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55-754: IronRuby is an implementation of the Ruby programming language targeting Microsoft .NET Framework . It is implemented on top of the Dynamic Language Runtime (DLR), a library running on top of the Common Language Infrastructure that provides dynamic typing and dynamic method dispatch, among other things, for dynamic languages. The project is currently inactive, with the last release of IronRuby (version 1.1.3) being in March 2011. On April 30, 2007, at MIX 2007, Microsoft announced IronRuby, which uses

110-578: A multi-paradigm programming language : it allows procedural programming (defining functions/variables outside classes makes them part of the root, 'self' Object), with object orientation (everything is an object) or functional programming (it has anonymous functions , closures , and continuations ; statements all have values, and functions return the last evaluation). It has support for introspection , reflective programming , metaprogramming , and interpreter-based threads . Ruby features dynamic typing , and supports parametric polymorphism . According to

165-435: A sigil . When used, the sigil changes the semantics of scope of the variable. For practical purposes there is no distinction between expressions and statements . Line breaks are significant and taken as the end of a statement; a semicolon may be equivalently used. Unlike Python, indentation is not significant. One of the differences from Python and Perl is that Ruby keeps all of its instance variables completely private to

220-606: A compaction GC, and separation of positional and keyword arguments. Ruby 3.0.0 was released on Christmas Day in 2020. It is known as Ruby 3x3 which means that programs would run three times faster in Ruby 3.0 comparing to Ruby 2.0. and some had already implemented in intermediate releases on the road from 2 to 3. To achieve 3x3, Ruby 3 comes with MJIT, and later YJIT, Just-In-Time Compilers, to make programs faster, although they are described as experimental and remain disabled by default (enabled by flags at runtime). Another goal of Ruby 3.0

275-404: A patent license on contributions that necessarily infringe a contributor's own patents. This license requires the preservation of the copyright notice and disclaimer . The Apache License is permissive ; unlike copyleft licenses, it does not require a derivative work of the software, or modifications to the original, to be distributed using the same license. It still requires application of

330-467: A scripting engine in the browser just like the JavaScript engine. IronRuby scripts were passed like simple client-side JavaScript-scripts in <script> -tags. It is then also possible to modify embedded XAML markup. The technology behind this was called Gestalt. The same worked for IronPython . IronRuby integrated RubySpec , which is a project to write a complete, executable specification for

385-424: A second Alpha version. The team actively worked to support Rails on IronRuby. Some Rails functional tests started to run, but a lot of work still needed to be done to be able to run Rails in a production environment. On May 21, 2009, they released 0.5 version in conjunction with RailsConf 2009. With this version, IronRuby could run some Rails applications, but still not on a production environment. Version 0.9

440-525: A standard library module, while the YJIT, a Rust -based JIT compiler now supports more architectures on Linux. Ruby 3.3 was released on December 25, 2023. Ruby 3.3 introduces significant enhancements and performance improvements to the language. Key features include the introduction of the Prism parser for portable and maintainable parsing, the addition of the pure-Ruby JIT compiler RJIT, and major performance boosts in

495-665: A surrounding do-end block (less need for extra begin-end blocks), method-chaining with yield_self , support for branch coverage and method coverage measurement, and easier Hash transformations with Hash#slice and Hash#transform_keys On top of that come a lot of performance improvements like faster block passing (3 times faster), faster Mutexes, faster ERB templates and improvements on some concatenation methods. A few notable changes in Ruby 2.6.0 include an experimental just-in-time compiler (JIT), and RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree (experimental). A few notable changes in Ruby 2.7.0 include pattern Matching (experimental), REPL improvements,

550-423: Is object-oriented : every value is an object, including classes and instances of types that many other languages designate as primitives (such as integers , Booleans, and " null "). Because everything in Ruby is an object, everything in Ruby has certain built-in abilities called methods. Every function is a method and methods are always called on an object. Methods defined at the top level scope become methods of

605-573: Is a permissive free software license written by the Apache Software Foundation (ASF). It allows users to use the software for any purpose, to distribute it, to modify it, and to distribute modified versions of the software under the terms of the license, without concern for royalties . The ASF and its projects release their software products under the Apache License. The license is also used by many non-ASF projects. Beginning in 1995,

