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14-570: In Antiquity, the river was known as the Cambyses river. This ancient name of the river was also lent to the ancient region of Cambysene . This article related to a river in Georgia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in Azerbaijan is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Cambysene Cambysene was a region first attested in

28-612: Is the Latin form of the Greek Kambysēnē , which in turn was formed at some point in the Hellenistic period from an indigenous name which corresponded to Armenian Kʿambēčan . In Georgian the name is written as Kambečovani and in Arabic as Qambīzān . According to the 6th-century geographer Stephen of Byzantium , following popular but unverified traditional etymology, Kambysēnē

42-517: Is the original. For the description of Europe, North Africa and Asia (all the known world from Spain to China), it largely uses Greek sources, namely the now lost geography of Pappus of Alexandria (4th century), which in turn, is based on the Geography of Ptolemy (2nd century). According to Hewsen, it is the "last work based on ancient geographical knowledge written before the Renaissance." It

56-587: The Geographica ("Geography") of the ancient geographer and historian Strabo (64/3 BC – c.  24 AD). According to Strabo, it comprised one of the northernmost provinces of the ancient Kingdom of Armenia , and bordered on the Caucasus Mountains and was a rough and waterless region through which a pass connecting Caucasian Albania and Iberia passed. It was eventually lost by Armenia to Caucasian Albania, likely after 69 BC. The spelling Cambysene

70-506: The Old Persian names Kuruš and Kambūjiya were derived from two ethnic groups; although considered to be an attractive assumption, Herzfeld's hypothesis is viewed as doubtful by Marie Louise Chaumont. Wilhelm Tomaschek connects the name to Armenian kambeči 'buffalo'. The precise boundaries of Cambysene are difficult to demarcate, but it is known that it constituted a border land between Armenia , Iberia and Caucasian Albania at

84-518: The Sasanian Empire , which are all described in detail. The territories are described before the Arab invasions and conquests. The information on Armenia is not found elsewhere in historical sources, as it is the only known Armenian geographical work written before the 13th century. The Ashkharhatsuyts has survived in long and short recensions . According to scholarly consensus, the long recension

98-580: The Armenian language. Ashkharhatsuyts Ashkharhatsuyts ([Աշխարհացոյց] Error: {{Langx}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 9) ( help ) ), often translated as Geography in English sources, is an early medieval Armenian geography attributed to Anania Shirakatsi . It believed to have been written sometime between 610 and 636. According to Elizabeth Redgate , it was written "probably shortly before AD 636". Its authorship has been disputed in

112-709: The Cambysene of the Classical authors. The 10th-century historian Movses Kaghankatvatsi also mentions the province of Kambechan. The Kambechan of Armenian historiography was conquered by the Arabs in the 7th century. At the turn of the 9th century, together with Shaki to the east, it comprised an extensive territory over which the Armenian Smbateans held sway as vassals of the more powerful Bagratid dynasty . Its inhabitants were predominantly of Armenian origin and speakers of

126-563: The east. Regardless of what Cambysene's precise boundaries actually were, the road(s) that passed through the region accorded to the region's geo-political importance. It is described as a sparsely inhabited and arid region. It is unknown whether Cambysene was incorporated into the Achaemenid Empire. When the Kingdom of Armenia under the Artaxiad dynasty was at its territorial apex, during

140-493: The modern period; formerly believed to have been the work of Movses Khorenatsi , most scholars now attribute it to Anania Shirakatsi. Robert Hewsen calls it "one of the most valuable works to come down to us from Armenian antiquity." The Armenian Geography —as it is alternatively known—has been especially important for research into the history and geography of Greater Armenia, the Caucasus ( Georgia and Caucasian Albania ) and

154-689: The reign of Tigranes II of Armenia ( r.   95–55 BC), Cambysene was one of its provinces or districts. Cambysene remained part of Armenia until it was conquered by Caucasian Albania , most likely after Tigranes was defeated in 69 BC by the Romans at the Battle of Tigranocerta . The 7th-century Armenian geography Ashkharhatsuyts locates Kambechan ( Kambečan ) on the Kur River in Caucasian Albania, which reveals that Kambechan must have been smaller than

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168-562: The time of the 65 BC Roman military campaign in the region led by the general and statesman Pompey . The German historian Wilhelm Fabricius (1861–1920) believed that it just comprised the territory between the Cambyses and Alazonius (modern Alazan) rivers; the modern-day consensus is that it was much larger, and probably stretched all the way from the Cyrus river in the west to the Alazonius river in

182-608: Was a persikē khōra (" Persian country") named after Cambyses II ( r.   530–522 BC), King of Kings of the Persian Achaemenid Empire . This claim is rejected by modern-day academics, who point to the Cambyses (modern Iori) River , a tributary of the Cyrus (Kura) River , as the origin of the word. According to the Iranologist Ernst Herzfeld (1879–1948) both the Cyrus and Cambyses rivers as well as

196-477: Was one of the earliest secular Armenian works to be published (in 1668 by Voskan Yerevantsi ). It has been translated into four languages: English, Latin (both 1736), French (1819), and Russian (1877). In 1877, Kerovbe Patkanian first attributed it to Anania as the most probable author. Another geographical work of Anania Shirakatsi, The Itinerary ([Młonač῾ap῾k῾] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 7) ( help ) ), may have been

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