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48-498: IFS is one of the largest Islamic schools in the United States (by population). Islamic Foundation also offers a Full/Half Time Hifz/Nazra Tajweed Qur'an reading class. These classes are taught by qualified huffadh and are for both boys and girls. The school is connected to Islamic Foundation mosque, with which it is affiliated. While the eight founding families of Islamic Foundation initially congregated in 1973 and incorporated

96-493: A chapter to verse 2, verse 2 to verse 3 and so on, and rejected traditionist interpretations if they contradicted interrelations between verses. Az-Zarkashi (d.1392), another medieval Qur'anic exegete, admitted that relationships of some verses to other verses in a chapter is sometimes hard to explain, in those cases he assigned stylistic and rhetorical functions to them such as parenthesis, parable, or intentional subject shift. Az-Zarkashi aimed at showing how important understanding

144-471: A distinct community were revealed later. He classified the Qur'an into three main periods: the early period, the Qur'anic period, and the book period. Bell worked on the chronology of verses instead of chapters. Underlying Bell's method for dating revelations is the assumption that the normal unit of revelation is the short passage and the passages have been extensively edited and rearranged. Mehdi Bazargan divided

192-630: A preference for Quran tutors or recorded recitations from qurrāʾ or any device with clear audible sound storage technology, such as CDs or cassettes. Keeping the Quran memorized has always been a challenging and, at the same time, an important issue in Muslim countries. In Iran, according to Resolution 573 of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, there is at least one specialized examination of

240-401: A repertory of familiar themes runs through the whole Qur'an and each chapter elaborates one of more, often many of, them. Angelika Neuwirth is of the idea that verses in their chronological order are interrelated in a way that later verses explain earlier ones. She believes that Meccan chapters are coherent units. Salwa El-Awa aims in her work to discuss the problem of textual relations in

288-411: A scholar of Islamic studies, is of the opinion that there is no evidence that the style of Qur'an has changed in a consistent way and therefore style may not always be a reliable indicator of when and where a chapter was revealed. According to Robinson, the problem of the chronology of authorship is still far from solved. The verses and chapters when revealed to Muhammad in the Qur'an did not come with

336-508: A title attached to them. Muhammad, as we find in some reports in hadith , used to refer to shorter chapters not by name, rather by their first verse. For example: Abu Hurairah quoted Muhammad as saying, " Al-Hamdu Lillahi Rabb il-`Aalameen ( Arabic : الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ , lit.   'Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the worlds') is the Mother of the Qur'an, the Mother of

384-490: A unique word that occurs in the chapter, such as al-Baqarah (The Cow), An-Nur (The Light), al-Nahl (The Bee), Az-Zukhruf (The Ornaments of Gold), Al-Hadid (The Iron), and Al-Ma'un (The Small Kindness). Most chapter names are still used to this day. Several are known by multiple names: Surah Al-Masadd (The Palm Fibre) is also known as Surah al-Lahab (The Flame). Surah Fussilat (Explained in Detail)

432-461: Is 5,000. For Muslims who are attempting to memorize certain surah but are unfamiliar with the Arabic script , the ulema have made various elucidations. There are mixed opinions on the usage of romanization of Arabic due to concerns about mispronunciations, higher approval of writing systems with close consonantal and vocalic equivalents to classical Arabic or relevant and effective diacritics, and

480-461: Is a term used by Muslims for someone who has completely memorized the Quran which consists of 77,797 words in the original Classical Arabic . Hafiza is the female equivalent. A hafiz is given great respect by the people of the community with titles such as "Hafiz Sahb" (Sir Hafiz), "Ustadh" (أُسْتَاذ) (Teacher), and occasionally Sheikh (شَيْخ). Hifz is the memorization of the Quran. Hufaz

528-421: Is also known as Ha-Meem Sajda ("...it is a chapter that begins with Ha Mim ( Arabic : حم ) and in which a verse requiring the performance of prostration ( Arabic : سجدة , romanized :  sajdah ) has occurred.") The idea of textual relation between the verses of a chapter has been discussed under various titles such as nazm ( Arabic : ﻧَﻈﻢ ) and LYRICS ( Arabic : مناسبة ) in literature of

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576-534: Is also mentioned in plural form in the Quran: "Or do they say, “He has fabricated this ˹Quran˺!”? Say, ˹O Prophet,˺ “Produce ten fabricated sûrahs like it and seek help from whoever you can—other than Allah—if what you say is true!”" In 1938, Arthur Jeffery suggested that the name derived from the Syriac word surṭā meaning 'writing'. Chapters in the Qur'an are not arranged in the chronological order of revelation , and

