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131-470: From about 1930 to the 1957, Iorda was mainly employed as a stage director, dramaturge , and producer. During the early 1930s, he was in Brașov , where he founded a directed a children's theater; during his stint there, he also took up wood engraving and became noted as a glider operator for an experimental airmail service. After his theater failed, he turned to work for Radio Bucharest , writing and producing

262-623: A 2003 constitutional amendment which allowed the parliament to make military service optional. The Parliament of Romania voted to abolish conscription in October 2005, with the vote formalising one of many military modernisation and reform programmes that Romania agreed to when it joined NATO in March 2004. In peacetime , the supreme commander of the Land Forces is the Minister of Defence , while in wartime,

393-593: A National Renaissance Front as the sole legal party. Both Iorda and Popa remained active in literary and theatrical life under this new regime. In December 1938, they established Muncă și Voe Bună Theater (TMVB) on Uranus Hill , as a subsidiary of the Ministry of Labor and of the Muncă și Voe Bună leisure service. It provided regular entertainment to the Romanian proletariat—as reported in 1969 by Iorda, they were seeking to create

524-623: A "Luna-M" missile battalion, while two of the four army commands had also an "Elbrus" missile brigade. Proven to be fairly inaccurate in combat, "Luna-M" (a.k.a. FROG-7) and "Elbrus" (a.k.a. SCUD-B) missiles would be rather less effective weapons carrying conventional high-explosive warheads. Tipped with nuclear or chemical warheads, however, they could be devastating. According to one former Romanian official writing in 1988, Romania produced chemical agents that could be delivered by battlefield missiles. The vânători de munte specialised troops, reactivated in 1961, were formed up into an independent branch of

655-550: A "creative session" with the agitprop department in Dolj Region , he spoke about the text as an anti-bourgeois fable, declaring that this had been obscured by "the bourgeois theatrologists" of the Kingdom era. Also then, he joined other authors in establishing a Craiova branch of the new Writers' Union of Romania (USR), serving on its leadership committee alongside peasant Crăciun Fotache. Its paper Caetul Literar hosted his poem about

786-544: A Laddie"). He was for a while involved with Teatrul Mic of Bucharest, directing a version of Dezső Szomory 's Dr Alice Brönte (adapted into Romanian by Isaia Răcăciuni ). A freak fire destroyed all the props while the company was touring in 1946. In tandem, the Workers' Theater was running Jerome K. Jerome 's The Passing of the Third Floor Back , from a translation by Profira Sadoveanu —and with Iorda as director. Iorda

917-451: A TA unit, and the Air Force's 3rd Army Cooperation Command. The 4th Army consisted of the 3rd Army Corps, the 5th Army Corps, the 11th Army Corps (two fortress brigades), and the 4th Army Cooperation Command. The army group-level 2nd Army Corps, under Major General Nicolae Macici , controlled the 9th and 10th Infantry Divisions and the 7th Cavalry Brigade. Additionally the 1st Armoured Division

1048-544: A company had already been commissioned in early 2006. In 2018, the 6th Special Operations Brigade was transformed into the Special Operations Forces Command being directly subordinated to the General staff of Defence . The current Romanian reconnaissance battalions (the 313th, the 317th and the 528th) are also considered special forces units, and were formed in the 1960s during the communist regime . After

1179-520: A dramatist—including as an author of radioplays , over thirty of which were written in collaboration with Popa. As noted decades later by literary historian Florin Faifer , he himself remains an "almost insignificant" presence in that field, only individualized by a "certain liveliness" of his speech. In November 1938, Radio Bucharest premiered his "fresco" of Alexandru Lăpușneanu 's second reign in Moldavia . It

1310-636: A leftist turn, allowing the Uranus-Hill Theater to reemerge as an institution for the promotion of socialist aesthetics; also working as director for the National Theater Bucharest , Iorda reemerged as an ally of the Romanian Communist Party , and in 1945 published what may have been Romania's first socialist-realist epic. In September 1947, Iorda was assigned by his friend Ion Pas , the titular Minister of Arts , as manager of

1441-540: A lukewarm review from columnist Radu Popescu. According to the latter, Iorda had a "certain density" to his comedy, but had overdone his contribution, to the point where he made Nušić look "trite". Iorda still received official accolades for his contribution on that stage, being one of the company fellows who were proclaimed "Artists Emeriti of the Romanian People's Republic" in September 1957. His final regular employment

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1572-430: A man who was himself unique with his delicate nature, his modesty, and his love for the muses." A definitive collection appeared in 1973. As noted in 1983 by Isac, "for more than ten years, [Iorda has been] a memory that is more and more obscured by neglect. Which is a shame, since this man has planted a only flowers and smiles along the path of several generations of readers". Haplea continued to appear in comic strips after

1703-404: A miniature style, producing only a few easel paintings . When Iorda began writing for children, it was after being encouraged to do so by a more established author and illustrator, Victor Ion Popa . As he himself put it: "I first met Victor Ion Popa in the winter of 1919. From that first moment, he viewed me as his younger brother. He taught me lots of things; I worked side by side with him as he

1834-489: A new title, that of Noapte de cloroform ("Chloroform Night"). He reprised Haplea in Arici Pogonici magazine, with Tudor Mușatescu as his new writer; the character was proudly introduced as " re-educated ", as befitting the standards of a communized Romania. These contributions also formed the basis of two final Haplea volumes, appearing at Editura Ion Creangă in 1970 and 1971, respectively; Cîntec de inimă albastră

1965-517: A notebook-series put out by Bacău's theater featured Iorda's essay on "two dastardly devils" of the Romanian dramatic profession— Radu Beligan and Fory Etterle . In November, the Giulești Workers' Theater, hosted an 26 of his "drawings on wood", which had never been featured in any previous retrospective. A month later, Sarina Cassvan urged publishing houses to reconsider reprinting his stories, and thus "retrieve from oblivion this unique volume by

2096-695: A premiere of Alexander Stein 's Personal Affair . In his fifties, Iorda was making returns as a theater critic. One such event took place in May 1956, during a time when communist authorities were trying out de-Stalinization . With an article in Contemporanul , he defended his colleague Sică Alexandrescu , who still followed the standards of Zhdanovism , against young voices who declared Alexandrescu's shows to be "stale", and who were protected by communist official Paul Cornea . In 1957, Teatrul magazine hosted his remarks on Val Mugur's version of Romeo and Juliet . At

2227-560: A production of South of the 38th Parallel , a Stalinist and anti-war play by the Soviet Korean Thai Dian Chun . In early 1953, he was under contract with Maria Filotti Theater of Brăila , working on productions of plays by Tudor Șoimaru and Abdulla Qahhor . The following year, he had formed an artistic brigade, with which he was touring Bucharest's factories. Iorda worked with Șoimaru on adapting Nicolae Filimon 's classic novel, Ciocoii vechi și noi , which premiered at

