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115-446: Industrial Landscape is the title given to each of a series of oil paintings by the English artist L. S. Lowry , painted over a number of years between 1934 and 1955. Each picture is in the form of a landscape painting , in which the traditional elements of natural beauty have been supplanted with factories, chimneys, bridges and other elements of an industrial city environment. One of

230-547: A Calvinist society, and the decline of religious painting in the 18th and 19th centuries all over Europe combined with Romanticism to give landscapes a much greater and more prestigious place in 19th-century art than they had assumed before. In England, landscapes had initially been mostly backgrounds to portraits, typically suggesting the parks or estates of a landowner, though mostly painted in London by an artist who had never visited his sitter's rolling acres. The English tradition

345-631: A triptych by Gerard David , dated to "about 1510–15", are the earliest from the Low Countries , and possibly in Europe. At the same time Joachim Patinir in the Netherlands developed the " world landscape " a style of panoramic landscape with small figures and using a high aerial viewpoint, that remained influential for a century, being used and perfected by Pieter Brueghel the Elder . The Italian development of

460-545: A background of dense trees in the Palace of the Popes, Avignon are probably a unique survival of what was a common subject. Several frescos of gardens have survived from Roman houses like the Villa of Livia . During the 14th century Giotto di Bondone and his followers began to acknowledge nature in their work, increasingly introducing elements of the landscape as the background setting for

575-577: A boss battle against his 'Nightmare' (with an appearance similar to the 'Mani-Mani Statue', a mysterious object encountered in another dreamworld called Moonside), and absorb the power of the Earth into his heart. About a half of Tak 2: The Staff of Dreams takes place in the Dream World, home to the Staff of Dreams, which was later split by Pins and Needles, where Tak has a half of the staff and Pins and Needles have

690-426: A commonly used plot device in fictional works, most notably in science fiction and fantasy fiction . The use of a dream world creates a situation whereby a character (or group of characters) is placed in a marvellous and unpredictable environment and must overcome several personal problems to leave it. The dream world also commonly serves to teach some moral or religious lessons to the character experiencing it –

805-539: A competition. These were closer to Chinese shan shui, but still fully coloured. Many more pure landscape subjects survive from the 15th century onwards; several key artists are Zen Buddhist clergy, and worked in a monochrome style with greater emphasis on brush strokes in the Chinese manner. Some schools adopted a less refined style, with smaller views giving greater emphasis to the foreground. A type of image that had an enduring appeal for Japanese artists, and came to be called

920-560: A dream had by Bobby Ewing . In the Xena: Warrior Princess episode, "Dreamworker", Morpheus , god of dreams, abducts Gabrielle to take as his bride. But Xena follows them into his realm, the DreamScape, where she battles to stop the impending forced marriage . The Doctor Who episode, " Amy's Choice " also depicts multiple dream worlds, which were found out to have been induced by a parasitic seed. Dreamworlds are revisited in

1035-431: A dream realm in which characters are put into a person's mindscape. In this episode, Gideon summons a dream demon, Bill Cipher to invade Stan's mind and steal the combination to the safe, which is vincindoria. Dipper Pines with his sister Mabel and friend Soos also go into Stan's mind to stop Bill from finding out the combination. Archer is also reimagined in three self-contained universes from seasons eight to ten, when

1150-488: A dream realm. In the 2010 film Inception , main characters create artificial, vivid dream worlds and bring others into the dream worlds and perform various things with their brains, without them knowing. This may involve 'Extraction' (stealing memories and secrets), 'Inception' (planting an idea into the mind) and others. One of the earliest newspaper comic strips, recounting Little Nemo 's adventures in Slumberland , had

1265-611: A dream world that takes the form of an amusement park by Mannish Boy and his Death 13 stand. In 1990 , CITV created an animated Children's television series called The Dreamstone with their Settings inspired by Dream Realms. In the Jay Jay the Jet Plane cartoon series, adventures where air-breathing jet planes cannot go (underwater and in space) happen as dreams. In the Gravity Falls episode " Dreamscaperers " also takes place in

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1380-660: A dream world theme. Writer Neil Gaiman was tasked with re-imagining a Golden Age character " The Sandman ". In his version, the Sandman becomes Dream , the Lord of Dreams (also known, to various characters throughout the series, as Morpheus , Oneiros , the Shaper, the Shaper of Form, Lord of the Dreaming, the Dream King, Dream-Sneak, Dream Cat, Murphy, Kai'ckul, and Lord L'Zoril), who is essentially

