Misplaced Pages

#119880

67-533: The Ipojuca River is a river of Pernambuco state in eastern Brazil . This article related to a river in Pernambuco , Brazil is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Pernambuco Pernambuco ( Brazilian Portuguese: [pɛʁnɐ̃ˈbuku] ) is a state of Brazil located in the Northeast region of the country. With an estimated population of 13 million people as of 2022, it

134-567: A clerk of the Order of Christ , both ennobled and granted a coat of arms newly created. He married Violante Rodrigues. By 1500, Fernão de Loronha was a well-established merchant in Lisbon, where he served as the factor of Jakob Fugger , head of the wealthy German banking family of Augsburg . In his 1504 royal letter, King Manuel I of Portugal referred to Loronha as a knight of the royal household ( cavaleiro da nossa casa ). His acquisition of status at

201-515: A bare minimum of staff, was not known to employ coercion. Brazilwood and other products were acquired by trade with indigenous peoples . Brazilian Indians (mostly Tupi ) did all of the woodcutting independently and delivered the harvest to the warehouses, where they traded with Loronha's agents for iron goods, tools, knives, axes, mirrors, and other miscellaneous products of that kind. The slaves were not acquired in raids, but by ransoming war captives from local tribes (although this proved tricky, given

268-489: A brief period of Dutch rule , followed by Brazilian independence in 1822. Large numbers of slaves were brought from Africa during the colonial era to cultivate sugarcane, and a significant portion of the state's population has some amount of African ancestry. The state has rich cultural traditions thanks to its varied history and peoples. Brazilian Carnivals in Recife and the historic colonial capital of Olinda are renowned:

335-423: A hot, humid climate, relieved to some extent by the south-east trade winds. The middle zone, called the agreste region, has a drier climate and lighter vegetation, including the semi-deciduous Pernambuco interior forests , where many trees lose their leaves in the dry season. The inland region, called the sertão is high, stony, and dry, and frequently devastated by prolonged droughts (secas). The climate

402-458: A lot of capital investment, refining sugar in the 16th century also required a vast amount of labor. Brazilian Indians were very useful to the Portuguese; both free Indians and enslaved Indians performed many useful services for the Portuguese settlers. This included helping with building Engenhos. However, Brazilian Indian culture was not well suited to the operation of sugar engenhos. Indian culture

469-457: A major tourist destination. Statistics from the turn of the millennium show a sharp and continuing improvement. According to estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study , the infant mortality rate declined 6.2 percent annually between 1990 and 2015: from 90.4 infant deaths per 1000 live births in 1990, to 13.4 deaths/1000 live births in 2015. The homicide rate in Recife, still higher than

536-427: A period of three years. In return, Loronha was obliged to outfit and send six ships per year at his own expense, commit himself to discover 300 leagues of new coast per year and build a fort ( forteza ) in the new country. Loronha would also obliged pay the crown a share of his revenues: zero in the first year, one-sixth in the second year, and one quarter in the third year. However, a different account reports Loronha

603-413: A royal letter granting the island of São João ( Fernando de Noronha ) personally to Fernão de Loronha and his descendants, thereby making Loronha the first Portuguese hereditary donatary captain of Brazil. A factory was immediately set up on the island, and quickly became the hub of Loronha's operation - brazilwood harvested directly across the water, or ferried in by small boats from the factories down

670-502: A third, also by Coelho, in Guanabara Bay ( feitoria da Carioca ). Around 1509 or 1511 (details uncertain), an expedition outfitted by Fernão de Loronha under Cristóvão Pires established another brazilwood factory at Baía de Todos os Santos (modern Bahia). It is believed a factory may have also been established at São Vicente around 1508 or so, although this is more speculative. On January 14, 1504, King Manuel I of Portugal issued

737-532: A time when even wealthy and notable Jews came under persecution in Portugal suggests Loronha had unusually high connections. Even the corruption of his name from Loronha to Noronha might not be accidental, but reflect a popular assumption (which he might not have been eager to correct) that he was connected to the Noronha clan, one of the most illustrious noble families in Portugal, of royal Castilian descent (although there