2358-737: A result of the Russian Revolution , Romania was left isolated and unable to continue the war, and was forced to sign the Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers. Later on, in 1919, Germany agreed, in the Treaty of Versailles Article 259, to renounce all the benefits provided to it by the Treaty of Bucharest in 1918. After the success of the Vardar offensive on the Macedonian front , which put Bulgaria out of

2489-628: A socialist writer with another novel, appearing in 1945 Oameni în cătușe de aur ("Men in Gilded Handcuffs"). It admonishes the upper strata of the peasantry, whom Iorda calls surtucari ("jacket-wearers"), and depicts the sharecroppers as natural allies of the Romanian Communist Party . According to Faifer, the narrative is "massive and rather prolix", "of an ominous radicalism"; scholar Cosmin Borza sees it as Romania's "first socialist-realist novel". 10.000.000 continued to be performed in theaters after

2620-444: A string of radioplays , as well as directing its children's programming, and also served as editor in chief at the children's edition of Dimineața daily. Iorda's credentials as a leftist were established at around the same time, when he published novellas for grownups, noted for their anti-elitist and anti-capitalist messages; on the cusp of World War II, he was also briefly a pacifist activist. Iorda's services were still used by

2751-415: A venue for showcasing "real life", including when it came to children's plays (most of which were initially texts by Iorda). Also according to Iorda, the venue had to battle state censorship, which prevented it from producing a version of Maxim Gorky 's Lower Depths . He was allowed to showcase his own texts, which included, by mid-1939, Haplea la stăpân , Neață și Nătăfleață la circ ("Willy and Nilly at

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2882-615: A while, he worked in a workshop that put out marketing content. He entered the Bucharest Art Academy upon passing his entry exam in 1919. Though still focused on graphic art, his training was guided by sculptors Dimitrie Paciurea and Frederic Storck . Curator Eugenia Antonescu sees him as excelling as a portraitist and caricaturist, with sketches that depicted a variety of human faces—from anonymous Romanian peasants to politicians such as Marcel Cachin and writers such as Mihail Sorbul . He remained attached to drawing and watercolor in

3013-422: A writer. He produced the script to an adventure series with realistic drawings by Ionel Drugă, producing Romania's first comic that was not caricaturesque in style, and effectively the first Romanian graphic novel (as any previous examples were copied under syndication from American newspapers). Called SOS a dispărut avionul stratosferic ("Mayday We're Missing a Stratospheric Airplane "), it had scientists from

3144-442: Is a literary adviser or editor in a theatre , opera , or film company who researches, selects, adapts, edits, and interprets scripts, libretti, texts, and printed programmes (or helps others with these tasks), consults authors, and does public relations work. Its modern-day function was originated by the innovations of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing , an 18th-century German playwright , philosopher , and theatre theorist . One of

3275-582: Is an elite special operations unit currently belonging to the General Directorate for Defense Intelligence . It is a military special unit, formed of highly skilled individuals, a very large percentage of its members being champions in martial arts, athletic disciplines and so on. DIR was, until December 2003, top secret. After the Romanian Revolution , many firing ranges and training areas were closed and abandoned due to lack of funds. Currently,

3406-556: Is known is that on 1 July 1947 Fourth Army became 3rd Military Region, based in Cluj. The 3rd Military Region became the 3rd Army on 30 April 1960, and the 4th Army on 5 April 1980. During the 1980s, the land forces numbered 140,000 personnel, of whom two-thirds were conscripts. In 1989 the land forces were organized in four armies: the First Army at Bucharest , the Second Army at Buzău ,

3537-412: Is often debated as to what specific tasks this job does, with some defining it as the bridge between the director and the actors, others defining it as one who determines the meaning of plays and shows for the actors, and others claiming that even they don't quite have a complete definition for their job. This discrepancy between dramaturges is likely due to the lack of an official historical definition, and

3668-636: Is one of the largest and most modern training firing ranges and military facilities in Europe, with a total surface area of 270 square kilometres. It was announced on 6 December 2006 that 1,500 U.S. troops stationed at Mihail Kogălniceanu , which in time will form Joint Task Force East , will be using Babadag as a training base. The Romanian Land Forces distinguishes four career paths: officers ( Ofiţeri ), warrant officers ( Maiştrii militari ), NCO's ( Subofiţeri ) and enlisted men ( Soldaţi şi gradaţi voluntari ). The Marshal rank can be given only in wartime by

3799-634: The commedia dell'arte . Popa was enthusiastic, and saw Maria Tănase as perfect for the lead role, in travesti . She declined the offer, as she was already booked up as a chanteuse. The work was then shelved after the press commented on it being "too leftist". Theatrical historian Ioan Massoff observes that the company's reputation had by then been unwittingly harmed by the Ministry of Labor, which still supervised Popa's activities. Taking its cue from Nazi racial policies , it put up posters barring Jews from viewing any shows. Iorda, who single-handedly managed

3930-511: The 1848 Wallachian Revolution , Gheorghe Magheru assembled an army at Râureni (now part of Râmnicu Vâlcea ). However, due to the lack of proper equipment and the hesitation of some revolution leaders, Magheru ordered his troops to disband when the Ottoman forces swept into Bucharest to stop the revolution. A battle between the Bucharest fire company together with Line infantry soldiers against

4061-544: The 1st Army and 4th Army prior to 2000. However, due to their personnel having been reduced considerably to reach compatibility with NATO standards, they were renamed and reorganized as divisions. In 2010, the Joint HQ command was renamed as the 2nd Infantry Division Getica and received units from the 1st and 4th Infantry divisions. The official day of the Land Forces is celebrated each year, on 23 April. The Romanian Land Forces have completely overhauled their equipment in

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4192-647: The 26th Infantry Battalion "Neagoe Basarab" , also known as the Red Scorpions, in Craiova in October 2020. Another 133 units will be produced in Romania, at Bucharest Mechanical Factory . Equipment Summary (2023): The evolution of the special forces within the Romanian Land Forces led to the establishment of the 1st Special Operations Regiment on 1 August 2009, headquartered at Târgu Mureș . It later became

4323-696: The Axis powers , fighting against the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front . From August 1944 until the end of the war, Romania fought against Germany under the control of the Soviet Union. When the communists seized power after the Second World War, the army underwent reorganisation and sovietization . Following the Romanian Revolution of 1989, due to shortage of funds, many units were disbanded and much equipment

