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55-405: The ITF's main functions include coordinating and approving tournaments and seminars, setting standards for teaching (patterns, sparring, destruction), collaborating with affiliated member organizations, and providing services members in regard to rank and certifications. After Choi's death in 2002, there was controversy around the election of his successor that led to multiple organizations claiming

110-633: A 7th degree Master may grade students up to 4th degree. An 8th degree Master may grade students up to 6th degree. A 9th degree Grand Master may grade students up to 7th degree. Promotion to 8th degree or above must be done by the ITF's Master Promotion Committee. After the South Korean Government abandoned the ITF, the government established the World Taekwondo Federation to continue the mission of taekwondo's globalization. Once Choi Hong Hi

165-464: A fallen opponent, leg sweeping, holding/grabbing, intentional attack to a target other than allowed (for example below the belt, attacks to the back). ITF competitions also feature performances of patterns, breaking , and 'special techniques' (where competitors perform prescribed board breaks at great heights). ITF competition sparring rounds are 2 minutes, and, in national and international levels of competition, they hold two rounds each 2 minutes with

220-410: A fighter creates an infraction of the rules the centre referee will issue a warning to the fighter who created the infraction. 3 warnings equals a minus point. If a fighter uses excessive contact, he or she will be given a foul, which is an automatic minus point; three fouls in a bout results in disqualification. ITF taekwon-do is fought in continuous point sparring. Four judges score the fights in each of

275-616: A first round win, 400 for a second round win and 600 for a third round win. The current ranking points and bonus points distribution tables for the Fed Cup are shown below: Bonus points, as shown above, for defeating higher ranked nations will be added when appropriate to each tie in World Group, Group I and Group II. In the Groups I, II and III a nation's points are determined by its overall finishing position. Formats vary according to

330-416: A master no longer being centered on the physical development. However, if the recipient desires, a demonstration may be performed. 9th degree (being the highest) can only be awarded when the special committee examines and reaches a unanimous consent. According to an ITF Encyclopedia 4th degree may grade students up to 2nd degree. A 6th degree International Instructor may grade students up to 3rd degree, while

385-419: A one-minute rest in between. Certain rules are no strikes below the belt, no elbow strikes, brawling, no falling down, no going outside of the ring, hit to the groin and knee strike are not allowed. The ring is a 9 metre by 9 metre (8 × 8 metre optional) ring marked by square mats or tape instead of a traditional style kickboxing rings with ropes. It has no sides allowing the fighter to move out of bounds. Whenever

440-410: A particular hyeong may be evaluated in competition. In such competitions, hyeong are evaluated by a panel of judges who base the score on many factors including energy, precision, speed, and control. In western competitions, there are two general classes of hyeong: creative and standard. Creative hyeong are created by the performer and are generally more acrobatic in nature and do not necessarily reflect

495-629: A relationship to South and Father. The first Taegeuk/Palgwe form is the beginning of all pumsae s, the "birth" of the martial artist into Taekwondo. This pumsae should be performed with the greatness of Heaven. The associated trigram of this pumsae represents the Lake(joy, a calm sturdy spirit:). Also, related to the symbol is South East and the relationship of the youngest daughter. The movements of this Taegeuk/Palgwe are aimed to be performed believing that man has limitations, but that we can overcome these limitations. The Lake and its water symbolize

550-430: A river, sometimes powerful like a waterfall. The water is to symbolize calm and cleansing, while also possessing the attribute of being violent and destructive. The trigram associated with this pumsae represents a Mountain. Also, it represents the northwest and youngest son. The symbolism behind the mountain is the indomitable and majestic nature that all mountains possess. This pumsae is intended to be performed with

605-427: A section dedicated to the 24 original patterns. There are also three fundamental exercises, named Saju Jirugi (Four Direction Punch), Saju Makgi (Four Direction Block) and Saju Tulgi (Four Direction Thrust). Saju Jirugi and Saju Makgi are basic defence exercises taught to beginners of the martial art. Saju Tulgi is less well known and is generally taught to 2nd Kup students just prior to Hwa-Rang. Saju Tulgi

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660-402: A single movement. The performer and audience should be aware of the duality of the form. The trigram associated with this pumsae represents Water. Also, there is a relation to West and the relationship with a Second son. The movements of this pumsae are intended to be performed like water; flowing, powerful and cleansing. Sometimes standing still like water in a lake, sometimes thriving as

