jordan should be made an autonomous region of Israel". There had been a very strong opposition to any "Balkanization" or division of Palestine, especially among American Zionists, in the mid-late thirties, since it would have made a prospective homeland, thus truncated, suicidally small. It was in this context that Ben-Gurion argued forcefully for accepting partition agreements as temporary measures, steps on

6760-411: The administration and settlement of the occupied territories. The occupation has, according to some Israeli researchers, produced an ethos of conflict of which perceived security concerns, at times perplexing to outsiders, are a central feature. Although security is a fundamental Israeli preoccupation, the state has never formalized an official national security policy or doctrine. Before June 1967,

6864-445: The amount of unalienable Islamic property dedicated to pious ends confiscated by Israel at over 600,000 dunams. Ariel Sharon viewed the primary function of settling the West Bank as one of precluding the possibility of the formation of a Palestinian state, and his aim in promoting the 1982 invasion of Lebanon was to secure perpetual control of the former. As of 2017, excluding East Jerusalem, 382,916 Israelis have settled in

6968-401: The colonized, and in which the large power imbalance in favour of the dominator leads to a resort to guerilla tactics or terrorism by the dominated. Much of what Palestinians defend as acts of "resistance" are, in Israeli usage, regarded as "terrorism". Making speeches calling on fellow Palestinians to resist the occupation is construed in Israeli law as tantamount to advocacy of terrorism. In

7072-412: The conquest that secure defensible borders became a keynote of Israel's foreign policy. Four schools of thought came to dominate the question of the acquired territories. Two were closely linked to strategic questions of security. The territorialist approach, associated with Yigal Allon 's Allon Plan (1967–1970), would have annexed all of the West Bank south of Jerusalem and the lowland border along

7176-583: The creation of illegal Israeli outposts in knowing contravention of Israel's own laws. Under international law, a military may take temporary possession of occupied land, but not expropriate it. From 1957 to 1976 the IDF repeatedly requisitioned private Palestinian properties on the grounds of military necessity, only to turn them over for Jewish settlements, such as Matitiyahu , Neve Tzuf , Rimonim , Bet El , Kokhav Hashahar , Alon Shvut , El'azar , Efrat , Har Gilo , Migdal Oz , Gittit , Yitav and Qiryat Arba . This practice, after Palestinians appealed,

7280-522: The entire planet. By the early eighties, several authoritative observers, among them Eyal Benvenisti , already concluded that the settlement expansion was close to a point of no return from total annexation. The impression left of the landscape has been described as follows: Israeli settlements form an upper-middle-class oasis of green grass, shopping malls, and swimming pools amidst open desert and enclaves of Palestinian refugee camps, villages, and towns with limited access to water. American citizens lead

7384-421: The eve of the occupation but had experienced two years of recession. The West Bank's population stood between 585,500 and 803,600 and, while under Jordanian rule , accounted for 40% of Jordan's GNP, with an annual growth rate of 6–8%. Ownership of land was generally collective, and the 19th century Ottoman land code prevailed, which classified land as either – waqf , mülk , miri , matruke , and mawat –

7488-621: The exception of East Jerusalem , by the Israeli Supreme Court . The West Bank, excepting East Jerusalem, is administered by the Israeli Civil Administration , a branch of the Israeli Ministry of Defense . Considered to be a classic example of an " intractable conflict ", Israel's occupation is now the longest in modern history . Though its occupation is illegal , Israel has cited several reasons for retaining

7592-560: The first decade of Israel occupation, when the Israeli Labor Party held power, settlement was concentrated on constructing a ring of "residential fortresses" around the Palestinian population of Jerusalem, and in the Jordan Valley . According to Ibrahim Matar, the purpose of this colonizing strategy around Jerusalem was to hem in and block the expansion of the Palestinian population, and to incentivize Palestinian emigration by inducing