4454-556: The First Army (under the command of General Macici and later Vasile Atanasiu ) and the Fourth Army (under the command of Lieutenant General Gheorghe Avramescu and later Nicolae Dăscălescu ) were pressed into action. After expelling the last of the Wehrmacht and Hungarian Army units from Romania at the battles of Turda and Carei , the Romanian armies took part in the Siege of Budapest and

4585-532: The Fourth Army (under the command of Lieutenant General Constantin Constantinescu-Claps , deployed south of Stalingrad) were attacked by vastly superior Soviet forces and suffered combined losses of some 158,000 personnel. During April–May 1944 the Romanian forces led by General Mihai Racoviță , together with elements of the German Eighth Army were responsible for defending Northern Romania during

4716-535: The IAR factories flying exploratory missions above the Southern Hemisphere . The "Silver Island", discovered by them after several mishaps, is then made into a personal possession of King Carol's. Iorda also contributed to army entertainment, with a series of comedy plays published in 1940 as Șezători ostășești ("Sit-downs for Soldiers"). In mid-January 1940, another one of his radioplays, depicting events from Stephen

4847-517: The LAROM MRL system). Compared to similar Soviet, Hungarian, or Bulgarian divisions, the Romanian ones were more poorly equipped, both in terms of number and quality of heavy weapons. The armored divisions were composed of 3 tank regiments and one mechanized infantry regiment plus support units. The artillery, antitank, and air defence regiments of divisions provided specialised fire support that enabled motorised rifle and tank regiments to maneuver. Each of

4978-635: The National Theater Iași . During his tenure, the Kingdom of Romania was formally ended, and a communist regime was proclaimed in its stead. In September 1948, Iorda was reassigned to the National Theater Craiova ; while there, he embraced Marxism-Leninism and Stanislavski's system , applying both to the reinterpretation of works by classics such as Ion Luca Caragiale and Nicolae Filimon . Collaborating with various theatrical venues across

5109-550: The Prague Offensive of May 1945. The Soviet occupation of Romania led to a complete reorganisation of the Romanian Land Forces under the supervision of the Red Army. At the onset, pro-German elements were purged from the Romanian armed forces. In 1944–45, two divisions were formed out of Romanian volunteers—ex-prisoners of war, trained and indoctrinated in the Soviet Union during the war, but also of many Communist activists. One

5240-523: The Romanian Revolution of 1989 : in 2019, Viorel Pârligras was reusing the character in strips drawn for a Craiova newspaper. In 2014, Iorda's original strips were showcased as part of an exhibit curated by Craiova Art Museum in Calafat . This institution thus recognized him as "one of the most important names" in the genre as it had developed locally. Dramaturge A dramaturge or dramaturg (from Ancient Greek δραματουργός dramatourgós )

5371-552: The Third Army at Craiova , and the Fourth Army at Cluj-Napoca . The land forces consisted of eight mechanised (infantry) divisions ( 1st , Bucharest, 2nd , Craiova, 9th , Constanța , 10th, Iași , 11th, Oradea , 18th, Timișoara , 67th, Brăila and 81st , Dej ) two armored divisions (the 57th Tank Division at Bucharest and the 6th Tank Division at Târgu Mureș ), one armored brigade, four mountain (infantry) brigades, and four parachute infantry regiments. According to

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5502-432: The ethnic minorities , and explaining that the allegations came from a frustrated member of his crew. Iorda himself would spend the rest of his life campaigning for the creation of a larger, national-level and modern-equipped, theatrical institution for children. For some two years of the interwar, he produced and voiced Ora Copiilor , a children-oriented program on Radio Bucharest . This period also marked his beginnings as

5633-503: The liberal arts and theatre. Some dramaturges are worried, however, that this growth may slow down, due to a decrease in the number of modern plays being written. Romanian Land Forces The Romanian Land Forces ( Romanian : Forțele Terestre Române ) is the army of Romania , and the main component of the Romanian Armed Forces . Since 2007, full professionalization and a major equipment overhaul have transformed

5764-431: The president assumes the role of supreme commander. The main combat formations of Romania are the 2nd Infantry Division Getica , and the 4th Infantry Division Gemina . Until 2015, the Romanian Land Forces fielded a third division, namely the 1st Division Dacia . Before June 2008, the 1st and 4th divisions were known as the 1st Territorial Army Corps and the 4th Territorial Army Corps, and in turn they used to be known as

5895-407: The "true face" of chiaburi enemies. Iorda's tenure ended on 21 September 1948, when he was moved to the National Theater Craiova . At the time, he was also under contract with Ploiești Theater . Here, alongside Mia Steriade, he produced Gorky's Enemies . Returning to Craiova in early 1949, he embraced Marxist-Leninism in his reinterpretation of Caragiale's O scrisoare pierdută . During

6026-415: The 10th and 81st Mechanized Divisions and the 6th Tank Division operated soviet and Czechoslovak built T-55/-55A/-55AM tanks, while the remaining three mechanized divisions (1st, 18th and 67th) were equipped with mixed equipment, including a number of outdated soviet T-34 -85 tanks, within their mechanized regiments. The 1st Mechanized Tudor Vladimirescu Division apparently operated four types of tanks, from

6157-861: The 165-year 'History of Modern Romanian Artillery,' in 1989 each of the four armies were organized into a headquarters and reporting formations under them, which were organized as follows: The mechanized divisions were organized along the Soviet model with a division HQ, three mechanized infantry regiments, one tank regiment, combat and service support units, and a full complement of 10,700 infantry soldiers, having 130 main battle tanks, 216 wheeled armoured personnel carriers (APCs), 30 wheeled armoured reconnaissance vehicles, 18 light SPGs SU-76, 54 towed 120mm. M-38/-43 (or Md.1982 120mm. Romanian made) mortars, 36 towed 122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30) and 12 truck-mounted (Romanian production) 122mm. multiple rocket launchers APR-40 (which will become later, after an extensive modernization,

6288-560: The 1928 live action , Așa e viața ("Such is Life"). He had co-written the screenplay with Jean Georgescu , and employed mime artists from Georgescu's private school of acting. As a short film in the burlesque genre, it remains Iorda's second and last directorial credit in cinema. His steady contribution in the press now included works in the reportage and memoir genres, as well as samples of theater, film and art criticism—favorite venues included Adevărul , Curentul , Cuvântul Liber , Dimineața , Timpul , and Vremea . In

6419-487: The 1930s, his interests focused on theatrical ventures, and he joined Popa as a stage designer and director of plays. In 1933 (or, by some other accounts, in 1936), Iorda founded a children's amateur theater at Brașov . His partner in this venture was the local teacher-activist Valeria Căliman, who was close to the National Peasants' Party leadership. The company was mainly dedicated to showcasing Popa's plays, and had