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660-764: Is still code based on it. Ruby 1.8 is only partially compatible with Ruby 1.9. Ruby 1.8 has been the subject of several industry standards. The language specifications for Ruby were developed by the Open Standards Promotion Center of the Information-Technology Promotion Agency (a Japanese government agency) for submission to the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC) and then to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It

715-453: Is to improve concurrency and two more utilities Fibre Scheduler, and experimental Ractor facilitate the goal. Ractor is light-weight and thread-safe as it is achieved by exchanging messages rather than shared objects. Ruby 3.0 introduces RBS language to describe the types of Ruby programs for static analysis . It is separated from general Ruby programs. There are some syntax enhancements and library changes in Ruby 3.0 as well. Ruby 3.1

770-496: The NOTICE text is permissible, provided that these notices cannot be understood as modifying the license. Modifications may have appropriate copyright notices, and may provide different license terms for the modifications. Unless explicitly stated otherwise, any contributions submitted by a licensee to a licensor will be under the terms of the license without any terms and conditions, but this does not preclude any separate agreements with

825-582: The Free Software Foundation agree that the Apache License 2.0 is a free software license , compatible with the GNU General Public License (GPL) version 3, meaning that code under GPLv3 and Apache License 2.0 can be combined, as long as the resulting software is licensed under the GPLv3. The Free Software Foundation considers all versions of the Apache License to be incompatible with

880-471: The Free Software Foundation and retired their advertising clause (clause 3) to form the new 3-clause BSD license. In 2000, Apache did likewise and created the Apache License 1.1, in which derived products are no longer required to include attribution in their advertising materials, only in their documentation. Individual packages licensed under the 1.1 version may have used different wording due to varying requirements for attribution or mark identification, but

935-617: The principle of least astonishment (POLA) to the design of Ruby; in a May 2005 discussion on the newsgroup comp.lang.ruby, Matsumoto attempted to distance Ruby from POLA, explaining that because any design choice will be surprising to someone, he uses a personal standard in evaluating surprise. If that personal standard remains consistent, there would be few surprises for those familiar with the standard. Matsumoto defined it this way in an interview: Everyone has an individual background. Someone may come from Python, someone else may come from Perl, and they may be surprised by different aspects of

990-729: The Apache Group (later the Apache Software Foundation) released successive versions of the Apache HTTP Server . Its initial license was essentially the same as the original 4-clause BSD license , with only the names of the organizations changed, and with an additional clause forbidding derivative works from bearing the Apache name. In July 1999, the Berkeley Software Distribution accepted the argument put to it by

1045-446: The Apache License 2.0 to be an acceptable free license because of its patent provisions. The OpenBSD policy believes that when the license forces one to give up a legal right that one otherwise has, that license is no longer free. Moreover, the project objects to involving contract law with copyright law, stating "...Copyright law is somewhat standardized by international agreements, contract law differs wildly among jurisdictions. So what

1100-587: The IronRuby core team, and stopped funding the project. In October 2010 Microsoft announced the Iron projects (IronRuby and IronPython ) were being changed to "external" projects and enabling "community members to make contributions without Microsoft's involvement or sponsorship by a Microsoft employee". The last published release of IronRuby was on March 13, 2011 as version 1.1.3. IronRuby may run as well on Mono as it does on Microsoft Common Language Runtime (CLR), but as

1155-471: The IronRuby team only tests it with the CLR on Windows ., it may not build on Mono depending on the build. The interoperability between IronRuby classes and regular .NET Framework classes is very limited because many Ruby classes are not .NET classes. However, better support for dynamic languages in .NET 4.0 may increase interoperability in the future. IronRuby was supported on Silverlight . It could be used as

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1210-542: The Object class. Since this class is an ancestor of every other class, such methods can be called on any object. They are also visible in all scopes, effectively serving as "global" procedures. Ruby supports inheritance with dynamic dispatch , mixins and singleton methods (belonging to, and defined for, a single instance rather than being defined on the class). Though Ruby does not support multiple inheritance , classes can import modules as mixins. Ruby has been described as

1265-464: The Ruby FAQ, the syntax is similar to Perl 's and the semantics are similar to Smalltalk's , but the design philosophy differs greatly from Python 's. The syntax of Ruby is broadly similar to that of Perl and Python . Class and method definitions are signaled by keywords, whereas code blocks can be defined by either keywords or braces. In contrast to Perl, variables are not obligatorily prefixed with