715-457: Is a systematic, prearranged sequence of martial techniques that is performed either with or without the use of a weapon. In traditional dojangs (training halls), hyeong are used primarily as a form of interval training that is useful in developing mushin , proper kinetics and mental and physical fortitude. Hyeong may resemble combat, but are artistically non-combative and woven together so as to be an effective conditioning tool. One's aptitude for

770-466: Is likewise associated with a corresponding I Ching trigram. Kukkiwon-style taekwondo uses a series of nine forms for dan-level black belts; this series is called the yudanja series. The first form in the series, Koryo, was replaced by a new form of the same name in 1971, as part of the transition from the palgwae to taegeuk forms. The general meaning of this form and associated trigram is Yang, which represents Heaven and Light. Also, this trigram has

825-605: Is named after Gyebaek , a great general in the Baekje dynasty. The diagram represents his severe and strict military discipline. 의암 / 義菴 – 45 movements Eui-Am is the pseudonym of Son Byong Hi , leader of the Korean independence movement on 1 March 1919. The 45 movements refer to his age when he changed the name of his religion from Dong Hak (oriental learning) to Chondogyo (Heavenly Way Religion) in 1905. The diagram represents his indomitable spirit , displayed while dedicating himself to

880-739: Is named after the holy Dangun , the legendary founder of Korea in 2333 BC. Unusually for a teul , all the punches in Dan-Gun are high section (at eye level), symbolizing Dangun scaling a mountain. 도산 / 島山 – 24 movements Do-San is a pseudonym of the patriot Ahn Chang-ho (1878–1938). The 24 movements represent his entire life, which he devoted to furthering education in Korea and the Korean independence movement . (Note that Encyclopedia of TaeKwon-Do – 15 Volume Set – by General Choi Hong Hi states Dosan's birth year incorrectly as 1876) 원효 / 元曉 – 28 movements This pattern

935-478: Is named after the noted monk Wonhyo who introduced Buddhism to the Silla dynasty in the year 686 AD. 율곡 / 栗谷 – 38 movements Yul-Gok is a pseudonym of a great philosopher and scholar Yi I (1536–1584) nicknamed the " Confucius of Korea". The 38 movements of this pattern refer to his birthplace on 38-degree latitude and the diagram of the pattern represents scholar. 중근 / 重根 – 32 movements Jung-Geun (or Joong-Gun)

990-501: Is named after the patriot Ahn Joong-Gun who assassinated Itō Hirobumi , the first Japanese governor-general of Korea, known as the man who played the leading part in the Korea-Japan merger. There are 32 movements in this pattern to represent Mr Ahn's age when he was executed at Lui-Shung Prison in 1910. Note: Ahn Jung-Geun was born on 16 July 1879 and was executed on 26 March 1910, so was in fact 30 years old at his death. 32 comes from

1045-510: Is not presented in the Condensed Encyclopedia but is present in the 15 Volume Encyclopedia (see: Volume 10, page 122). The 24 patterns in taekwon-do ITF are: The retired pattern in taekwon-do ITF is The International Taekwon-Do Federation's sparring rules are: Competitors do not wear the hogu (although they are required to wear approved foot and hand protection equipment, as well as head guards). This scoring system varies between

1100-464: Is that the number nine is not only the highest of the single-digit numbers, but also is the number of three multiplied by three. In the Orient, three is one of the more esteemed numbers. The Chinese character for 3 is three horizontal lines, one above the other: 三 . The bottom line represents earth; the middle line represents mortals; the upper line represents heaven. It was believed that a man who could unite

1155-468: Is the master of everything and decides everything. In other words, the idea that man is that master of the world and his own destiny. It is said that this idea was rooted in Baekdu Mountain , which symbolize the spirit of the Korean people. The diagram represents Baekdu Mountain, which is the highest mountain in Korea. ITF rankings The ITF rankings are the current rankings of national teams by

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1210-657: The Davis Cup are shown below: Bonus points, as shown above, for defeating higher ranked nations will be added when appropriate to each tie in World Group, Group I and Group II. Bonus points do not apply in Groups III and IV. If the number of teams in Europe/Africa Groups I and II exceeds 16 or the number of teams in Asia/Oceania and Americas Groups I and II exceeds eight, then 200 points will be awarded for