6550-634: The 6th Special Operations Brigade on 25 October 2011. The most famous and well trained unit is the 1st Special Operations Battalion " Vulturii " was created in March 2003. Members of the special forces battalion have benefitted from courses abroad, such as the United States Army Special Forces (Green Berets) course, the United States Marine Corps Force Recon course, as well as other courses. The Special Forces battalion became fully operational during 2007, after

6681-450: The Circus"), Scaunul năsdrăvan ("The Mischievous Chair", co-written by I. Iliescu), as well as his adaptation from Marie of Romania 's story, Ușa fermecată ("The Enchanted Door"). For most of World War II (1939–1944), Iorda was charged with putting out Curentul ' s supplement for children, called Curentul Copiilor . Here, he continued to experiment with the comic-strip format, but as

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6812-570: The European Union). 2025 is the set date for when the long-term stage is to be completed (full technical integration in NATO and the EU). The stages aim at modernising the structure of the armed forces, reducing the number of personnel, as well as acquiring newer and improved technology that is compatible with NATO standards. Romania abolished compulsory military service on 23 October 2006. This came about due to

6943-959: The Great 's reign, was performed on national radio by the Carlist regime's youth organization, Straja Țării . He was showcased at the Alhambra with another comedy, Cine-i mai prost? ("Who's Stupider?"), performed as part of the May Day festivities. During the episodic National Legionary State , established by the Iron Guard upon Carol's ouster, the TMVB went as "Luptă și Lumină" Theater. It opened its new season in November 1940 with several plays, premiering Iorda's Lada cu minuni ("A Crate of Wonders"). Under Ion Antonescu 's dictatorial regime (1941–1944), Popa endured as chairman of

7074-487: The Maria Filotti company for its attempt to stage one of Iorda's earlier plays, Pisicuța ("Kitten"), which Avram deemed "petty bourgeois" and "vulgar". He was instead applauded in early 1958, when he directed the same troupe for performances of George Mihail Zamfirescu 's Domnișoara Nastasia . In old age, Iorda still found praise among the community of writers, with communist playwright Aurel Baranga suggesting that he

7205-549: The Ottomans also took place at Dealul Spirii in 1848. The current Romanian Land Forces were formed in 1860, immediately after the unification of Wallachia with Moldavia , and were commanded by Alexandru Ioan Cuza , Domnitor of Romania until his abdication in 1866. In 1877, at the request of Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich of Russia the Romanian army fused with the Russian forces, and led by King Carol I , fought in what

7336-514: The PSDR-affiliated Ion Pas . He was also a director for his own play O fată din popor ("A Regular Girl"), with Sereda Sorbul in the title role. As noted by chronicler Șerban Cioculescu , it revealed Iorda as an "ingenious auteur", who was intensely applauded by his working-class public. In October 1945, the actress and director created a special show for the staff of Luther Brewery in northern Bucharest. Iorda aspired to recognition as

7467-468: The RLF operated a total of 2,825 tanks: 1,059 outdated (soviet WW-2 type) T-34 -85 tanks, 785 Soviet and Czechoslovak T-55/-55A/-55AM tanks, 415 Romanian built TR-77-580, 535 Romanian built TR-85 -800, and 31 Soviet T-72 "Ural-1" tanks. The 9th and the 11th Mechanized Divisions operated Romanian built TR-77-580 tanks, the 2nd Mechanized Division and the 57th Tank Division operated Romanian built TR-85 -800 tanks,

7598-448: The RLF with 4 separate mountain brigades in 1989. The vânători de munte were seen as the best-trained forces of the Army in the communist Romania. Each brigade had a mechanized company equipped with MLVM APCs and a mountain artillery battalion of 76mm. mountain guns Md.1982 (similar to Yugoslav 76 mm mountain gun M48 ), but most of the equipment was for a motorized light infantry unit. During

7729-700: The Romanians met little resistance in Bulgaria and as such this is not considered a major conflict in Romanian history. This was due to historical claims on land and the area no longer belongs to Romania. During the Second Balkan War, the Romanian Army suffered a cholera outbreak that provoked 1,600 deaths. On 6 July 1916, the Kingdom of Romania declared war on the German Empire and Austria-Hungary , following

7860-603: The Soviet First Jassy-Kishinev Offensive , and took part in the Battles of Târgu Frumos . In late August 1944, the Red Army entered eastern Romania . On 23 August 1944, a coup led by King Michael I of Romania deposed Marshal Antonescu and set up a pro-Soviet government. It has been estimated that the royal coup shortened the war by six months. Romania soon declared war on Nazi Germany and its allies, and

7991-403: The Soviet Union in Bessarabia and southern Ukraine , alongside the Wehrmacht . The expeditionary force, 'Army Group Antonescu,' was composed on 22 June 1941 of the 3rd Army , the 4th Army , the 2nd Army Corps, and the 11th Infantry Division. The 3rd Army comprised the 4th Army Corps (6th and 7th Infantry Divisions), the Cavalry Corps, the Mountain Corps , two separate artillery battalions,

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8122-422: The TMVB, now generally known as "Muncă și Lumină", with Iorda as his main stage director. Together, the two men are credited as authors of a "social comedy" and "apology of honest work", called 10.000.000 ("10 Million"). Iorda later revealed that the text was almost entirely his, but that he insisted Popa share writing credits for his quick copy editing ; the play was then released with a royalty-free license, as

8253-421: The TNI in 1955. He himself was praised by reviewer Paul Costin for his directorial notes, in which he had revealed his interest in using the play for the "historical condemnation" of boyardom . With a parallel conference, Iorda explained that he had studied Stanislavski's system , which had informed his production of Șoimaru's play. In November of the following year, Bacău's theater again hosted him, this time with

8384-413: The Western World (translated into Romanian by Petru Comarnescu ). In 1947, he had began producing the children's film Cetatea fermecată ("Enchanted Citadel")—which was nearly completed when he ran out of funds. In August 1947, King Michael I was presented by Pas, the Arts Minister, with a list of proposals for induction into Meritul Cultural . As a result of this, Iorda received that decoration in

8515-436: The Workers' Theater, which had relocated to Giulești , Iorda himself directed a version of Liviu Rebreanu 's Plicul in 1957. It was welcomed by critic Ștefan Augustin Doinaș , who was impressed by his managing to convey the similarities and differences between Rebreanu's bitter work and that of Caragiale, his more lighthearted predecessor and model. Around the same time, he produced Branislav Nušić 's Ph. D. , which received