SECTION 10

#1732905801120

804-585: A treaty negotiated in 1678 with its ruler Ganga Zumba , a war between the two remained. Zumbi who became ruler following the peace treaty and later repudiated it, fought the Portuguese government until 1694 when soldiers brought from the south eventually defeated him. Throughout the remainder of the 17th century on to the 20th century much of life in Pernambuco was dominated by the patterns established by monoculture, latifundia, and slavery (until 1888). Sugar and cotton were grown on large plantations and rural society

871-565: Is a sui generis "State District" ( distrito estadual ), governed directly by a Pernambuco state administrator. At the federal level, Pernambuco is represented by 25 deputies in the Chamber of Deputies , and three senators in the Federal Senate . According to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) , at the last census in 2022 there were 9,058,621 people residing in

938-568: Is borrowed. Although there were other sources, one source that was a particular irritant to mill owners were the merchants of Recife. In 1710 this irritant resulted in the Mascate War . This conflict set the mascates from Recife against the establishment planters of Olinda It was led by the Senhores de Engenho (owners of the sugar mills). It is an example of the continuing tensions between the senhores de engenho (the landed elites) in colonial Brazil and

1005-663: Is characterized by hot days and cool nights. There are two clearly defined seasons, a rainy season from March to June, and a dry season for the remaining months. The interior of the state is covered mostly by the dry thorny scrub vegetation called caatinga . The Rio São Francisco is the main water source for this area. The climate is more mild in the Borborema Plateau ("Planalto da Borborema"). Some towns are located more than 1000 meters above sea level, and temperatures there can descend to 10 °C (50 °F) and even 5 °C (41 °F) in some cities (i.e., Triunfo ) during

1072-531: Is no evidence Loronha had any ties, by blood or marriage, to the Noronhas). After the discovery of Brazil by Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500, the Portuguese crown sent out a follow-up mapping expedition in 1501 to explore the Brazilian coast. The commander of this expedition is unknown, but it was accompanied by Amerigo Vespucci , who wrote an account of it. Some scholars believe that Fernão de Loronha may have been

1139-493: Is the seventh-most populous state of Brazil and with around 98,067.877 km , it is the 19th-largest in area among federative units of the country . It is also the sixth-most densely populated with around 89 people per km . Its capital and largest city, Recife , is one of the most important economic and urban hubs in the country. Based on 2019 estimates, the Recife Metropolitan Region is seventh-most populous in

1206-513: The Galo da Madrugada parade in Recife has held world records for its size. Historically a center of sugarcane cultivation due to the favorable climate, the state has a modern economy dominated by the services sector today, though large amounts of sugarcane are still grown. The coming of democracy in 1985 has brought the state progress and challenges in turn: while economic and health indicators have improved, inequality remains high. The origins of

1273-868: The Ipojuca , which rises in the Serra de Aldeia Velha and reaches the coast south of Recife; the Serinhaen; and the Uná . A large tributary of the Uná, the Rio Jacuhipe, forms part of the boundary line with Alagoas . Prior to discovery and colonization by Portugal, Pernambuco was inhabited by numerous tribes of Tupi-Guarani speaking indigenous peoples. The Tupi peoples were a largely hunter-gatherer culture living in long houses who cultivated some indigenous crops, most notably manioc ( Manihot esculenta ), but lacked any metallic tools. Many elements of

1340-560: The reefs between Olinda and Recife. According to others, pernambuco was the name of brazilwood in local indigenous languages at the time of first contact, as the tree is found widely in the forests of the future state. A third hypothesis also derives from a Tupi word, paranãbuku , meaning "long river", a possible reference to the Capibaribe River , since primitive maps mark such a "Pernambuco river" north of Cabo de Santo Agostinho , south of Recife. Another hypothesis, suggested by

