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50-651: [REDACTED] Look up internationalist in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Internationalist may refer to: Internationalism (politics) , a movement to increase cooperation across national borders Liberal internationalism , a doctrine in international relations Internationalist/Defencist Schism , socialists opposed to World War I A member of the: First International , or International Workingmen's Association, (1864–1876), an organization aimed at uniting various left-wing groups Second International , (1889–1916),

100-480: A theory of imperialism , associating the reformism and social imperialism of the various pro-war parties with the rise of monopoly capital and imperialist superprofits . The Bolsheviks believed that monopoly capitalists had created large national blocs of capital which sought to divide the world among themselves, a process which created superprofits either through tariffs, or as a side-effect of capital export. Superprofits extracted from colonized areas were diverted to

150-546: A degree, the international continued to be plagued by major factional disputes at each congress. By the time of the 1896 congress in London , considered "the most agitated, the most tumultuous, and the most chaotic of all the congresses of the Second International", a more concrete rift had developed between reformist and revolutionary approaches to socialist power, which resulted in many factions along national lines. Among

200-479: A half International or Two-and-a-half International), heavily influenced by Austromarxism . In 1923, IWUSP and the Second International merged to form the social democratic Labour and Socialist International which continued to exist until 1940. After World War II , a new Socialist International was formed to continue the policies of the Labour and Socialist International, which continues to this day. Another successor

250-536: A magazine based in Seattle Internationalist (album) , a 1998 album by Australian band Powderfinger New Internationalist , an international magazine that works for social justice See also [ edit ] Internationalism (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Internationalist . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

300-469: A magazine based in Seattle Internationalist (album) , a 1998 album by Australian band Powderfinger New Internationalist , an international magazine that works for social justice See also [ edit ] Internationalism (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Internationalist . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

350-522: A major instance of antisemitism within the international, as although all of the delegates were ostensibly opposed to antisemitism, the resolution indicates that many delegates believed in the antisemitic canard that Jews controlled the banking system , or that financial capital was somehow intrinsically tied to Jews. In addition to antisemitism against Jewish bankers and capitalists, the British socialist newspaper Justice reported that "[t]here appears to be

400-445: A more reformist approach, arguing that socialists should pursue whichever reforms are "possible" at any given time, while still taking advantage of revolutionary opportunities. A Marxist faction led by Jules Guesde and Paul Lafargue , and supported by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels , denounced the possibilist faction as opportunists, founding the rival French Workers' Party in 1882. Confusingly, both parties would call themselves

450-602: A much greater schism between the reformist and revolutionary wings of the international, which would eventually result in the Third International . In July 1920 at Geneva, the last congress of the Second International was held, following its functional collapse during the war. However, some European socialist parties refused to join the reorganised International and decided instead to form the International Working Union of Socialist Parties (IWUSP) (Second and

500-612: A new socialist manifesto to be approved at a subsequent meeting. According to Yuri Steklov , the conference was exceedingly poorly organized, and thus didn't engender confidence that a new international could be founded. Efforts to found a new international were greatly complicated by a factional divide within the FTSF between the Marxists and Possibilists . From its founding in 1879, a faction inspired (though not always endorsed) by Paul Brousse had moved away from revolutionary socialism towards

550-621: A proposal by the Dutch delegate Henri van Kol that the international drop its anticolonial position, which was defeated 128 votes to 108. Part of this was due to a concerted effort by non-socialist parties and the media to question the patriotism of anti-colonial parties, for example the SPD and Catholic Centre Party of Germany initially opposed the Herero and Namaqua genocide before giving in to extreme political pressure. The Dutch Social Democratic Workers' Party

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600-670: A strong feeling against the Jews in the Congress." The "Jewish question" was not revisited after the 1891 congress; however, after the establishment of the ISB there appears to have been some attempt to rectify the imbalance against Jewish organizations within the international by granting them additional consultative votes on relevant issues. Such votes were granted to the Jewish Socialist Workers Party and Zionist Socialist Workers Party at