7696-648: The ground" before the adversary realizes what is going on, is colloquially known as "dunam after dunam, goat after goat". The model applied to the West Bank was that used for the Judaization of the Galilee , consisting of setting up a checkered pattern of settlements not only around Palestinian villages but in between them. In addition to settlements considered legal, with government sponsorship, there are some 90 Israeli outposts (2013) built by private settler initiatives which, though illegal even in Israeli terms, are defended by

7800-704: The idea as a myth or outdated illusion. 106 retired Israeli generals, such as Eyal Ben-Reuven , Moshe Kaplinsky and Gadi Shamni , and Shin Bet heads, such as Yuval Diskin , have publicly opposed Benjamin Netanyahu 's claim that an independent state of Palestine would be a security threat, arguing variously that holding millions of Palestinians under occupation on ostensible security-related grounds, rather than pursuing an overall peace plan with Arab countries , endangers Israel's future. Israel extended its jurisdiction over East Jerusalem on 28 June 1967, suggesting internally it

7904-520: The immediate annexation of the West Bank. If security calculations influenced the relatively small-scale settlements advanced by the Israeli Labor Party, the reconfirmation of Likud in 1981 led to a rapid escalation of settlement as a religious-national programme. At the same time the military censors forbade the local Palestinian press from reporting any news about settlements, expropriations or legal moves made to block them. By 1983, settlers in

8008-568: The international foundation of Israeli sports." Israeli occupation of the West Bank The West Bank , including East Jerusalem , has been under military occupation by Israel since 7 June 1967, when Israeli forces captured the territory, then ruled by Jordan , during the Six-Day War . The status of the West Bank as a militarily occupied territory has been affirmed by the International Court of Justice and, with

8112-433: The last three being formally state land, though Jordan never considered these last three as state property, and only a very small proportion of the West Bank was registered as such under Jordanian rule. Education was (and remains ) a high priority, The enrollment rate averaged an annual increase of 7% over the prior decade, and by 1966, Palestinian youth had the highest enrollment rate of all Arab countries. Palestinians in

8216-455: The local population. Yesh Din discovered that of 781 such incidents covered from 2005 to 2011, 90% of the Israeli investigations were closed without indictments, and many of the culprits were Hilltop Youth . In an analysis of 119 cases of settlers killing Palestinians, it emerged that only 13 were sent to jail: six were convicted of murder, only one of whom was sentenced to life imprisonment, while of seven convicted of manslaughter, one received

8320-624: The match planned for the beginning of the 2014–15 season was cancelled, with the intent to play it the next season. The competition was renewed in August 2015. Note: Indicate that the team was Runner-up and played for the Super Cup as the League Champion won this season's Double . Israeli Football Association The Israel Football Association ( IFA ; Hebrew : ההתאחדות לכדורגל בישראל , HaHit'aḥdut leKaduregel beIsrael , lit.   ' The Association of Football in Israel ' )

8424-489: The most entrenched and institutionalized – belligerent occupation in modern history", issuing from 1967 to 2014 over 1,680 military orders regarding the West Bank. The third military order, issued two days after the onset of the occupation, specified that military courts were to apply the provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention regarding the protection of civilians in a war zone: within 4 months this stipulation

8528-415: The occupation. The legal status of the occupation itself, and not just the actions taken as a part of it, have been increasingly scrutinized by the international community and by scholars in the field of international law, with most finding that regardless of whether the occupation had been legal when it began, it has become illegal over time. Israel's economy was 10 times larger than the West Bank's on

8632-479: The occupied Palestinian territories . Israeli settlers and civilians living or traveling through the West Bank are subject to Israeli law , and are represented in the Knesset ; in contrast, Palestinian civilians, mostly confined to scattered enclaves , are subject to martial law and are not permitted to vote in Israel's national elections. This two-tiered system has caused Israel to be accused of committing apartheid ,

8736-526: The overcrowded Arab areas, living under severe restrictions on their daily movement and commerce. One 2012 report stated that the effect of Israeli policies was that, amidst flourishing modern Jewish settlements, the Arab sector had been allowed to decay into a slum where criminals, many of them collaborators, thrived. In 2018 legislative measures were announced to strip a further 12,000 Palestinians of their right to live in East Jerusalem. Israel's policies regarding