1265-617: The International Tennis Federation in both men's and women's tennis . The ITF produces two sets of rankings—the ITF Davis Cup Nations Ranking for male national teams, and the ITF Fed Cup Nations Ranking for female national teams. Both sets of rankings measure the success of all nations participating in both competitions. The ITF Davis Cup Nations Ranking was launched at the end of 2001 and

1320-574: The "Chang Hon hyeong" set of forms spread widely, and they are seen in many taekwondo organizations, including ITF-offshoots such as the Global Taekwondo Federation . The pattern names below are shown with Revised Romanization spellings; however, the traditional spellings are shown in parentheses if they vary from the modern standard, since those patterns have long been known with those spellings. 천지 / 天地 – 19 movements Literally, Cheon-Ji (or Chon-Ji) means "heaven and earth" and refers to

1375-418: The 24 patterns and containing descriptions of the pattern movements as well as pictures showing possible applications of some of the movements. There is also the book entitled "The Korean Art of Self Defense" (the 1999 edition, the latest used by ITF under Chang Ung), also known as the Condensed Encyclopedia, written by General Choi Hong Hi. This is a single condensed encyclopedia of approximately 770 pages with

1430-560: The Ch'ang Hon patterns (Eui-Am, Moon-Moo, Yong-Gae & So-San) in 1968. Park Jung Tae , likely assisted by Choi Jung Hwa (General Choi's son), Michael McCormack (General Choi's son-in-law) and Lim Won Sup, is credited with developing the Juche pattern. Kong Young Il may have helped develop the Ch'ang Hon patterns as well. With the Oh Do Kwan in charge of the taekwondo training in the Korean military,

1485-506: The Davis Cup, there is an additional bonus for a nation that wins a tie in the opponent's home ground: a 25% bonus is added to the total of round points and ranking bonus points (if any). At the Fed Cup only, nations that win by walkover are awarded round points but no bonus points, and no points are awarded for consolation events. The current ranking points and bonus points distribution tables for

1540-573: The ITF Fed Cup Nations Ranking was introduced a year later. Both rankings are updated following every World Group round and are used for seeding the highest ranked teams in the draws for each group in the competitions' structures. The ITF Davis Cup and Fed Cup rankings are based in a rolling four year cumulative system. However, the points total for each nation is calculated following a weighted sum formula, in which recent results are weighted more heavily. After each World Group round,

1595-403: The ITF mantle. Patterns, or tul (틀) in Korean, originally called hyeong (형), form an important aspect of training in taekwon-do. They are equivalent to the kata in karate . The majority of the patterns (except Yul-Gok, Ul-Ji and Tong-Il) start with a defensive move, which emphasizes taekwon-do's defensive nature. All of the patterns start and end at the same location. This ensures that

1650-497: The King. 광개 / 廣開 – 39 movements Gwang-Gae (or Kwang-Gae) is named after the famous Kwang-Gae-Toh-Wang , the 19th king of the Goguryeo dynasty , who achieved the greatest territorial expansion including the greater part of Manchuria . The diagram of the form represents the expansion and recovery of lost territory. The 39 movements refer to the first two figures of 391AD, the year he came to

1705-479: The Thunder for which it is named. The trigram associated with this pumsae represents Wind. The trigram is also related to southwest and the relationship with an eldest daughter. The I Ching promotes that wind is a gentle force, but can sometimes be furious, destroying everything in its path. As such, it is intended that this pumsae is performed like the wind: gently, but knowing the ability of mass destruction with

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1760-510: The Yul-Gok hyeong. 화랑 / 花郎 – 29 movements Hwa-Rang is named after the Hwarang youth group that originated under the Silla dynasty roughly 1350 years ago. The group eventually became the driving force for the unification of the three Kingdoms of Korea . The 29 movements refer to the 29th infantry Division, where Taekwondo developed into maturity. 충무 / 忠武 – 30 movements Chung-Mu (or Choong-Moo)

1815-671: The circle and the cyclic nature of the Earth. Schools that follow the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) tradition typically use the Chang Hon 창헌 (also called Chang Hun, Chang 'On or Chon-Ji) forms that were developed by Choi Hong Hi , Nam Tae Hi , Han Cha Kyo , Choi Chang Keun , Park Won Ha, Woo Jae Lim, Kim Bok Man and Cho Sang Min, and have their roots in the Oh Do Kwan. In addition, Kim J.C., Park Jong Soo , and Lee Byung Moo are thought to have developed four of