1407-437: The "Land of Brazil" ( Terra do Brasil ) for the same reason. (Some letters from the early 1500s refer to it as Terra di Papaga , "Land of Parrots" ) More curious is the demonym . In the Portuguese language, an inhabitant of Brazil is referred to as a Brasileiro , although the suffix -eiro properly denotes occupations and not inhabitants (who are typically given the suffix -ano instead). A rough English equivalent might be

SECTION 20

#1732905801120

1474-560: The Brazilian coast and set up harvesting warehouses. On August 10, 1503, the expedition stumbled on an uninhabited island off the northeast Brazilian coast that is now called the Fernando de Noronha island. However, it went through different names at that time: Vespucci called it São Lourenço , official documents called it São João , while a contemporary map, the Cantino planisphere , apparently called it Quaresma . The Coelho-Vespucci expedition

1541-510: The Brazilian eastern coast from Cape São Roque in the northeast down to the environs of Cabo Frio and named many of the locations along the way. Returning to Lisbon by September 1502, the expedition reported the discovery of an abundance of brazilwood ( pau-brasil ) on the coast. Brazilwood was highly valued by the European cloth industry as a superb dye, producing a deep red color, but it had to be imported from India at great expense. Sensing

1608-587: The French, destroyed their fort and built a new fort. Shortly after the success in dislodging the French from Pernambuco's northern border with Itamaricá the Portuguese began to settle Brazil. King John III of Portugal created the Hereditary Captaincies in 1534, Pernambuco was granted to Duarte Coelho , who arrived in Nova Lusitânia (or "New Lusitania ") in 1535. Duarte directed military actions against

1675-589: The French-allied Caetés Indians and upon their defeat in 1537 established a settlement at the site of a former Marin Indian village, henceforth known as Olinda, as well as another village at Igarassu . Under his leadership sugar soon replaced Brazilwood as Pernambuco's most profitable export. Due to the cultivation of sugar and cotton, Pernambuco was one of the few prosperous captaincies (the other notable one being São Vicente ). In addition to requiring

1742-657: The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Olinda & Recife , with these suffragan dioceses in its ecclesiastical province (all in Pernambuco) ;: Diocese of Afogados da Ingazeira , Diocese of Caruaru , Diocese of Floresta , Diocese of Garanhuns , Diocese of Nazaré , Diocese of Palmares , Diocese of Pesqueira , Diocese of Petrolina and Diocese of Salgueiro . The results of the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) conducted in 2022 led to

1809-551: The New Christian and Jewish immigrants to help the depressed Portuguese finances The Portuguese reconquered Recife in 1654 and Olinda regained its status of political center. However, Recife remained the commercial /port city. Nowadays, it is credited that many inhabitants of Pernambuco's agreste region have some Dutch ancestry. If the Dutch were gone, however, the threat of the now unified quilombo of Palmares remained. In spite of

1876-534: The North , Land of Frevo and Maracatu and Blessed Land . Pernambuco comprises a comparatively narrow coastal zone, a high inland plateau, and an intermediate zone formed by the terraces and slopes between the two. Its surface is much broken by the remains of the ancient plateau which has been worn down by erosion, leaving escarpments and ranges of flat-topped mountains, called chapadas , capped in places by horizontal layers of sandstone. Ranges of these chapadas form

1943-473: The Tupi culture were a shock to Europeans: among these, they bathed frequently, they eschewed wealth accumulation, practiced nudity, and warred frequently, primarily to capture enemies for communal, ritual cannibalism. Modern day Pernambuco includes the islands of Fernando de Noronha , which precedes mainland Pernambuco's history since the islands were granted to Fernão de Laronha by King Manoel in 1502. Pernambuco

2010-480: The academic Jacques Ribemboim, asserts the origins of the name from the Portuguese language. The Canal de Santa Cruz in Recife, at the beginning of the 16th century, was known as Boca de Fernão (named after the explorer Fernão de Noronha ). The Indians may have pronounced Fernão as P ernao and reversed the order of the words , giving Pernão Boca or Pernambuka , leading to the contemporary name of Pernambuco. The state also has some nicknames, such as Lion of