624-408: Is devoted exclusively to eschatology and chapter 12 narrates a story, while other chapters, in the same breath, speak of theological, historical, and ethico-legal matters. Chapters are known to consist of passages, not only verses. The borders between passages are arbitrary but are possible to determine. For example, chapter 54 may be divided into six passages: The study of text relations in

672-410: Is included in the chronological order given by the standard Egyptian edition of the Qur'an (1924). Another list is mentioned by Abu Salih , while a significantly different version of Abu Salih's is preserved in the book 'Kitab Mabani'. Yet another, from the 10th century, is given by Ibn Nadim . A number of verses are associated with particular events which helps date them. Muhammad's first revelation

720-407: Is known as the basmalah ( Arabic : بَسْمَلَة ) and denotes the boundaries between suwar. The suwar are arranged roughly in order of descending size; therefore the arrangement of the Qur'an is neither chronological nor thematic. Surah are recited during the standing portions ( Arabic : قيام , romanized :  qiyām ) of Muslim prayers . Al-Fatihah , the first surah of the Qur'an,

768-457: Is of limited usefulness because the Qur'an narrates the life of Muhammad or the early history of the Muslim community only incidentally and not in detail. In fact, very few chapters contain clear references to events which took place in Muhammad's life. Theodor Nöldeke 's chronology is based on the assumption that the style of the Qur'an changes in one direction without reversals. Nöldeke studied

816-601: Is recited in every unit of prayer, and some units of prayer also involve recitation of all or part of any other surah . The word surah was used at the time of Muhammad as a term with the meaning of a portion or a set of verses of the Qur'an. This is evidenced by the appearance of the word surah in multiple locations in the Quran such as verse 24:1 : "a sûrah which We have revealed and made ˹its rulings˺ obligatory, and revealed in it clear commandments so that you may be mindful." (see also verses 2:23 , 9:64 , 9:86 , 9:124 , 9:127 , 10:38 , and 47:20 ). It

864-561: Is when Muslims believe that whoever memorizes the whole Quran and acts upon it will be rewarded and honoured greatly by Allah, as Abdullah ibn Amr narrated that the Messenger of Allah said: "It shall be said —  meaning to the one who memorized the Qur'an —  'Recite, and rise up, recite (melodiously) as you would recite in the world. Indeed your rank shall be at the last Āyah you recited" (Jami` at-Tirmidhi 2914) Having memorized

912-727: The Hereafter while the Medinan surah are more concerned with organizing the social life of the nascent Muslim community and leading Muslims to the ultimate goal of attaining dar al-Islam by showing strength towards the unbelievers. Except for Surah al-Tawbah , all suwar commence with "In the Name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful" ( Arabic : بِسْمِ ٱللَّٰهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ , romanized :  Bismillahir Rahmanir Raheem ). This formula

960-676: The Book, and the seven oft-repeated verses of the Glorious Qur'an." We also find reports in which Muhammad used to refer to them by their name. For example, Abdullah bin Buraydah narrated from his father, "I was sitting with the Prophet and I heard him say, 'Learn Surat ul-Baqarah , because in learning it there is blessing, in ignoring it there is sorrow, and the sorceresses cannot memorize it. " ' Arab tradition, similar to other tribal cultures of that time,

1008-610: The Islamic sphere and 'Coherence', 'text relations', 'intertextuality', and 'unity' in English literature. There are two points of view regarding the coherence of the verses of the Qur'an. In the first viewpoint, each chapter of the Qur'an has a central theme and its verses are related. The second viewpoint considers some chapters of the Qur'an as collections of passages which are not thematically related. Chapters deal with various subjects, for instance, chapter 99 , which comprises only eight verses,

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1056-501: The Muslim community in Villa Park, with many attendees arriving for the Friday prayer. 41°52′03″N 87°59′09″W  /  41.867389°N 87.985967°W  / 41.867389; -87.985967 Hafiz (Quran) Hafiz ( / ˈ h ɑː f ɪ z / ; Arabic : حافظ , romanized :  ḥāfiẓ , pl. ḥuffāẓ حُفَّاظ , f. ḥāfiẓa حافظة ), depending on the context,

1104-532: The Muslim community. Richard Bell took Nöldeke's chronology as a starting point for his research, however, Bell did not believe that Nöldeke's criteria of style were important. He saw a progressive change in Muhammad's mission from a man who preached monotheism into an independent leader of a paramount religion. For Bell this transformation in Muhammad's mission was more decisive compared with Nöldeke's criteria of style. Bell argued that passages which mentioned Islam and Muslim or implied that Muhammad's followers were