650-406: A very sickly William Morris. Discussion of anarchism would dominate the congress, but the anarchists were not successful in reversing their expulsion. Bolshevik figures like Vladimir Lenin and Nikolai Bukharin gained international notability during the war years for their criticisms of the international's inability to coordinate an anti-war opposition. Lenin and Bukharin based their critique in

700-592: Is true, the split between the Possibilists and Marxists threatened to create two separate internationals, with subsequent conferences in Brussels and Zürich respectively. However, after the anger aroused during the split congresses had died down, the Marxists ultimately agreed to join the Brussels conference and create a single, unified international. While the factional divide between the Possibilists and Marxists abated to

750-575: The Parti Ouvrier (worker's party), and so were generally known as the Marxist party and Possibilist party. The Possibilist party would convene international socialist conferences several times, in 1883, 1884, and 1886. At the 1886 convention, it was decided that another convention would be held in 1889, but the Social Democratic Party of Germany disagreed with the decision, and the decisions at

800-591: The 1886 convention were generally seen to have lacked legitimacy. The SPD held its own convention in St. Gallen in 1887, whereupon the FTSF decided to hold their own international conference the following year. When the London International Trades Union Congress declared that a new international meeting would be called in Paris in 1889, both the SPD and Possibilists decided to fold their next congress into

850-535: The British Socialist League. Anarchist individuals and factions would ultimately be officially excluded at the 1893 Zurich congress, prompting many social democratic parties to expel their anarchist factions. An attempt to repeal the decision was made at the subsequent London congress of 1896, which was attended by anarchist figures like Errico Malatesta and Christiaan Cornelissen , supported by some Marxist figures including Keir Hardie , Tom Mann , and

900-571: The Chur congress of 1881, instead opting to hold a separate congress in London which would result in the International Working People's Association or "black" international. As a result, anarchist organizations were not involved in discussions to found the Second International in 1889. Nonetheless, several anarchist individuals would hold positions in the international, and anarchists were actually

950-467: The Marxists (many of whom faced conditions of illegality at home) were concerned about information being discovered by the authorities. However, according to John Burns , William Morris , and some of the Marxist delegates, there were no real concerns around verification until Henry Hyndman proposed the measure, and the dispute was a deliberate ploy to split the congress in two, an allegation strongly rebuked by Annie Besant . Regardless of which account

1000-470: The SPD and their Marxist supporters decided to hold a separate congress near the Possibilist congress, with the hope of uniting the two at a later date. The separation into two congresses in 1889 effectively forced foreign delegations to divide themselves up between supporters of the Possibilists, and supporters of the SPD. When the first meetings of the new international were held in Paris on 14 July 1889,

1050-572: The Second International's famous actions were its 1889 declaration of 1 May ( May Day ) as International Workers' Day and its 1910 declaration of the International Women's Day , first celebrated on 19 March and then on 8 March after the main day of the women's marches in 1917 during the Russian Revolution . It initiated the international campaign for the eight-hour working day . The International's permanent executive and information body

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1100-410: The advanced countries, whereupon a portion was given over to a labor aristocracy as a "bribe", in the form of higher wages. The Bolsheviks saw this privileged, highly-skilled strata of workers organized into craft unions as a threat within the labor movement, which would try to take leadership positions in order to gain higher wages at the expense of other proletarians. Lenin and Bukharin believed that

1150-693: The allied powers successfully met four times at the Inter-Allied Socialist Conferences of World War I . Anti-war parties first met as representatives from the neutral countries at the Neutral Socialist Conferences during the First World War , then as part of the Zimmerwald movement which successfully convinced the neutral, pacifist and revolutionary parties to split from the international. The Zimmerwald movement would lead to

1200-435: The congress would pass an amended resolution targeting "philo-semitic tyranny", noting that many Jewish bankers were "great oppressors of labour". Regnard stated that he believed many Jews owned the newspapers, while Argyriades stated his belief that Jews owned the banks and many industries. The Times reported that the pair's amendment was greeted with applause and was passed with only minor opposition. This has been noted as