8646-627: The areas most exposed to a possible armored attack, and subordinated to the four army commands. Besides these, there were also nine anti-tank artillery battalions, mostly subordinated to the mechanized divisions, some equipped with Romanian made 100 mm anti-tank gun M1977 , but the majority with older Soviet production 85 mm antitank gun D-48 . Surface-to-surface missile battalions were divided into four batteries, each equipped with one missile launcher. The RLF operated 32 9K52 Luna-M short-range artillery rocket systems and 18 R-17 Elbrus tactical ballistic missile systems. Each mechanized division had

8777-438: The arm disappeared from the force with the disbandment in November 1954 of the 59th Cavalry Division at Oradea . After the Romanian Communist Party seized political power, the sovietization of the army commenced, under the supervision of the new Minister of Defence, Emil Bodnăraș . Thirty per cent of the officers and noncommissioned officers (mostly experienced soldiers, and a potential source of opposition) were purged from

8908-431: The armed forces, for a total of 90,000 men and women. Out of the 75,000 military personnel, about 43,000 are in the Land Forces. The Romanian Land Forces are undergoing a three-stage modernisation. In 2007, the first short-term stage was completed (reorganisation of the command structure and implementation of the voluntary military service). 2015 marked the end of the second stage (operational integration in both NATO and

9039-514: The author arriving in at the premieres, to provide encouragement and some material aid. During his time in Brașov, Iorda produced 13 woodcuts of the surrounding cityscape, including images of the Black Church , the St. Nicholas Church , and Piața Sfatului . Some of his images of local life, including one of women from Șcheii Brașovului , were carried in the local magazine, Brașovul Literar , which in May 1934 also gave exposure to his exhibit of caricatures, arranged by ASTRA Society . The cartoonist

9170-402: The authoritarian regime formed around King Carol II and the National Renaissance Front in 1938. He returned as editor of Curentul ' s children's paper, and as writer of Romania's first graphic novel , which included praise of Carol. He and Popa ran the Workers' Theater on Uranus Hill , working under direct supervision by the Ministry of Labor . They were thus allowed to entertain

9301-440: The bags of mail to the runway. The Brașov enterprise was overall controversial: Curentul alleged in January 1938 that Iorda had defrauded the state to the tune of 300,000 lei , requesting state funds for a theatrical company that did not actually exist and for a guide book that he never published. Several of these claims were retracted the following month, with the newspaper commending Iorda for his work in outbidding efforts by

9432-574: The cast. Iorda himself moved on soon after. On Christmas Day 1944, Muncă și Lumină, which had been reestablished as the "Workers' Theater", ran his version of Pinocchio , set to music by Eugeniu Micu. From 1946, Iorda was that institution's stage director. He began by directing a version of Scapin the Schemer (starring George Proca and Mitzura Arghezi ), as well as a number of plays by Marin Grigorescu (a typesetter who only wrote in his spare time) and by

9563-470: The command of Brigadier General Ioan Dumitrache took Nalchik , the farthest point of Axis advance into the Caucasus . The worst defeat for the Romanian expeditionary force on the Eastern Front occurred at Stalingrad , where, during the Soviet counter-offensive of November 1942, the thinly spread forces of the Third Army (under the command of General Petre Dumitrescu , deployed north of Stalingrad) and of

9694-740: The command of generals Gheorghe Mărdărescu and Traian Moșoiu , the Romanian Army defeated the Hungarians and occupied Budapest in August 1919. In June 1940 the Soviet Union occupied Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina . After General (later Marshal ) Ion Antonescu took power in September 1940, Fascist Romania signed the Tripartite Pact with the Axis Powers and subsequently took part in Operation Barbarossa in 1941. An expeditionary force invaded

9825-555: The communist hero Vasile Roaită , while "workers' artistic teams" took his Pitpalacul into Dolj's countryside, to propagandize among the landless peasants. In 1949–1950, Iorda was directing at the new State Theaters in Bacău and Reșița . Iorda was afterwards stage director at the Workers' Theater (1950–1957), but left Bucharest for some other engagements. He returned to Bacău in mid-1951, directing Lev Sheinin 's Deadly Inheritance . Early in 1952, he directed his Workers' Theater actors for

9956-483: The country on a left-wing trajectory, ending with the establishment of a communist regime in late 1947 (itself lasting to 1989). Immediately after Antonescu's fall, Iorda became a regular contributor to Sergiu Milorian 's satirical magazine, Papagalul , which was connected to the Romanian Social Democratic Party (PSDR). In 1944–1945, he served as an adviser in the Ministry of Arts , and in parallel

10087-766: The country, he was reassigned as a regular director at the Workers' Theater, and later the Bucharest Youth Theater. During his final decade, he had a comeback as a cartoonist: relaunching Haplea alongside writer Tudor Mușatescu , in a " re-educated " version, he also presented his lifelong drawings in various art shows. The future "Marin Iorda" was born in Bucharest , capital of the Romanian Kingdom, on 30 August 1901; his parents were Constantin and Comana Iordache, who, by his own testimony, lived on "some godforsaken street on

10218-413: The creation of programs or accompanying educational services, helping the director with rehearsals, and serving as elucidator of history or spokesperson for deceased or otherwise absent playwrights or composers. At larger theatres or opera houses, the dramaturge works on the historical and cultural research into the play or opera and its setting. In theatre companies, a dramaturge will create a workbook for

10349-533: The director and actors (usually these are different) and work extensively with the director prior to the first rehearsal. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing was hired by the Hamburg National Theatre in 1767, to serve as the theatre's critic of plays and acting, a position which would later be named dramaturge. This position grew over time to what it is today, encompassing the wide variety of tasks seen by modern dramaturges. The modern definition of dramaturge

10480-469: The dramaturge's contributions is to categorize and discuss the various types of plays or operas , their interconnectedness and their styles. The responsibilities of a dramaturge vary from one theatre or opera company to the next. They might include the hiring of actors, the development of a season of plays or operas with a sense of coherence among them, assistance with and editing of new plays or operas by resident or guest playwrights or composers/librettists,

10611-409: The early 1990s, some major units were disbanded and much equipment was phased out or scrapped due to a severe shortage of funds. The whole land forces structure was reorganized from armies into territorial corps, and from regiments into battalions . In the mid-1990s, the situation of the land forces was critical: the military budget was one third that of 1989 (636 million dollars), 50% of the equipment

10742-710: The first eight were delivered to the Military Police in December 2006. 31 Piranha III armoured vehicles ( LAV III variant) and 60 URO VAMTAC high mobility vehicles were also ordered in 2007 for deployment in Iraq and Afghanistan . The land forces are also purchasing additional Piranha III armored vehicles. The Land Forces ordered 227 Piranha V armoured vehicles. The first batch of 36 vehicles, produced at GDELS-Mowag's facilities in Kreuzlingen , Switzerland, entered service with