1152-441: The Qur'an dates back to a relatively early stage in the history of Qur'anic studies. The earliest Qur'anic interpreter ( Arabic : مُفَسِّر , romanized :  mufassir ) known to have paid attention to this aspect of the Qur'an is Fakhruddin al-Razi (d.1209 ). Al-Razi believed that text relation is a meaning that links verses together or mentally associates them like cause-effect or reason-consequence. He linked to verse 1 of

1200-421: The Qur'an from a linguistic point of view and the way in which the verses of one chapter relate to each other and to the wider context of the total message of the Qur'an. El-Awa provides a detailed analysis in terms of coherence theory on chapters 33 and 75 and shows that these two chapters cohere and have a main contextual relationship. Gheitury and Golfam believe that the permanent change of subject within

1248-415: The Qur'an into 194 independent passages preserving some chapters intact as single blocks while dividing others into two or more blocks. He then rearranged these blocks approximately in order of increasing average verse length. This order he proposes is the chronological order. Bazargan assumed that verse length tended to increase over time and he used this assumption to rearrange the passages. Neal Robinson,

1296-412: The Qur'an is a well-structured unit. It is only a lack of consideration and analysis on our part that they seem disjointed and incoherent... Each chapter imparts a specific message as its central theme. The completion of this theme marks the end of the chapter. If there were no such specific conclusion intended to be dealt with in each chapter there would be no need to divide the Qur'an into chapters. Rather

1344-505: The Quran, each divided into verses ( Arabic : آيات , romanized :  āyāt , lit.   'signs'). The surah are of unequal length; the shortest surah ( al-Kawthar ) has only three verses, while the longest ( al-Baqarah ) contains 286 verses. The Qur'an consists of one short introductory chapter (Q1) , eight very long chapters, making up one-third of the Qur'an ( Q2 ‒ 9 ); 19 mid-length chapters, making up another one-third (Q10‒28); and 86 short and very short ones of

1392-418: The Quran, the hafiz or hafiza or "hufaz" must then ensure they do not forget it. Ensuring perfect recall of all the learned verses requires constant practice. The memorization of the Quran was important to Muslims in the past and also in the present. Yearly, thousands of students master the Quran and complete the book with interpretation and also memorization. In Pakistan alone, Qari Hanif Jalandhari ,

1440-595: The approval of the Qualification Degrees 1 to 5 of the Quran is in line with the Doctoral, Master's, Bachelor, Associate's Diploma, and Diploma degrees, respectively. Surah A surah ( / ˈ s ʊər ə / ; Arabic : سُورَة , romanized :  sūrah ; pl. سُوَر , surah ) is an Arabic word meaning 'chapter' in the Quran . Its plural form in Arabic is suwar . There are 114 surah in

1488-442: The charges against Muhammad), and some Meccan chapters have a clear 'tripartite' structure (for example chapters 45, 37, 26, 15, 21). Tripartite chapters open with a short warning, followed by one or more narratives about unbelievers, and finally address contemporaries of Muhammad and invite them to Islam. On the other hand, Madinan verses are longer and have a distinct style of rhyming and concern to provide legislation and guidance for

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1536-415: The community was well on its way to establishing an elaborate institution which went well beyond education: The proposed center will be complete in three stages: The initial structure will encompass a prayer hall, classrooms, offices, reading room and a library on the first floor and a full basement for social functions and other activities. In the second stage, these facilities will be expanded and enlarged,

1584-519: The general secretary of the Wafaq-ul-Madaris , which is a central board accounting for most of the religious seminaries in Pakistan adhering to Deobandi sect, says that, in its network of madaris, "one million children have become Hafiz-e-Quran after an exam was introduced in 1982", with more than 78,000 (including 14,000 girls) every year, which he compared to the yearly output of Saudi Arabia , which

1632-560: The goal of Islamic Foundation in the third stage is to have a Muslim funeral home, radio station, elementary school, high school and recreational facilities. The sale of the Villa Park school to Islamic Foundation was completed following the DuPage County Regional Board of School Trustees final approval rendered in October 1982. The Mosque and School still run to this day, with many students attending. The Mosque runs many events for

1680-632: The institution in 1974, the inauguration of the Islamic Foundation activities began with the establishment of a weekend Islamic School in 1975. By 1977, the Foundation was seemingly on track towards the establishment of their own center. With the purchase of seven acres in Elmhurst, Illinois, announced in the February 1977 issue of The Voice of Islam , the Foundation's monthly newsletter to its parishioners,

1728-422: The inter-verse relations is to understanding the Qur'an, however, he did not attempt to deal with one complete chapter to show its relations. Contemporary scholars have studied the idea of coherence in the Qur'an more vigorously and are of widely divergent opinions. For example, Hamid Farrahi (d. 1930) and Richard Bell (d. 1952) have different opinions regarding coherence within chapters. Farrahi believed that