1250-574: The days of the First International, which was frequently characterized by clashes between the state socialists (ie. the Lassallists , Marxists and Blanquists ) on one hand, and the anarchists (ie. the mutualists and collectivists ) on the other. Tensions reached their peak after the Hague Congress of 1872 , wherein an attempt was made to expel Mikhail Bakunin and James Guillaume and move

1300-465: The dominant faction within several of the ostensibly Marxist organizations, such as the Social Democratic League . Despite holding positions as delegates, and ostensibly being welcome during the first two congresses, expressions of anarchist ideas were often shouted down, and in one incident Francesco Saverio Merlino faced violence from the other delegates, but was shielded by delegates from

1350-510: The founding of the international, Paul Lafargue affirmed that socialists were "brothers with a single common enemy [...] private capital, whether it be Prussian, French, or Chinese." The 1907 conference at Stuttgart resulted in a joint resolution which stated that "struggle against militarism cannot be separated from the Socialist class struggle in general." The extraordinary congress in Basel in 1912

1400-496: The free dictionary. Internationalist may refer to: Internationalism (politics) , a movement to increase cooperation across national borders Liberal internationalism , a doctrine in international relations Internationalist/Defencist Schism , socialists opposed to World War I A member of the: First International , or International Workingmen's Association, (1864–1876), an organization aimed at uniting various left-wing groups Second International , (1889–1916),

1450-406: The general council to New York City , effectively disbanding the organization. Competing anarchist and state socialist internationals attempted to continue on alone, but both ultimately ended in failure within five years. As a result of the 1872 split, anarchist and social democratic factions were reluctant to work with one another. The anarchist organizations ultimately refused to participate in

1500-541: The international in 1889 included some noted antisemites including Henry Hyndman, who led the English attendees at the Possibilist congress, but also a great many Jewish-led organizations and Jewish delegates. Despite these differences, at the 1891 congress in Brussels the delegates managed to pass a unanimous resolution against antisemitism; however, at the insistence of the Blanquist delegates Dr. A. Regnard and M. Argyriades,

1550-590: The international into three factions: the pro-war social democratic parties in the Central Powers, the pro-war parties of the Triple Entente, and the various anti-war parties, including the parties in neutral countries and many pacifist or revolutionary socialist parties. The leadership of the international, especially Secretary General of the ISB Camille Huysmans, attempted to coordinate meetings between

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1600-481: The international, the "who started it?" theorists represented by Georgi Plekhanov , and the more nuanced "saccharo-conciliatory chauvinis[ts]" represented by Karl Kautsky . Plekhanov generally agreed with the Entente, believing that German warmongering was a criminal act that needed to be punished by an international coalition. Kautsky suggested that the principle of national self-determination gave each national proletariat

1650-496: The leadership of the international, especially in the pro-war parties, were largely labor aristocrats or else were influenced by a labor aristocratic ideology. While the labor aristocracy thesis informed the Bolsheviks' general critique of the international, Lenin also had more specific criticisms of the leaders of the international who had sided with the pro-war parties. Lenin believed that there were really two pro-war ideologies in

1700-474: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internationalist&oldid=924037576 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages internationalist [REDACTED] Look up internationalist in Wiktionary,

1750-413: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internationalist&oldid=924037576 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Second International The foundation of a new international

1800-658: The new one, creating one large international meeting. However, the SPD had only joined the new meeting on the condition that the hosts would not ask for records and names from the delegates, since the SPD could have faced immediate dissolution and ejection from the Reichstag if the German government discovered it had sent delegates abroad. When the Trade Union Congress responded that delegates would only be considered legitimate if they could prove their mandate with appropriate records,

1850-851: The original Socialist International International Brigades , volunteers from different countries, who fought for the Second Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) League for the Fourth International , a Trotskyist international organisation whose most noteworthy section is the Internationalist Group in the United States Internationalist Review , an e-journal founded in Maastricht The Internationalist ,

1900-443: The original Socialist International International Brigades , volunteers from different countries, who fought for the Second Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) League for the Fourth International , a Trotskyist international organisation whose most noteworthy section is the Internationalist Group in the United States Internationalist Review , an e-journal founded in Maastricht The Internationalist ,