10873-417: The first-class category. He was promoted in September, when Pas sent him to take over as chairman of the National Theater Iași (TNI). As Iorda recalled later, he was accompanied there by fellow cultural functionaries Ștefan Tita and Nicolae Kirițescu , and had his credentials validated by novelist Ionel Teodoreanu . The new season opened on 25 October 1947, premiering Mușcata din fereastră —another play by

11004-481: The four Army Commands comprised an antiaircraft artillery brigade and an air defense missile artillery regiment (Surface-to-Air). Three of the four air defense missile regiments were equipped with 2K12 Kub systems, and the fourth regiment with 9K33 Osa SAMs in the late 1980s the artillery regiments of mechanized and tank divisions were organized into a regimental HQ, two artillery battalions and one multiple rocket launcher battalion. In terms of their combat equipment,

11135-548: The graduation exam. Iorda also wished to return with a piece set during the Phanariote era in Bucharest, more specifically localized during the reign of John Caradja ; it was called Cîntec de inimă albastră ("Singing the Blues"). While some sources suggest that it was penned in 1940, it was only submitted to Popa in 1943. Cîntec took his critique of the upper classes to the realm of farce , being heavily inspired by Carlo Goldoni and

11266-594: The initial success of the Brusilov Offensive (a major Russian offensive against the armies of the Central Powers on the Eastern Front ). The Romanian armies entered Transylvania (then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire), together with Russian forces. However, German forces under the command of General Erich von Falkenhayn stalled the attack in November 1916, and drove back the Romanian forces. At

11397-504: The last one." He was then also tasked with producing Romanian versions of Jean-François Regnard 's Residuary Legatee and Boris Borozanov 's Tailor Prince , as well as a "patriotic play" by Radu Ionescu and Nicolae Neamțu-Ottonel , called Cazemata voluntarilor ("Volunteers' Pillbox"). He was employed as a teacher at the company's "Workers' Conservatory", which in July 1943 used another one of his own plays, O casă nobilă ("A Noble House"), for

11528-494: The late Popa, with Iorda providing the stage direction. This time, Iorda sought to "respect the primacy of the text", personally coaching the actors to make sure that no intended meaning was lost. The company then ran Molière 's School for Wives , Yevgeny Petrov 's Island of Peace , Eugène Scribe 's Glass of Water , and Ilya Ehrenburg 's Lion in the Square —all of which had Iorda as director. He subsequently dedicated himself to

11659-544: The military schools and training units of the Romanian Land Forces are directly subordinated to the central headquarters. There are 5 military high schools ( Câmpulung Moldovenesc , Alba Iulia , Craiova , Breaza , and Constanța ), five military academies, one officer school ( Pitești ), 3 training schools ( Sibiu , Pitești , Buzău ) and 9 training battalions. In the past few years, many training exercises have taken place in Romania with other Balkan or Allied countries. Most of these exercises took place at Babadag , which

11790-790: The military. This involved copying the Soviet model of military and political organisation, and changing the military doctrine of combat and defence, also in the context of Romania's integration in the strategic system of the Soviets, at the beginning of the Cold War . In the early 1950s the RLF reached a level of 12 rifle, one mechanised, and one tank division. From 1959 the rifle and mechanised divisions were converted to mechanized (motorized rifle) divisions, and reductions in strength began. Rottman writes that "force size dropped to six mechanized and two armored divisions by 1970 [actually 1968]. From 1970 to 1976, three more motor rifle divisions were formed, but one

11921-559: The modern Soviet T-72 "Ural-1", to a number of Romanian TR-77-580 and Soviet T-55A tanks, and to the outdated T-34 -85 tanks. The predominantly defensive structure of the Romanian Land Forces was also highlighted by the five anti-tank (missile-artillery) regiments (each with 36 Romanian made 100 mm anti-tank gun M1977 and 12 ATGM launcher vehicle based on BRDM-2 4x4 scout armoured car a.k.a. 9P133 "Malyutka" (with 9M14 Malyutka anti-tank guided missiles) and 9P148 "Konkurs" (with 9M113 Konkurs anti-tank guided missiles), placed especially in

12052-709: The nature of the Land Forces. The Romanian Land Forces was founded on 24 November [ O.S. 12 November] 1859. It participated in the Romanian War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire , the Second Balkan War against Bulgaria , World War I against the Central Powers (in which it won the decisive battles of Mărăști and Mărășești ), and the Hungarian–Romanian War . During most of World War II (until 1944), Romanian forces supported

12183-557: The new field of "children's journalism". Writer Miron Radu Paraschivescu , who grew up reading Costa-Foru's publication, reserved praise for Iorda's "countless illustrations", done in a style that (he argued) was unique in Romanian art, with line art that is "somewhere between branch and snake". He saw Iorda as Romania's own Toulouse-Lautrec , and as someone born to do animation. As the war ended, Iordache moved on to jobs at Adevărul Literar și Artistic and Rampa , where he also specialized in graphic design for advertising content; for

12314-598: The outskirts". In 1912, the boy made his way into a cinema, and was fascinated by the spectacle, later skipping school, and braving increasingly serious punishments by his family, to see productions starring Charles Prince and Max Linder . Both parents wanted him to train for a career in the Romanian Land Forces or in the Orthodox Church . Marin disliked these options, and eventually ran away from home, discovering an interest in painting. His first notable employment

12445-449: The past few years, replacing them with more modern equipment. The TR-85 M1 "Bizon" main battle tank and the MLI-84 M "Jder" infantry fighting vehicle are the most modern, domestically produced equipment of the Romanian Land Forces. Also, 43 ex-German Flakpanzer Gepard anti-aircraft systems were commissioned in late 2004. The Land Forces ordered about 100 United States Army Humvees ;

12576-676: The production of children's plays by Muncă și Lumină, also returned to publishing on his own. In 1942, he issued an adventure and verse novel titled Guguță în vacanță ("Guguță on Holiday"). From 1941, he and Eftimie Vasilescu were working on another film project, Focuri sub zăpadă ("Fires under the Snow"). It was done from Popa's script, reportedly written during a single night, with scenes being sporadically shot on location (mainly around Zărnești , Otopeni and Snagov ) during early 1942, and again in late 1943. Sponsors pulled out shortly after, and only some scenes survive. If finished, it would have been

12707-434: The program to modernize and restructure the armed forces began on 11 April 2000. In 2005, the army comprised eight combat, four combat support, and two logistic brigades , while ten combat, five combat support and two logistic brigades were further mobilised in case of crisis. Many of these units have been reorganized as part of the 2007 Force Plan . Currently, about 75,000 military personnel and 15,000 civilians comprise