1495-482: A factor in the popularity of Dutch 17th-century landscape painting and in the 19th century, as other nations attempted to develop distinctive national schools of painting, the attempt to express the special nature of the landscape of the homeland became a general tendency. In Russia, as in America, the gigantic size of paintings was itself a nationalist statement. In Poland the main representatives of landscape painting, in

1610-488: A gold sky populated not only by God and angels, but also a flying bird. A coastal scene in the Turin-Milan Hours has a sky overcast with carefully observed clouds. In woodcuts a large blank space can cause the paper to sag during printing, so Dürer and other artists often include clouds or squiggles representing birds to avoid this. The monochrome Chinese tradition has used ink on silk or paper since its inception, with

1725-546: A great emphasis on the individual brushstroke to define the ts'un or "wrinkles" in mountain-sides, and the other features of the landscape. Western watercolour is a more tonal medium, even with underdrawing visible. Traditionally, landscape art depicts the surface of the Earth, but there are other sorts of landscapes, such as moonscapes . [REDACTED] Media related to Landscape painting at Wikimedia Commons Dream world (plot device) Dream worlds (also called dream realms , illusory realms or dreamscape ) are

1840-472: A greater emphasis (with a great deal of Romantic exaggeration) on the raw, even terrifying power of nature. Frederic Edwin Church , a student of Cole, synthesized the ideas of his contemporaries with those of European Old Masters and the writings of John Ruskin and Alexander von Humboldt to become the foremost American landscape painter of the century. The best examples of Canadian landscape art can be found in

1955-468: A highly sophisticated aesthetic much earlier than those in the West; the karensansui or Japanese dry garden of Zen Buddhism takes the garden even closer to being a work of sculpture, representing a highly abstracted landscape. Japanese art initially adapted Chinese styles to reflect their interest in narrative themes in art, with scenes set in landscapes mixing with those showing palace or city scenes using

2070-473: A large number of amateur painters, many following the popular systems found in the books of Alexander Cozens and others. By the beginning of the 19th century the English artists with the highest modern reputations were mostly dedicated landscape painters, showing the wide range of Romantic interpretations of the English landscape found in the works of John Constable , J. M. W. Turner and Samuel Palmer . However all these had difficulty establishing themselves in

2185-413: A lesson that the other characters will be unaware of, but one that will influence decisions made regarding them. When the character is reintroduced into the real world (usually when they wake up), the question arises as to what exactly constitutes reality due to the vivid recollection and experiences of the dream world. According to J. R. R. Tolkien , dream worlds contrast with fantasy worlds , in which

2300-655: A low position in the accepted hierarchy of genres , in East Asia the classic Chinese mountain-water ink painting was traditionally the most prestigious form of visual art. Aesthetic theories in both regions gave the highest status to the works seen to require the most imagination from the artist. In the West this was history painting , but in East Asia it was the imaginary landscape, where famous practitioners were, at least in theory, amateur literati , including several emperors of both China and Japan. They were often also poets whose lines and images illustrated each other. However, in

2415-536: A particular commission such as Cornelis de Man 's view of Smeerenburg in 1639. Compositional formulae using elements like the repoussoir were evolved which remain influential in modern photography and painting, notably by Poussin and Claude Lorrain , both French artists living in 17th century Rome and painting largely classical subject-matter, or Biblical scenes set in the same landscapes. Unlike their Dutch contemporaries, Italian and French landscape artists still most often wanted to keep their classification within

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2530-492: A poet; mostly only copies of his works survive. From the 10th century onwards an increasing number of original paintings survive, and the best works of the Song dynasty (960–1279) Southern School remain among the most highly regarded in what has been an uninterrupted tradition to the present day. Chinese convention valued the paintings of the amateur scholar-gentleman , often a poet as well, over those produced by professionals, though

2645-711: A prison planet used by the IPC to exile criminals, had fallen under the control of Xipe, the Aeon of Harmony, some time ago, radically transforming the planet into a luxurious dream-like utopia through a system of collective dreams known as Dreamscape. The Klonoa series revolves around the titular Klonoa, who is a Dream Traveler who is called upon to restore balance to dreamworlds that are in peril, such as Phantomile in Klonoa: Door to Phantomile and Lunatea in Klonoa 2: Lunatea's Veil . Similarly,

2760-507: A small train crossing over. Lowry incorporated this bridge in many of his composite paintings (cf. The Pond , 1950); "As I make them up, I suddenly know I must bring in the Stockport Viaduct... I love it... It is part of my life, a dream." The 1955 painting has been described as a " dreamscape ", an accomplished composition of elements of the industrial "apocalypse of grime" that haunted Lowry's imagination. Industrial Landscape (1955)