1950-548: The outbreak of war, all of the major socialist parties in belligerent nations (with the notable exception of the Independent Labour Party ) had issued statements in full support of war. This took many socialist parties in neutral countries by surprise, such as the Romanian Social Democrats , who initially refused to print the SPD's endorsement of war, believing it to be a forgery. The war effectively split

2000-416: The right to defend itself, including violence against other proletarians. Lenin believed that both positions represented different attempts to rationalize labor aristocratic ideology. Despite issuing a statement against colonialism at the 1896 London congress, the international was criticized by anti-colonial figures for providing insufficient opposition to colonial expansion. While the pre-war international

2050-614: The two factions were still discussing the possibility of unity. The two meetings had effectively divided the entire European socialist movement into two camps: the Possibilists, supported by the British Social Democratic Federation , and the Marxists, supported by the SPD, the British Socialist League , and most of the other European delegates. The Possibilists insisted upon recording the names and documentation of delegates so as to verify their mandate, while

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2100-496: The various parties, including one-on-one meetings between pro-war leaders from opposing sides, but by July 1916 the ISB's attempts had failed. Despite the failure to bring the various parties together into a single congress, each faction would hold its own conferences during the war. The German, Austrian, and Hungarian pro-war parties successfully met at the Vienna Socialist Conference of 1915 . The pro-war parties in

2150-571: The war, for peace, and for the settlement of the Austro-Serbian conflict by international arbitration.” The antimilitarist French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) leader Jean Jaurès 's assassination a few days before the beginning of the First World War generated an outpouring of antimilitarist sentiment from many members of the socialist international. Nonetheless, immediately after

2200-418: Was "ethical imperialism". Ho Chi Minh wrote that the Second International's pro-colonial reputation led him to support the Third International instead. From its outset, one of the objectives of the international was to build a consensus on the " Jewish question ", a contemporary term for debates on the civil, legal, national, and political status and treatment of Jews as a minority group. The founders of

2250-573: Was first discussed at a conference at Chur in October 1881. Delegates included members of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), Belgian socialists, the Federation of the Socialist Workers of France (FTSF), French and German-speaking Swiss delegations, two Polish delegates, and one delegate each for Russia and Hungary. The conference did not form an international that year, but decided to write

2300-466: Was largely devoted to a discussion of rising militarism, which resulted in a manifesto stating that the working classes should "exert every effort in order to prevent the outbreak of war by the means they consider most effective." Finally on July 29, 1914, the ISB held an emergency meeting wherein it “resolved unanimously that it shall be the duty of the workers of all nations concerned not only to continue but to further intensify their demonstrations against

2350-467: Was particularly insistent on the legitimacy of a "socialist colonialism", and opposed most anti-colonial resolutions on the basis that colonialism under a socialist government could be benevolent and mutually beneficial. The French SFIO likewise supported a policy of "national colonialism", while the right wing of the SPD supported "national imperialism", and the British Labour Party 's stated policy

2400-548: Was relatively consistent in its opposition to an inter-imperialist conflict between European powers, it was often paternalistic towards colonial areas, and statements often mentioned a need to educate or civilize conquered peoples. By the Stuttgart congress of 1907, parties in the international had substantially shifted away from their earlier consensus on ostensible anticolonialism towards a mix of overtly pro-colonial, anti-colonial and neutral views. These divisions were made apparent in

2450-627: Was the International Socialist Bureau (ISB) based in Brussels and formed after the International's Paris Congress of 1900. Emile Vandervelde and Camille Huysmans of the Belgian Labour Party were its chair and secretary. Vladimir Lenin was a member from 1905. The pre-war period is notable for the repeated statements against militarism jointly issued by members of the international, which were largely ignored in 1914. At

2500-708: Was the Third International organised in 1919 by revolutionary socialists after the October Revolution and the creation of the Soviet Union. It was officially called the Communist International (Comintern) and lasted until 1943 when it was dissolved by then Soviet leader Joseph Stalin . The Second International had a complex and changeable relationship to anarchist groups and individuals. The conflict between anarchist and Marxist factions dated back to

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