2077-505: The advocacy of intellectuals such as Pernambucan politician Joaquim Nabuco , slavery was abolished. However, freedom for the slaves did little or nothing to improve life for the underclass. Economic downturns were used to cut wages, children were paid almost nothing, and violence ruled. In those days before antibiotics there were major epidemics, fourteen between 1849 and 1920. The twentieth century did bring better communication and transportation which would slowly allow development. But for

Ipojuca River - Misplaced Pages Continue

2144-471: The average for Brazil, declined by about 6% per annum during the period from 2000 to 2012. Income inequality remains a problem; in 2000, the state had a Gini coefficient of 0.59, with wealth and resources being concentrated at the top. The state government is divided into three branches , like all Brazilian states. All the branches are located in capital of Recife. The governor and deputies are elected to four year terms in Brazilian general elections, with

2211-534: The boundary lines with three states–the Serra dos Irmãos and Serra Vermelha with Piauí , the Serra do Araripe with Ceará , and the Serra dos Cariris Velhos with Paraíba . The coastal area is fertile, and was formerly covered by the humid Pernambuco coastal forests , the northern extension of the Atlantic Forests (Mata Atlântica) of eastern Brazil. It is now occupied by extensive sugar cane plantations. It has

2278-488: The brazilwood trade itself. By this time, Spanish and French interlopers (the latter mainly outfitted by merchants from the Atlantic ports of Brittany and Normandy , connected to the cloth trade), had begun to visit the Brazilian coast with some regularity, landing brazilwood-harvesting parties and/or plundering the stores from the lightly manned Portuguese factories along the coast. As private Portuguese merchants did not have

2345-457: The coast, were collected on the island, and dispatched on larger ships back to Portugal. By 1506, Loronha's consortium is said to have reaped a brazilwood harvest of 20,000 quintals by 1506, representing a 400-500% profit over the initial lump sum payment and ship expenses. Loronha also drummed up some business in 'novelty' pets like colorful Brazilian parrots and monkeys, cotton and occasionally, Indian slaves. Loronha's enterprise, run with only

2412-418: The commercial opportunity of the new discovery, Fernando de Loronha assembled a consortium of Lisbon merchants, with himself at its head, and petitioned the crown for permission to exploit the find. In late September 1502, King Manuel of Portugal issued a charter (now lost) granting Fernão de Loronha the exclusive right to the commercial exploitation of the "Lands of Vera Cruz" (as Brazil was then known) for

2479-502: The country, and the second-largest in northeastern Brazil . In 2015, the state had 4.4% of the national population and produced 2.8% of the national gross domestic product (GDP). The contemporary state inherits its name from the Captaincy of Pernambuco , established in 1534. The region was originally inhabited by Tupi–Guarani -speaking peoples. European colonization began in the 16th century, under mostly Portuguese rule interrupted by

2546-485: The disruption caused by "gold fever" throughout the mining boom the value of sugar exports always exceeded the value of any other export. Nevertheless, among many other disruptions, gold shifted the focus South. Pernambuco, Bahia, and the entire Northeast were eclipsed by the South of Brazil and that shift in focus has never been reversed. Pernambuco's response to the nationhood of Brazil seems to have been rebellion. Pernambuco

2613-400: The embedded tradition of cannibalism among the Tupi, local chieftains were reluctant to sell their 'sacred' prisoners.) Loronha's commercial charter was renewed in 1506, and then again until 1512, when the crown passed the charter to a different merchant consortium, led by Jorge Lopes Bixorda . In 1515, the Portuguese crown let Bixorda's charter expire, and finally took over the factories and