1870-781: The corners in the square ring. After the fight, a judge votes for which ever fighter has the most points and a winner is declared. In the case of a draw the fighters go to a one-minute overtime round. If there is another draw the fighters go to a sudden death round where the fighter who scores first is declared the winner. The official rules for ITF sparring competition are available at the ITF website. The ITF ranking system consists of six solid colour belts; white, yellow, green, blue, red, and black. Coloured belt ranks are called in English grades and in Korean geup ( 급 ) (often romanized as gup or kup ), whereas black belt ranks are called ranks / dan ( 단 ): The reason for nine black belt degrees

1925-450: The creation of the world or the beginning of human history, and thus is the initial pattern learned by the beginner. It consists of forearm low blocks and punches in the first part to represent earth, and inner forearm middle blocks and punches in the second part to denote heaven. It does not use any kicks. The cross shaped diagram represents the four elements of the universe : fire, water, air and earth. 단군 / 檀君 – 21 movements Dan-Gun

1980-473: The different ITF organisations. A continuous point system is utilized in ITF competition, where the fighters are allowed to continue after scoring a technique. Full-force blows are not allowed, and knockouts result in a disqualification of the attacker; although these rules vary between ITF organizations. At the end of two minutes (or some other specified time) the competitor with more scoring techniques wins. Fouls in ITF sparring include heavy contact, attacking

2035-407: The eight trigrams associated with the I Ching hexagrams . Symbolically, each form in the palgwae series corresponds to one trigram. Subsequent to 1971, the palgwae forms were deprecated in favor of eight taegeuk forms. The term taegeuk refers to the principle of the "unity of opposites". Though the movements in the taegeuk forms are different from those of the palgwae forms, each taegeuk form

2090-455: The feeling that all movements are this majestic due to their unconquerable nature. The trigram associated with this pumsae represents the Earth . Also, there is a representation of North and Mother. The associated trigram of this pumsae is Yin. Yin, here, represents the end of the beginning, the evil part of all that is good. This being the last of the pumsae Taegeuk, it represents the end of

2145-586: The flowing and calm nature of the martial artist. This form is to reflect those attributes. This trigram represents Fire. Related to this symbol is also East and the relationship of the Second Daughter. Fire contains a lot of energy. The symbol behind the fire is similar to the symbolism of the water in that both can aid and both can destroy. This form is intended to be performed rhythmically, with some outbursts of energy to reflect fire's rhythmic and energetic dualism. This trigram represents Thunder . Also,

2200-447: The forms used in traditional taekwondo: In addition to these Shotokan forms, Tang Soo Do and other traditional styles incorporate additional forms as well, many developed by Hwang Kee . Kukkiwon -style taekwondo (and thus the World Taekwondo Federation ) uses the word pumsae for form. Prior to 1971, Kukkiwon-style taekwondo used a series of eight forms called the palgwae forms for color-belt forms. The term "pal-gwae" refers to

2255-596: The kinetic principles intrinsic in any martial system. Beginning in 1946, shortly after the conclusion of the Japanese occupation of Korea, new martial arts schools called kwans were opened in Seoul . These schools were established by Korean martial artists who had studied primarily in Okinawa and China during the Japanese occupation. Accordingly, the martial arts practiced in the kwans

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2310-460: The nine original kwans of taekwondo. Each kwan practiced its own style of martial art (the term taekwondo had not yet been coined) and employed their own set of forms. The majority of the forms used, however, derived from Shotokan karate. In many cases they were given new names. These forms are still used today in martial arts style such as Tang Soo Do , Soo Bahk Do , Moo Duk Kwan Taekwondo , and Chun Kuk Do . The article Karate kata lists many of

2365-399: The old Korean age reckoning system, where a newborn is considered to be 1 year old, then all birthdays are held on 1 January every year after. 퇴계 / 退溪 – 37 movements Toi-Gye is the pen name of the noted scholar Yi Hwang (16th century), an authority on neo-Confucianism . The 37 movements of the pattern refer to his birthplace on 37-degree latitude, the diagram represents "scholar" as in

2420-574: The organization. As of 2021 there are two main organizations claiming the ITF mantle. One headed by Ri Yong Son, with offices in Vienna, and another group currently headed by Paul Weiler, headquartered in Lublin, Poland. Hyeong The Korean terms hyeong , pumsae , poomsae and teul (meaning "form" or "pattern") are all used to refer to martial arts forms that are typically used in Korean martial arts such as Taekwondo and Tang Soo Do . A hyeong