12838-551: The project of democratizing theater-going, and, in his own words, experienced "great and durable artistic accomplishments." His participation in the cultural life of Iași saw him embarking on various other collaborations: on International Workers' Day 1948, his play Pitpalacul ("The Quail") was performed by both the TNI crew and the local troupe of the People's Theater. It was an endorsement of collectivization in agriculture , claiming to show

12969-403: The proletarian masses, though prevented from engaging in radical politics—a status which was also maintained throughout Ion Antonescu 's Nazi -aligned dictatorship, down to 1944. During their cohabitation with the latter regime, Iorda and Popa also worked with each other on a police procedural , which was only partly filmed in 1942–1943. Upon Antonescu's fall in August 1944 , Romania experienced

13100-489: The props using "the most astounding materials", and that he once crafted a single shoe, just to prove to himself that he could. In 1924, alongside the newspaper editor Nicolae Constantin Batzaria , Iorda created Haplea . This comic strip , purportedly Romania's first ongoing series , greatly contributed to his fame. Thousands of young readers were regular subscribers, and many of them wrote letters to Haplea, thinking that he

13231-424: The regime change, although, as Massoff argues, its message was not entirely "social"—the main protagonist, after winning the lottery, strives to become an industrial capitalist. In 1946, Iorda also issued his work of popular science , De la cal la cal-vapor ("From Horse to Horsepower"), and, in 1947, published another contribution in the youth novel genre, called Un cățel, un purcel și-un băiețel ("Doggy, Piggy and

13362-513: The remaining unoccupied territories against German and Austro-Hungarian forces led by Field Marshal August von Mackensen . General Alexandru Averescu led the Second Army in victory at the Battle of Mărăști (22 July to 1 August 1917), while Major Generals Constantin Cristescu and Eremia Grigorescu led the First Army in victory at the Battle of Mărășești (6 August to 8 September 1917). As

13493-399: The revolution, the units suffered from a lack of funds which resulted in the temporary disbandment of the 313th Battalion. However, their equipment was completely overhauled in the past few years and the combat readiness and capabilities have regained full strength. The Special Detachment of Protection and Intervention (DSPI), former Rapid Intervention Squad (DIR) of the Ministry of Defence

13624-519: The same time, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman forces invaded southern Romania, forcing the country into a two-front war. The Central Powers drove deep into Romania and conquered the southern part of the country ( Wallachia , including Bucharest) by the end of 1916. The Romanian forces, led by Marshal Constantin Prezan , retreated into the north-east part of Romania ( Moldavia ). In the summer of 1917 however, Prezan, aided by Ion Antonescu , successfully defended

13755-433: The second-ever Romanian police procedural , after Jean Mihail 's Trenul fantomă of 1933. Critic B. T. Rîpeanu, who watched the unedited footage, argues that it was masterfully shot, but also that the acting was largely compromised by "theatrical tics", and that the film was misleading in its favorable treatment of the upper classes. The political climate was changed by an anti-fascist coup in August 1944 , which also sent

13886-407: The theater could not afford to pay them on each staging. 10.000.000 was produced by the writers themselves, at Muncă și Lumină, during 1941–1942. In February 1943, Muncă și Lumină took up Iorda's whodunit , Stai că trag! ("Stop or I'll Shoot!"), with Raluca Zamfirescu in a lead role. Timpul recommended it as an "interesting play" which "will captivate spectator from the first line and down to

14017-601: The two of them worked together on a production of The Mandrake , by Niccolò Machiavelli , during which Popa allowed him full liberty to work on the set design, including for hand-painting the actual props. Dramatist Sarina Cassvan , who worked with both Popa and Iorda, recalls that the latter "cared not for the benefits of publicity", maintaining a low profile in Popa's shadow. This, she notes, led many to ignore his multilateral talents—the fact that "he knew everything, and he did everything too." She recalls that he went as far as to erect

14148-443: The upper classes for their avarice, crudeness, and hypocrisy, while upholding the interest of the underclass and showing social marginals as the innocent victims of a system that despises them. The same critic praises Iorda for his deadpan delivery, which increases "the grotesque's effectiveness." Iorda had by then returned to Bucharest, and between January 1937 and May 1938, was editor of Dimineața ' s children's supplement; he

14279-639: The war, Romania re-entered the war on 10 November 1918, a day before its end in the West. After World War I , in December 1918, the Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia proclaimed a union with the Kingdom of Romania . Later on, in April 1919, the newly established Hungarian Soviet Republic vowed to retake occupied territories by force, and Hungarian troops attacked Romanian formations in Transylvania . Under

14410-487: The wide variety of tasks that dramaturges could be asked to work on, depending on the theatre, director, the show being produced, and the actors. Since Gotthold Ephraim Lessing didn't create an official definition for his own position at the Hamburg National Theatre, modern dramaturges have to infer their tasks based on what Lessing did during his career, and adapt to the current needs of modern theatre . Since

14541-455: The year 2000, the number of dramaturges working around the world has increased, although it remains a fairly rare job to have. In 2000, 400 dramaturges were recorded as being active in the United States, with that number growing. There are various possible causes of this growth, but some dramaturges attribute the growth to the fact that dramaturgy combines two popular studies for young students:

14672-455: Was a real-life person; Iorda would maintain the illusion by replying back in-character. He also debuted in Romanian cinema with a 1927 Haplea film—locally famous as the first-ever feature-length Romanian cartoon . He could find no financing for this project, and consequently created it entirely on his own, from script to production, and even to janitorial work on the studio; the only outside help

14803-623: Was as a cartoonist (as well as proofreader and occasional writer) for the youth magazine Revista Copiilor și Tinerimii , founded by Constantin Costa-Foru . While literary history records this debut as occurring in 1919, Iorda himself claimed that he had begun working there during World War I, and recalled his participation in staff meetings with literary celebrities such as Ioan Slavici and Gala Galaction . This period saw him drawing Slavici's portrait. Literary critic Carol Isac notes that Revista Copiilor și Tinerimii allowed Iordache to experiment in

14934-485: Was at the Bucharest Youth Theater, whose stage director he was between 1957 and 1961. His early work there included a version of Victor Eftimiu 's fairy-tale play, Înșir'te mărgărite —panned by critic Florian Potra as uncharacteristically bad for Iorda's proven talents, with "not one moment of poetry". Potra argued that the director had turned into a "shy little boy", who did not dare engage his audience's "zest for dreaming". Another theatrical reviewer, Mircea Avram, chided

15065-476: Was by then also an aviation enthusiast, and is said to have flown his own glider . By some accounts, in October 1935 he established the first airmail service from Brașov to Bucharest, which also relied on a sailplane. This account is partly contradicted by aviator Valentin Popescu, who recalled that he himself was steering the glider for a one-time demonstration—and that Iorda, as his only passenger, helped by carrying