1320-993: The Ruby License and the GPL to being dual-licensed under the Ruby License and the two-clause BSD license. Adoption of 1.9 was slowed by changes from 1.8 that required many popular third party gems to be rewritten. Ruby 1.9 introduces many significant changes over the 1.8 series. Examples include: Ruby 2.0 was intended to be fully backward compatible with Ruby 1.9.3. As of the official 2.0.0 release on February 24, 2013, there were only five known (minor) incompatibilities. Ruby 2.0 added several new features, including: Starting with 2.1.0, Ruby's versioning policy changed to be more similar to semantic versioning . Ruby 2.2.0 includes speed-ups, bugfixes, and library updates and removes some deprecated APIs. Most notably, Ruby 2.2.0 introduces changes to memory handling – an incremental garbage collector, support for garbage collection of symbols and

1375-875: The Ruby programming language. The IronRuby Git repo includes a copy of the RubySpec tests, including the MSpec test framework. IronRuby was previously released under the Microsoft Public License , which is OSI -certified BSD -style license. On July 16, 2010, Microsoft re-licensed IronRuby along with the DLR under the Apache License 2.0 . Ruby (programming language) Ruby is dynamically typed and uses garbage collection and just-in-time compilation . It supports multiple programming paradigms, including procedural , object-oriented , and functional programming . According to

1430-436: The YJIT compiler. Additionally, improvements in memory usage, the introduction of an M:N thread scheduler, and updates to the standard library contribute to a more efficient and developer-friendly Ruby ecosystem. Matsumoto has said that Ruby is designed for programmer productivity and fun, following the principles of good user interface design. At a Google Tech Talk in 2008 he said, "I hope to see Ruby help every programmer in

1485-452: The binding terms were the same. In January 2004, ASF decided to depart from the BSD model and produced the Apache License 2.0. The stated goals of the license included making it easier for non-ASF projects to use, improving compatibility with GPL -based software, allowing the license to be included by reference instead of listed in every file, clarifying the license on contributions, and requiring

1540-408: The class and only exposes them through accessor methods ( attr_writer , attr_reader , etc.). Unlike the "getter" and "setter" methods of other languages like C++ or Java , accessor methods in Ruby can be created with a single line of code via metaprogramming ; however, accessor methods can also be created in the traditional fashion of C++ and Java. As invocation of these methods does not require

1595-423: The code in its pre-alpha stage on RubyForge. The source code has continued to be updated regularly by the core Microsoft team (but not for every check-in ). The team also does not accept community contributions for the core Dynamic Language Runtime library, at least for now. On July 24, 2008, the IronRuby team released the first binary alpha version, in line with OSCON 2008. On November 19, 2008, they released

1650-437: The creator, Ruby was influenced by Perl , Smalltalk , Eiffel , Ada , BASIC , Java , and Lisp . Matsumoto has said that Ruby was conceived in 1993. In a 1999 post to the ruby-talk mailing list, he describes some of his early ideas about the language: I was talking with my colleague about the possibility of an object-oriented scripting language. I knew Perl (Perl4, not Perl5), but I didn't like it really, because it had

1705-449: The design of Ruby as being like a simple Lisp language at its core, with an object system like that of Smalltalk, blocks inspired by higher-order functions , and practical utility like that of Perl. The name "Ruby" originated during an online chat session between Matsumoto and Keiju Ishitsuka on February 24, 1993, before any code had been written for the language. Initially two names were proposed: " Coral " and " Ruby ". Matsumoto chose

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1760-576: The first article about Ruby was published on the Web. In the same year, Matsumoto was hired by netlab.jp to work on Ruby as a full-time developer. In 1998, the Ruby Application Archive was launched by Matsumoto, along with a simple English-language homepage for Ruby. In 1999, the first English language mailing list ruby-talk began, which signaled a growing interest in the language outside Japan. In this same year, Matsumoto and Keiju Ishitsuka wrote

1815-555: The first book on Ruby, The Object-oriented Scripting Language Ruby (オブジェクト指向スクリプト言語 Ruby), which was published in Japan in October 1999. It would be followed in the early 2000s by around 20 books on Ruby published in Japanese. By 2000, Ruby was more popular than Python in Japan. In September 2000, the first English language book Programming Ruby was printed, which was later freely released to