1776-441: The last one-third (Q29‒114). Of the 114 surah in the Quran, 86 are classified as Meccan ( Arabic : مكي , romanized :  makki ), as they were revealed before Muhammad 's migration to Medina ( hijrah ), while 28 are Medinan ( Arabic : مدني , romanized :  madani ), as they were revealed after. This classification is only approximate in regard to the location of revelation; any surah revealed after

1824-469: The migration is termed Medinan and any revealed before it is termed Meccan, regardless of where the surah was revealed. However, some Meccan suwar contain Medinian verses (verses revealed after the migration) and vice versa. Whether a surah is Medinian or Meccan depends on if the beginning of the surah was revealed before or after the migration. The Meccan surah generally deal with faith and scenes of

1872-594: The narratives especially accounts of Moses and of Abraham run to considerable length, but they tend to fall into separate incidents instead of being recounted straightforwardly...the distinctness of the separate pieces however is more obvious than their unity. Arthur J. Arberry states that the chapters in many instances, as Muslims have been recognized from the earliest times, are of a 'composite' character, holding embedded in them fragments received by Muhammad at widely differing dates. However he disregards this 'fact' and views each chapter as an artistic whole. He believed that

1920-543: The precise order has eluded scholars. According to hadith , Muhammad told his companions the traditional placement of every wahy ( Arabic : وَحْي , romanized :  waħj , lit.   'revelation') as was revealed to him, and Wm Theodore de Bary , an East Asian studies expert, describes that "The final process of collection and codification of the Qur'an text was guided by one over-arching principle: God's words must not in any way be distorted or sullied by human intervention. For this reason, no attempt

1968-523: The preservation of the Quran each year, according to specific criteria. The reviewer of this evaluation is Dar al-Qur'an al-Karim, a subsidiary of the Islamic Advertising Organization. According to Article 5 of the above Decree, holders of specialized qualifications for memorizing the Quran will enjoy the benefits of one to five art degrees, subject to the approval of the 547th session of the Supreme Council for Cultural Revolution. Therefore,

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2016-425: The state. A number of medieval Islamic writers attempted to compile a chronologically ordered list of the chapters, with differing results. As no transmitted reports dating back to the time of Muhammad or his companions exists, their works necessarily represent the opinions of scholars, and none originates before the first quarter of the 8th century. One version is given in a 15th-century work by Abd al-Kafi, and

2064-525: The style and content of the chapters and assumed that first, later (Medinan) chapters and verses and are generally shorter than earlier (Meccan) ones, and second, that earlier Meccan verses have a distinct rhyming style while later verses are more prosaic (prose-like). According to Nöldeke, earlier chapters have common features: many of them open with oaths in which God swears by cosmic phenomena, they have common themes (including eschatology , creation, piety, authentication of Muhammad's mission and refutation of

2112-454: The whole Qur'an would be a single chapter... We see that a set of verses has been placed together and named 'surah' the way a city is built with a wall erected round it. A single wall must contain a single city in it. What is the use of a wall encompassing different cities?.... In contrast, Richard Bell describes the Qur'anic style as disjointed: Only seldom do we find in it evidence of sustained unified composition at any great length...some of

2160-432: The whole structure of the Qur'an is thematically coherent, which is to say, all verses of a chapter of the Qur'an are integrally related to each other to give rise to the major theme of the chapter and again all of the chapters are interconnected with each other to constitute the major theme of the Quran. According to Farrahi, each chapter has a central theme ( umud or pillar) around which the verses revolve: Each chapter of

2208-413: Was Chapter 96 and in the year 609. Verses 16:41 and 47:13 refer to migration of Muslims which took place in the year 622. Verses 8 :1–7 and 3 :120–175 refer to battles of Badr (624) and Uhud (625) respectively. Muhammad's last pilgrimage ( Arabic : حِجَّة ٱلْوَدَاع , romanized :  Ḥijjat al-Wadāʿ ) is mentioned in 5:3 which occurred in 632, a few months before he died. This method

2256-456: Was made to edit the numerous revelations, organize them into thematic units, or present them in chronological order...". A common view is that surah of the Meccan period (i.e. pre- hijrah ) are more related to themes such as resurrection, judgment, and stories from Judaism and Christianity. Suwar of the Medinian period (i.e. post- hijrah ) focus more on laws for personal affairs, society, and

2304-433: Was to name things according to their unique characteristics. They used this same method to name Qur'anic chapters. Most chapter names are found in the ahadith. Some were named according to their central theme, such as Al-Fatiha (The Opening) and Yusuf (Joseph), and some were named for the first word at the beginning of the chapter, such as Qaf , Ya-Sin , and ar-Rahman . Some surahs were also named according to

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