15196-472: Was convinced that the play would flop, as it had in the interwar, but was persuaded by Iorda to give his blessing. As many as 300 lines were removed from the text, to improve its flow, and the play was reportedly successful with the public; Popa did not live to see this happen. In addition, Iorda was involved with the Mogador Cinema-Theater, which had him directing John Millington Synge 's Playboy of

15327-663: Was deactivated in 1977, and the eight motor rifle and two armored division figure remained that way for the rest of the Cold War." From 1947 to 1960 the country seems to have been divided into three major military regions: Cluj , Bacău , and Bucharest in the west, east, and south, respectively. In wartime the land forces in each military region would become an army corps with their headquarters in Cluj-Napoca, Iași , and Bucharest. Armies seem to have succeeded military regions in 1960, and three armies seem to have become four in 1980. What

15458-550: Was finally performed on various stages in the late 1960s and throughout the '70s. One of Iorda's final activities was as a member of Mușatescu's own circle of humorists, where he was colleagues with Dan Deșliu and Neagu Rădulescu . The cartoonist-writer died in his native Bucharest on 23 June 1972, in what obituaries penned by his family and the USR described as "tragic" and "sudden" circumstances. His widow Ecaterina organized his funeral, held at Sfînta Vineri Cemetery on 26 June. In August,

15589-600: Was for a while sole manager of the Workers' Theater. He submitted his resignation from that institution in October 1946, but his contract was only severed in late March 1947, when Iosif Ligeti took over the position. He had remained involved with the "Workers' Conservatory", where he led the teaching department of "theatrical technique". He also collaborated with the newly established "Bucharest People's Theater", joining its leadership committee alongside N. D. Cocea , Jules Cazaban , and Marcel Breslașu . Here, he produced Popa's comedy Take, Ianke și Cadîr . The terminally ill author

15720-635: Was formed for service on the Eastern Front. The Army Group's first offensive, in conjunction with the Eleventh Army , Operation München , enabled Romania to retake the territory immediately east of the Dnister , former part of Moldavia. The Romanian armies saw their first major battles at Odessa and Sevastopol , and in 1942 advanced with other Axis forces deeper into Soviet territory during operation Case Blue . In early November, Romanian mountain troops under

15851-423: Was from cameraman Eftimie Vasilescu, who helped him procure and edit the film stock . The end product, which only ran at cinemas in Bucharest and Brașov, had 400 meters (or 440 yards ) of film, comprising some thousands of individual drawings. Using Haplea as his training in filmmaking, Iorda was later inspired to create and debut his own cartoon character, Guguță . He also went on to write, direct and produce

15982-512: Was much more gifted in his prose works for children—beginning with the 1937 novel Meșterul Strică ("Handyman-Wrecker") and the 1938 collection Poveștile unchiului meu ("My Uncle's Yarns"). Iorda also targeted a grown-up audience with a collection of satirical novellas , issued in 1937 as Funeralii naționale ("State Funeral"). These are seen by Isac as depicting a "Bucharest that is hard-pressed into adopting superficial luxuries to hide its tragic uncertainty." As noted by Faifer, they mainly target

16113-449: Was occasionally using another pen name, "Moș Martin". He was briefly involved with the global pacifist movement, "manifest[ing] his worries as to Europe's destiny under the heavy clouds of war", and in 1938 attended a Universal Peace Congress in Brussels , as a Romanian delegate. Following a self-coup, King Carol II had passed an authoritarian constitution , leading to the establishment of

16244-434: Was older than 30 years, and 60% of the armoured vehicles and 85% of the missile units were non-operational. Due to lack of fuel and training, the level of combat readiness and military capability was extremely low (only about 30% of the entire land forces were operational). However, after 1996 the government took serious action; the military budget was increased greatly, and modernisation of equipment commenced. Officially,

16375-573: Was phased out. Likewise, Romanian military capability declined because of a lack of fuel as well as training. However, since the late 1990s, a number of positive changes have come about and the level of combat readiness has been growing steadily; since 1996, the military budget has grown more than four times, rising from 636 million dollars to 2.8 billion dollars in 2007. Conscription has been abolished and professionalisation has been completed. The modern Moldavian and Wallachian armies were formed in 1830 following Regulamentul Organic . During

16506-576: Was rehearsing, designing sets or costumes, or trying on makeup." During the early months of 1922, Popa attracted his young acolyte into the "Salon of Humorists", which he had founded. Before it went down in 1928, the Salon was also frequented by artists such as Ion Valentin Anestin , Jacques Kapralik , Sigismund Maur , and Iosif Ross . Iorda recalls having accompanied Popa on commissions for drawing caricatures of politicians (usually done from live sittings); in 1925,

16637-414: Was reportedly a "true hit", prompting the same company to use him as a dramaturge . In December 1937, he released an adapted, voice-only version of Ion Luca Caragiale 's A Stormy Night . Iorda also worked with people's theaters, releasing in 1938 his own comedy, Haplea la stăpân ("Haplea as a Servant"). The published it with his own minutely detailed illustrations and notes. Faifer suggests that Iorda

16768-592: Was something of a " weird inventor " in Romanian art and letters. In 1965, he briefly reentered the public eye with a well-received retrospective of his contribution as a graphic artist. Two years later, another such show opened in Bacău, to critical acclaim. In 1968, a new Salon of Humorists was hosted by the Romanian Atheneum , and Iorda participated with caricatures—described by Comarnescu as "charming images." Iorda's Funeralii naționale stories were reissued in 1969 under

16899-437: Was stage director at the National Theater Bucharest . The latter's main building had been destroyed during a German retaliatory air-raid , and Iorda worked for the secondary stage, at Saint Sava National College . He directed Elena Galaction and Emil Botta in a production of Margaret Kennedy 's Escape Me Never ; it and all other Saint Sava productions were received with apathy by theatergoers, generating frustration among

17030-553: Was the Tudor Vladimirescu First Volunteer Division , under the command of Colonel Nicolae Cambrea , and the other the Horea, Cloșca și Crișan Division , under the command of General Mihail Lascăr (who later served as Minister of Defence from 1946 to 1947). These two units formed the nucleus of the new Romanian Land Forces under Soviet control. The postwar reorganization of the Land Forces included cavalry, but

17161-453: Was to become the Romanian War of Independence . They participated in the Siege of Plevna and several other battles. The Romanians won the war, but suffered about 10,000 casualties (dead and wounded). The Romanian Army entered the Second Balkan War against Bulgaria , allowing Romania to annex Southern Dobruja (also known as the Cadrilater). Although some 330,000 troops were mobilised,

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