8840-542: The presence of hostile, armed forces on the high ground of the West Bank would pose a security risk to the narrow Israeli land between the West Bank and the Mediterranean coast, which contains some of the country's biggest strategic assets, including Ben Gurion airport, the largest electric power station, and highly populated cities. Over half of the Israeli public believes settlements reinforce Israel's security. In recent years, numerous top defense experts disagree, dismissing

8944-460: The relevant UN bodies adjudicating the matter are " anti-Zionist and anti-Semitic ". Though settler vigilantism dates back to the late 1970s, when they were authorized to bear arms in self-defense – one ordinance exempted them from military service in Israel while drafting them into West Bank units and another gave them powers to demand Palestinians provide identification and even to arrest them – settler terrorism formally dates back at least to

9048-648: The requirement to publish the intention to expropriate in an official gazette . Appeals were no longer dealt with in local courts but by the military court system. Lastly, land sales were subject to severe restrictions, except for purchases by the Jewish National Fund . Since Palestinians regard sale of their land to Jews as treasonable, the law was altered to enable Jewish buyers to withhold registration of property acquired from Palestinians for 15 years. Many fraudulent practices in this regard flourished until they were formally stopped by law in 1985. One estimate put

9152-680: The settler takeover of thousands of hectares of privately owned Palestinian land and some 4,500 homes which settlers had built without obtaining official permits. By that year, the fifth decade of occupation, Israel had managed to establish (2017) 237 settlements, housing roughly 580,000 settlers. One technique used to established settlements was to set up a paramilitary encampment for army personnel to be used for agricultural and military training for soldiers. These were then slowly transformed into civilian settlements, often without official approval. This could be justified as legal because they were initially IDF bases without civilians. Another technique

9256-453: The territories it occupies, with most arguing all states are duty bound to observe them. Israel alone challenges this premise, arguing that the West Bank and Gaza are "disputed territories", and that the Conventions do not apply because these lands did not form part of another state's sovereign territory, and that the transfer of Jews into areas like the West Bank is not a government act but

9360-538: The transfer of some 230,000 Jewish civilians into 145 West Bank and Gaza settlements and approximately 110 outposts. By 2016, approximately 42% of the settlement workforce (55,440) found employment in those settlements. The ultra-Orthodox have dominated the process from the beginning: from 2003 to 2007 alone the population of Beitar Illit , whose construction was facilitated by the expropriation of 1,500 dunams of Naḥḥālīn farmland, rose 40%, while Modi'in Illit , built on

9464-583: The use of land in the rest of the West Bank display three interlocking aspects, all designed around a project of Judaization of what was Palestinian territory. These policies consist in (a) planning for land use (b) expropriations of land and (c) the construction of settlements. The "Letters of Mutual Recognition" accompanying the "Israel-PLO Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements" (the DOP), signed in Washington on 13 September 1993, provided for

9568-492: The way to an incremental incorporation of all of Palestine into a Jewish state. According to Israeli historian Adam Raz, as early as 1961, the IDF had drawn up meticulous plans for the conquest and retention of not only the West Bank, but also the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip from Egypt, and the Golan Heights from Syria. In August 1963, within the framework of "expected directions of expansion", southern Lebanon up to

9672-632: The wells and 37% of the springs in the West Bank . The early occupation set severe limits on public investment and comprehensive development programmes in the territories. British and Arab commercial banks operating in the West Bank were closed down soon after Israel assumed power there. Bank Leumi then opened nine branches, without successfully replacing the earlier system. Farmers could get loans, but Palestinian businessmen avoided taking out loans from them since they charged 9% compared to 5% interest in Jordan. Land confiscations led to rural labour seeking employment, even if mainly menial, in Israel, causing