2680-447: The following estimates of race or skin color : 5,006,802 Brown ( Multiracial ) people (55.3%), 3,043,916 White people (33.6%), 909,557 Black people (10.0%), 83,667 Indigenous people (0.9%) and 13,225 Asian people (0.1%). Fern%C3%A3o de Loronha Fernão de Loronha was a Sephardi Jew converted to Catholicism ( cristão-novo ). He was the son of Martim Afonso de Loronha and the brother of another Martim Afonso de Loronha,

2747-560: The greater part of the year. The largest of the coastal rivers are the Goiana River , which is formed by the confluence of the Tracunhaem and Capibaribe-mirim, and drains a rich agricultural region in the north-east part of the state; the Capibaribe , which has its source in the Serra de Jacarara and flows eastward to the Atlantic at Recife with a course of nearly 300 miles (480 km);

Ipojuca River - Misplaced Pages Continue

2814-571: The landed aristocracy of Pernambuco were heavily indebted. After several excesses the king issued a new set of instructions to the governor. In 1715 the crown dispatched a new governor and the residents of Pernambuco finally felt the troubles were ended, though many families of the colony's elites were ruined. The discovery of gold in Minas Gerais late in the Seventeenth Century and the discovery of diamond displaced agriculture. In fact, for all

2881-518: The lands were officially named Vera Cruz or Santa Cruz by the original discoverers, it was during Loronha's tenure that the name of the land gradually transitioned to Terra do Brasil and its inhabitants to Brasileiros . It was rather common for 15th- and 16th-century Portuguese to refer to distant lands by their commercial product rather than their proper name (e.g. Madeira Islands , Pepper Coast , Ivory Coast , Gold Coast , Spice Islands , etc.) The lands of Vera Cruz were simply popularly known as

2948-485: The merchants of Recife. The "War" (there was considerable shooting but little loss of life) has elements of class struggle. Olinda had, before the Dutch, always been the municipal seat. Recife, once merely a port facility for Olinda, had formerly consisted of a few modest dwellings, warehouses, and businesses catering to ships and seamen, but under the Dutch had been developed into a thriving center of commerce populated by wealthy, more recently arrived merchants to whom most of

3015-557: The mocambos there had grown into two significant states. The Dutch Republic , which allowed sugar production to remain in Portuguese hands, regarded suppression of Palmares as important, but was unsuccessful in this. Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen , count of Nassau, was appointed as ruler of the Nieuw Holland (Dutch colonization enterprise in Brazil). In the 17th century, the Netherlands

3082-478: The most recent being held in 2022 . The 185 municipalities that make up the state have similar structures, though they lack the judicial branch. Each municipality has a chief executive, analogous to mayor, called a Prefeito/Prefeita , while the legislative branch is called the Câmara Municipal . Municipal officials also serve four year terms, with the most recent being held in 2020 . Fernando de Noronha

3149-569: The name Pernambuco are debated, though most hypotheses derive the name from the now-extinct Tupi language . Some scholars claim that the name comes from the combining of the Tupi words para'nã , meaning "great river" or "sea" and buka , meaning "hole". Thus, pernambuco would mean "hole in the sea", possibly referring to the Canal de Santa Cruz on the Island of Itamaracá , north of Olinda , or to an opening in

3216-630: The outfitting of the Portuguese India Armadas of the early 1500s. The Bassas da India in the Mozambique Channel is named after one of Loronha's ships, the Judia ("Jewess"), which discovered the atoll by running into it in 1506. The original name baixas da Judia (" Judia Shoals") was corrupted into "bassas da India" by later error. If anyone is responsible for the naming of Brazil and its inhabitants, it would be Fernão de Loronha. Although

3283-442: The overall captain of this expedition, due to his interest in the country's dye wood resources. After the expedition, Loronha in fact obtained a royal lease with fellow businessmen to commercialize Brazilian dye wood and other products. Proponents of the hypothesis that Loronha commanded the 1501 mapping expedition include Duarte Leite (1923) and Greenlee (1945). Opponents include Roukema (1963). The mapping expedition explored much of