1870-409: The implementation to use a private instance variable exposed through a property descriptor, code internal to the class may need to be adjusted to use the private variable rather than the public property. Ruby's design forces all instance variables to be private, but also provides a simple way to declare set and get methods. This is in keeping with the idea that in Ruby, one never directly accesses

1925-485: The internal members of a class from outside the class; rather, one passes a message to the class and receives a response. The original Ruby interpreter is often referred to as Matz's Ruby Interpreter or MRI. This implementation is written in C and uses its own Ruby-specific virtual machine . The standardized and retired Ruby 1.8 implementation was written in C , as a single-pass interpreted language . Starting with Ruby 1.9, and continuing with Ruby 2.x and above,

1980-600: The language. Then they come up to me and say, 'I was surprised by this feature of the language, so Ruby violates the principle of least surprise.' Wait. Wait. The principle of least surprise is not for you only. The principle of least surprise means principle of least my surprise. And it means the principle of least surprise after you learn Ruby very well. For example, I was a C++ programmer before I started designing Ruby. I programmed in C++ exclusively for two or three years. And after two years of C++ programming, it still surprises me. Ruby

2035-492: The latter in a later e-mail to Ishitsuka. Matsumoto later noted a factor in choosing the name "Ruby"–it was the birthstone of one of his colleagues. The first public release of Ruby 0.95 was announced on Japanese domestic newsgroups on December 21, 1995. Subsequently, three more versions of Ruby were released in two days. The release coincided with the launch of the Japanese-language ruby-list mailing list, which

2090-616: The licensor regarding these contributions. The Apache License 2.0 attempts to forestall potential patent litigation in Section 3. The user is granted a patent license from each contributor to "make, have made, use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work." Through an in terrorem clause, if the user sues anyone alleging that the software or a contribution within it constitutes patent infringement, any such patent licenses for that work are terminated. The Apache Software Foundation and

2145-438: The machine will something something something." They are focusing on machines. But in fact we need to focus on humans, on how humans care about doing programming or operating the application of the machines. We are the masters. They are the slaves. Matsumoto has said his primary design goal was to make a language that he himself enjoyed using, by minimizing programmer work and possible confusion. He has said that he had not applied

2200-626: The official Ruby interpreter has been YARV ("Yet Another Ruby VM"), and this implementation has superseded the slower virtual machine used in previous releases of MRI. As of 2018 , there are a number of alternative implementations of Ruby, including JRuby , Rubinius , and mruby . Each takes a different approach, with JRuby and Rubinius providing just-in-time compilation and mruby also providing ahead-of-time compilation . Ruby has three major alternative implementations: Other Ruby implementations include: Other now defunct Ruby implementations were: Apache License 2.0 The Apache License

2255-1068: The option to compile directly against jemalloc. It also contains experimental support for using vfork (2) with system() and spawn(), and added support for the Unicode 7.0 specification. Since version 2.2.1, Ruby MRI performance on PowerPC64 was improved. Features that were made obsolete or removed include callcc, the DL library, Digest::HMAC, lib/rational.rb, lib/complex.rb, GServer, Logger::Application as well as various C API functions. Ruby 2.3.0 includes many performance improvements, updates, and bugfixes including changes to Proc#call, Socket and IO use of exception keywords, Thread#name handling, default passive Net::FTP connections, and Rake being removed from stdlib. Other notable changes include: Ruby 2.4.0 includes performance improvements to hash table, Array#max, Array#min, and instance variable access. Other notable changes include: A few notable changes in Ruby 2.5.0 include rescue and ensure statements automatically use

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2310-469: The original work, then derivative works must include a readable copy of these notices within a NOTICE text file distributed as part of the derivative works, within the source form or documentation, or within a display generated by the derivative works (wherever such third-party notices normally appear). The contents of the NOTICE file do not modify the license, as they are for informational purposes only, and adding more attribution notices as addenda to

2365-542: The previous GPL versions 1 and 2. Furthermore, it considers Apache License versions before 2.0 incompatible with GPLv3. Because of version 2.0's patent license requirements, the Free Software Foundation recommends it over other non-copyleft licenses. If the Apache License with the LLVM exception is used, then it is compatible with GPLv2. In October 2012, 8,708 projects located at SourceForge.net were available under