9776-544: Was annexed while maintaining abroad that it was simply an administrative move to provide services to residents. The move was deemed "null and void" by the United Nations Security Council . The elected Arab council was disbanded, and a number of services provided by Palestinian companies were transferred to their Israeli competitors. The population ratio for this united Jerusalem was set ideally as 76% Jewish and 24% Arab, and Jewish Israeli settlers were given

9880-633: Was blocked by the High Court in the case of Elon Moreh (1979). Thereafter, the Ottoman Land Law of 1858 , which enabled the sovereign to seize certain types of land, though much private land had not been registered to avoid taxes or military service with the Ottomans, was reactivated. Thirdly, land temporally abandoned during the 1967 war deemed absentee property came under trusteeship , but since Israel rarely allows refugees to return, instances where land

9984-572: Was broken. After Israel attacked Egypt at 8 a.m. on 5 June 1967, Jordan responded by shelling Israeli targets in West Jerusalem , and settlements along the border and then, after ignoring an Israeli warning, by attacking Israeli airfields in Ramat David and Kfar Syrkin , but also Netanya . In response, the Israeli army in a swift campaign took possession of East Jerusalem and, after news that King Hussein had ordered his forces to withdraw across

10088-547: Was categorical, and that "civilian settlement in the administered territories contravenes the explicit provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention ", indicating that the Prime Minister Levi Eshkol was therefore aware the promotion of settlements in the West Bank would be illegal. The International community has also since rejected Israel's unwillingness to accept the applicability of the Geneva Conventions to

10192-582: Was erased from the order. Jordan maintains that some of the laws ostensibly retained from its code, stemming from the Mandatory Defence (Emergency) Regulations of 1945, had in fact been abolished, and were invalid as they conflicted with the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949. The Israeli Military Governorate was dissolved in 1981, and in its place the Israeli military established the Israeli Civil Administration . The military order establishing

10296-504: Was halted and that many of their footballers have been killed since 7 October 2023 while calling for peace and a future friendly between the two countries. Gianni Infantino would respond to the PFA stating that FIFA would conduct its own legal review and that the information about a final decision would be forwarded to the FIFA Council meeting on 3 October 2024 while also calling for peace. It

10400-518: Was later decided that while Israel would not be suspended, FIFA would investigate the claims by the PFA. StandWithUs , a Israel advocacy group in the US, criticized calls for a boycott stating that "Sports are supposed to unite and bring people together, BDS drives them apart." In 1979, Yosef Yekutieli , the founder of the IFA, was awarded the Israel Prize "for dedicating his life to promoting and laying

10504-438: Was planned as a recreational area now called Canada Park . Tens of thousands of Palestinians fled to Jordan from the refugee camps of Aqabat Jaber and Ein as-Sultan after Israel bombed the camps. The overall numbers of Palestinians displaced by that war is generally estimated to have been around 280,000–325,000, of which it has been calculated that some 120–170,000 were two-time refugees, having been displaced earlier during

10608-422: Was played once more, at the end of the 1975–76 season , and was discontinued after the establishment of Liga Artzit . The most successful club is Maccabi Tel Aviv with 7 wins. In March 2014 the IFA announced the renewal of the competition. The title was first contested in 1957 in a match between League winners, Hapoel Tel Aviv and Cup winners, Hapoel Petah Tikva . The cup, which wasn't sanctioned by

10712-426: Was subject to demolition. In that one year, they calculate, Israel confiscated a further 41,509 hectares, demolished 482 homes – displacing 2,450 people – uprooted 13,000 trees, and subjected Palestinians and their property to assault on some 898 distinct occasions. Israeli settlements constituted 6% of the land, while military zones had been declared over 29%. From 1967 to 2003, successive Israeli governments assisted

10816-480: Was to render land momentarily unusable. Gitit for example was established by closing off 5,000 dunams of the village lands of Aqraba and then spraying it with defoliants. On occasion, creating settlements is hailed as a measure to punish Palestinians collectively, as a reaction to a Palestinian killing of a settler, or in response to the granting of non-member observer status to the Palestinian State by

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