2475-494: The patterns may also be historical references, such as the number of moves, the diagram, the way the pattern ends, and so on. Patterns ( tul ) are performed in accordance with "The Encyclopedia of Taekwon-Do" in 15 volumes written by General Choi Hong Hi, the latest edition being from 1999 (later editions have been published, but the 1999 editions were the last General Choi Hong Hi was directly involved with). This comprehensive work contains 15 volumes with volumes 8 to 15 dedicated to

2530-566: The practitioners' stances are the correct length, width, and in the proper direction. Additionally, students are taught to understand the purpose of each movement and recognize how each motion connects to theories of power. There are 24 patterns in the official ITF syllabus; this is symbolic of the 24 hours in a day. One additional pattern, Ko-Dang (or Go-Dang), was retired/replaced by Juche in 1986 by General Choi Hong Hi . The names of these patterns typically refer either to events in Korean history or to important people in Korean history. Elements of

2585-466: The prosperity of his nation. 충장 / 忠壯 – 52 movements Chung-Jang (or Choong-Jang) is the pseudonym given to General Kim Duk Ryang who lived during the Yi dynasty, 14th century. This pattern ends with a left hand attack to symbolize the tragedy of his death at 27 in prison before he was able to reach full maturity. 주체 / 主體 – 45 movements The Juche hyeong has 45 movements. Juche is a philosophical idea that man

2640-429: The ranking period adjusts, and points earned in the last year period have a weighting factor of 100% in the points total. At the same time, the weighting factor for the points earned until the same round in the previous three years is reduced to 75% (for points earned one to two years ago), 50% (for points earned two to three years ago) and 25% (for points earned three to four years ago). Ranking points are awarded only to

2695-427: The three realms in himself, would aspire or be reborn into a king; this is shown by the vertical line connecting the realms in the character for king: 王 . Up to 7th dan, all ranks require the student to perform a test of all skills and knowledge up to their rank to be promoted. 8th and 9th dan may be awarded with consent of the promotion committee with no physical test required, due to the nature and responsibilities of

2750-543: The throne. 포은 / 圃隱 – 36 movements Po Eun is the pseudonym of a loyal subject Chŏng Mong-ju who was a distinguished scholar of neo-Confucianism during the Goryeo dynasty . His poem "I would not serve a second master though I might be crucified a hundred times" is known to every Korean people. The diagram, which is simply a straight line represents his unerring loyalty to the king and his country. 계백 / 階伯 – 44 movements The Gye-Baek (or Gae-Baek) hyeong has 44 Movements. Gae-Baek

2805-448: The trigram is strongly connected to northeast and the relationship of the Eldest son. Thunder comes from the sky and is absorbed by the earth, thus, according to the beliefs of the I Ching, thunder is one of the most powerful natural forces. This pumsae is associated with power and the connection between the heavens and earth. This pumsae is intended to be performed with power resembling

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2860-472: The winning nation of a competition tie at every round. Victories in World Group rounds are worth more points than those in Zone Groups, and ties at the later rounds of the competition are progressively worth more points. Bonus points are also awarded for a nation that defeats a higher-ranked nation, but only if the latter nation is ranked in the top 64 for the Davis Cup, or in the top 75 for the Fed Cup. Unique to

2915-489: Was exiled out of South Korea, he established the new headquarters of the ITF in Vienna, Austria and the organization settled there. In the years that followed, many of the founding masters of the ITF and several other instructors would leave the organization to form their own independent organizations following disagreements with Choi. Choi subsequently died in June 2002. Disputes over his successor as ITF president lead to splits in

2970-565: Was heavily influenced by shotokan karate and Chinese martial arts, though elements of taekkyeon and gwonbeop were also incorporated. Five of these kwans were established during the interval between World War II and the Korean War . During the Korean War, establishment of new schools was halted; at the conclusion of the war four new schools were established by students from the five original kwans. Collectively, these schools are referred to as

3025-462: Was the name given to the great Admiral Yi Sun-sin of the Yi dynasty . He was reputed to have invented the first armored battleship ( kobukson ) in 1592, which is said to be the precursor of the present day submarine. The reason this pattern ends with a left hand attack is to symbolize his regrettable death having no chance to show his unrestrained potentiality checked by the forced reservation of his loyalty to

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