3350-514: The poor employed in the sugar industry, as late as the 1960s infant mortality in this labor segment was nearly half of live births. Politically, the century was dominated by two periods of dictatorship, ruled by Getúlio Vargas for most of the period from 1930 to 1954. and the military dictatorship from 1964 to 1985 Since the end of military rule, there is still an underemployed and under-fed underclass. However, quality of life has improved along with industrial development. Pernambuco has also become

3417-449: The principal example of the boom or bust cycle, but there has, from time to time been a similar cycle in cotton. Cotton was profitable during the U.S. War of Independence, the War of 1812, and the U.S. Civil War. Each time the bust in Pernambuco came when U.S. growers resumed their exports. A sugar mill engenho requires a large investment both to build and to operate. Much of the time the money

SECTION 50

#1732905801120

3484-1142: The state. The population is concentrated along the coast in the Recife Metropolitan Region . Urbanization: 77% (2006); Population growth : 1.2% (1991–2000); Houses: 2,348,000 (2006). Religion in Pernambuco (2010) The majority of the state's inhabitants are Catholic; while more than 86% of the state is Christian. In 2010, 5,834,601 inhabitants identified as Roman Catholic (65.95%), 1,788,973 as Evangelical (20.34%): of these, 1,102,485 were Pentecostal (12.53%), and 376,880 were Evangelical Protestant (4.28%) and 309,608 other Evangelical (3.52%). 123,798 inhabitants identified as spiritists (1.41%), 43,726 as Jehovah's Witnesses (0.50%), 26,526 as Brazilian Apostolic Catholics (0.30%) and 6,678 as Eastern Orthodox (0.08%). 914,954 had no religion (10.40%): of these, 10,284 identified as atheists (0.12%) and 5,638 as agnostics (0.06%). 80,591 followed all other religions not listed above (0.90%), and 9,805 did not know or did not declare (0.12%). The former Latin Catholic Territorial Prelature of Pernambuco became

3551-437: The suffix -or (doctor, actor) or -er (carpenter, plumber) versus -an (Indian, American). Thus an inhabitant of Brazil should have become known in Portuguese as a Brasiliano ("Brazilian"), but – uniquely among Portuguese demonyms – they are instead referenced as a Brasileiro ("Braziler"). This stems from Loronha's tenure when brasileiro was indeed a reference to an occupation: a brazilwood cutter or trader. The name of

3618-713: The sugar production monoculture by encouraging the cultivation of other crops, particularly foodstuffs. Under Dutch rule, Jewish culture developed in Recife . Many Jews, having fled the Inquisition in Iberia, sought refuge in the Netherlands. The Jewish community established themselves in Dutch Brazil and would later migrate elsewhere in the Americas. There are records that in 1636 a synagogue

3685-476: The sugar-producing coastal regions and formed independent inland communities called mocambos , including Palmares . In 1630, Pernambuco, as well as many Portuguese possessions in Brazil, was occupied by the Dutch until 1654. The occupation was strongly resisted and the Dutch conquest was only partially successful for these few decades. In the interim, thousands of the enslaved Africans had fled to Palmares, and soon

3752-479: The wherewithal (nor the authority) to challenge the foreign interlopers, the losses were heavy. When the Portuguese crown took over the enterprise, it immediately set up a military coastal patrol to defend these locations. Despite losing its commercial charter, Loronha's family retained its hereditary capitaincy of Fernando de Noronha island (heirs are confirmed in documents down to 1580). Independently of his Brazilian activities, Fernão de Loronha also participated in

3819-633: The winter. The volcanic archipelago of Fernando de Noronha in the Atlantic Ocean, 535 km northeast of Recife , has been part of Pernambuco since 1988. The rivers of the state include a number of small plateau streams flowing southward to the São Francisco River , and several large streams in the eastern part flowing eastward to the Atlantic. The former are the Moxotó , Ema , Pajeú , Terra Nova , Brigida, Boa Vista and Pontai, and are dry channels