2420-532: The public, further widening the adoption of Ruby amongst English speakers. In early 2002, the English-language ruby-talk mailing list was receiving more messages than the Japanese-language ruby-list , demonstrating Ruby's increasing popularity in the non-Japanese speaking world. Ruby 1.8 was initially released August 2003, was stable for a long time, and was retired June 2013. Although deprecated, there

2475-405: The same license to all unmodified parts. In every licensed file, original copyright, patent, trademark, and attribution notices must be preserved (excluding notices that do not pertain to any part of the derivative works). In every licensed file changed, a notification must be added stating that changes have been made to that file. If a NOTICE text file is included as part of the distribution of

2530-485: The same name as Wilco Bauwer's IronRuby project with permission. It was planned to be released to the public at OSCON 2007. On July 23, 2007, as promised, John Lam and the DLR Design Team presented the pre-Alpha version of the IronRuby compiler at OSCON. He also announced a quick timeline for further integration of IronRuby into the open source community. On August 31, 2007, John Lam and the DLR Design Team released

2585-475: The smell of a toy language (it still has). The object-oriented language seemed very promising. I knew Python then. But I didn't like it, because I didn't think it was a true object-oriented language – OO features appeared to be add-on to the language. As a language maniac and OO fan for 15 years, I really wanted a genuine object-oriented, easy-to-use scripting language. I looked for but couldn't find one. So I decided to make it. Matsumoto describes

2640-542: The terms of the Apache License. In a blog post from May 2008, Google mentioned that over 25% of the nearly 100,000 projects then hosted on Google Code were using the Apache License, including the Android operating system . As of 2015 , according to Black Duck Software and GitHub , the Apache license is the third most popular license in the FOSS domain after MIT License and GPLv2 . The OpenBSD project does not consider

2695-478: The use of parentheses, it is trivial to change an instance variable into a full function, without modifying a single line of calling code or having to do any refactoring achieving similar functionality to C# and VB.NET property members. Python's property descriptors are similar, but come with a trade-off in the development process. If one begins in Python by using a publicly exposed instance variable, and later changes

2750-400: The world to be productive, and to enjoy programming, and to be happy. That is the primary purpose of Ruby language." He stresses that systems design needs to emphasize human, rather than computer, needs: Often people, especially computer engineers, focus on the machines. They think, "By doing this, the machine will run fast. By doing this, the machine will run more effectively. By doing this,

2805-411: Was accepted as a Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS X 3017) in 2011 and an international standard (ISO/IEC 30170) in 2012. Around 2005, interest in the Ruby language surged in tandem with Ruby on Rails , a web framework written in Ruby. Rails is frequently credited with increasing awareness of Ruby. Effective with Ruby 1.9.3, released October 31, 2011, Ruby switched from being dual-licensed under

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2860-439: Was announced as OSCON 2009. This version improved performance. Version 1.0 RC1 became available on November 20, 2009. Version 1.0 became available on April 12, 2010, in two different versions: The IronRuby team planned to support Ruby 1.8.6 only for 1.0 point releases, and 1.9 version only for upcoming 1.x releases, skipping support for Ruby 1.8.7. In July 2010, Microsoft let go Jimmy Schementi , one of two remaining members of

2915-406: Was released on December 25, 2021. It includes YJIT, a new, experimental, Just-In-Time Compiler developed by Shopify , to enhance the performance of real world business applications. A new debugger is also included. There are some syntax enhancements and other improvements in this release. Network libraries for FTP , SMTP , IMAP , and POP are moved from default gems to bundled gems. Ruby 3.2

2970-567: Was released on December 25, 2022. It brings support for being run inside of a WebAssembly environment via a WASI interface. Regular expressions also receives some improvements, including a faster, memoized matching algorithm to protect against certain ReDoS attacks, and configurable timeouts for regular expression matching. Additional debugging and syntax features are also included in this release, which include syntax suggestion, as well as error highlighting. The MJIT compiler has been re-implemented as

3025-419: Was the first mailing list for the new language. Already present at this stage of development were many of the features familiar in later releases of Ruby, including object-oriented design, classes with inheritance, mixins , iterators , closures , exception handling and garbage collection . After the release of Ruby 0.95 in 1995, several stable versions of Ruby were released in these years: In 1997,

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