3886-633: Was an auspicious choice for Northeast, because he was a lover of the arts with a deep interest in the New World. In 1637 he opened his government guidelines quite different from those of the Portuguese colonists, declaring "Freedom of Religion and Trade". His entourage contained traders, artists, planners, German and Dutch citizens. He was accompanied by six painters, including Frans Post and Albert Eckhout . Nassau also created an environment of Dutch religious tolerance, new to Portuguese America and irritating to his Calvinist associates. Nassau made efforts to reduce

3953-512: Was being built in the city. A Jewish scholar from Amsterdam , Isaac Aboab da Fonseca , arrived in Recife in 1642, becoming the first rabbi on Brazilian soil and on the continent. In 1643, three years after the Portuguese regained the crown in the metropolis, Father António Vieira – frowned upon, persecuted by the Inquisition and admirer of Aboab – recommended the King of Portugal occupy the capital of

4020-607: Was experiencing a surge of freedom and progress, and wanted to expand their colonies in the American continent. An expression of this new economy was the Dutch West India Company , (modeled after the Dutch East India company which had influence throughout the world and controlled much of the trade between East and West). A Board of nineteen members appointed Prince Johan Maurits , Count of Nassau, Governor of Pernambuco. It

4087-484: Was given a ten-year charter, for which he paid the crown a fixed sum of 4,000 ducats per year. One possible reconciliation is that the latter reflect not the original terms, but new terms that were negotiated upon the renewal of Loronha's charter in 1505. In April–May 1503, Loronha's consortium outfitted a new expedition of six ships under captain Gonçalo Coelho , accompanied once again by Amerigo Vespucci, to scout

SECTION 60

#1732905801120

4154-414: Was highly valued and other European nations, particularly the French, soon sent ships to exploit this new dye wood. The French under Bertrand d'Ornesan tried to establish a French trading post at Pernambuco in 1531. This fort was located at the border of Pernambuco and Itamaricá to the North. The Portuguese King responded by dispatching an armada under the command of Pero Lopes de Sousa. Pero Lopes defeated

4221-454: Was initially valued as a source of Brazilwood ( Caesalpinia echinata ) used in Europe for dyes. These Amerindians were eager to harvest and exchange brazilwood for axes, fishhooks and other goods offered by Europeans. The Portuguese crown granted a license to Fernão de Laronha in 1502. After the expiration of the license the trade in brazilwood was a driver of the exploration of Brazil. Brazilwood

4288-400: Was instructed by Loronha to establish factories ( feitorias , essentially warehouses) along the coast as collection points for brazilwood harvests. It is believed three warehouses were established on this expedition - one by Vespucci at Cabo Frio (manned by 24 men, thus filling the forteza requirement), another by Coelho at Porto Seguro ( feitoria da Santa Cruz de Cabrália ) and probably

4355-427: Was largely divided into landowning elites and the impoverished poor. In addition, Pernambuco, except for a narrow coastland, is subject to periodic droughts. The boom and bust economy throughout this period is often exemplified as the "sugar cycle" when the international market for sugar is good, the economy booms, when the market is bad, it is hard times for all and particularly for the impoverished. Sugar has always been

4422-481: Was not oriented to wealth accumulation. Stuart Schwartz expressed it, "Once a man had enough to eat and a few new tools and weapons, why should he want or work for more." While the sugar industry relied at first on the labor of indigenous peoples, especially the Tupis and Tapuyas , high mortality and economic growth led to the importation of enslaved Africans from the late 17th century onward. Some of these slaves escaped

4489-585: Was the site of some of the most important rebellions and insurrections in Brazilian history , especially in the 19th century. See Also Rebellions and revolutions in Brazil , Pernambucan Revolt , Cabanada , April Revolt (Pernambuco) At one point Pernambuco led much of the Northeast region in a very short-lived independent Confederation of the Equator . In 1888, under the influence of increasingly urban society, and with

#119880