2875-485: A spiritual element in landscape art is present from its beginnings in East Asian art, drawing on Daoism and other philosophical traditions, but in the West only becomes explicit with Romanticism . Landscape views in art may be entirely imaginary, or copied from reality with varying degrees of accuracy. If the primary purpose of a picture is to depict an actual, specific place, especially including buildings prominently, it

2990-615: A strong sense of place, but the emphasis is on individual plant forms and human and animal figures rather than the overall landscape setting. The frescos from the Tomb of Nebamun , now in the British Museum (c. 1350 BC), are a famous example. For a coherent depiction of a whole landscape, some rough system of perspective, or scaling for distance, is needed, and this seems from literary evidence to have first been developed in Ancient Greece in

3105-798: A thorough system of graphical perspective was now known all over Europe, which allowed large and complex views to be painted very effectively. Landscapes were idealized, mostly reflecting a pastoral ideal drawn from classical poetry which was first fully expressed by Giorgione and the young Titian , and remained associated above all with hilly wooded Italian landscape, which was depicted by artists from Northern Europe who had never visited Italy, just as plain-dwelling literati in China and Japan painted vertiginous mountains. Though often young artists were encouraged to visit Italy to experience Italian light , many Northern European artists could make their living selling Italianate landscapes without ever bothering to make

3220-598: A time, it is revealed that the Phantom World is in fact the true Real World, while the former Real World is called the Dream World, created from the dreams of the people of the Real World, in which each inhabitant has a Dream World counterpart. In addition, the main antagonist of the game, Deathtamoor, plots to try to merge both the Real World and Dream World with his own "Dark World" in an attempt for world domination. In Dreamfall: The Longest Journey and Dreamfall Chapters

3335-575: A village has locals suffering from recurring nightmares that sometimes cause death. With his dreamwalking ability, the titular protagonist Alundra attempts to help the locals by entering their dreams. In the first two games of the EarthBound series, the protagonist (Ninten in EarthBound Zero and Ness in EarthBound ) must travel to a dream world named Magicant. However, the two Magicants are different from each other. Ninten visits his Magicant, which

3450-451: Is a science fiction novel that involves entering dream worlds using technology. In the book, dream monitoring and intervention as a means of treating mental disorders is a developing new form of psychotherapy in the near future. Unrest ensues when a new psychotherapy dream-analysis device is stolen, allowing the assailant to enter and manipulate people's dreams. In the feminist science fiction novel The Kin of Ata Are Waiting for You ,

3565-464: Is a dream world that exists in close proximity to the real world. Objects and physical locations that do not frequently change in the real world have parallels in Tel'aran'rhiod. Ordinary people can occasionally slip into Tel'aran'rhiod during their sleep, and events that occur within this dream world have physical consequences. A person that dies in Tel'aran'rhiod will never wake up again, and in several cases it

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3680-482: Is a long tradition of the appreciation of " viewing stones" – naturally formed boulders, typically limestone from the banks of mountain rivers that has been eroded into fantastic shapes, were transported to the courtyards and gardens of the literati. Probably associated with these is the tradition of carving much smaller boulders of jade or some other semi-precious stone into the shape of a mountain, including tiny figures of monks or sages. Chinese gardens also developed

3795-427: Is a normal and enduring part of our spiritual activity" In Clark's analysis, underlying European ways to convert the complexity of landscape to an idea were four fundamental approaches: the acceptance of descriptive symbols, a curiosity about the facts of nature, the creation of fantasy to allay deep-rooted fears of nature, and the belief in a Golden Age of harmony and order, which might be retrieved. The 18th century

3910-434: Is a short quest which takes place in a dream world. In the video game, Fallout 3 , a main storyline quest involves the main character going into a virtual reality simulator, referred to as "Tranquility Lane," a dream world simulation of a 1950s suburban neighborhood. In the video game Driver: San Francisco , main character John Tanner suffers a car accident that leaves him in a coma. The game take places in his dream, but

4025-449: Is called a topographical view . Such views, extremely common as prints in the West, are often seen as inferior to fine art landscapes, although the distinction is not always meaningful; similar prejudices existed in Chinese art, where literati painting usually depicted imaginary views, while professional artists painted real views. The word "landscape" entered the modern English language as landskip (variously spelt), an anglicization of

4140-477: Is fairly close to the viewer, and there are few distant views. Normally all landscape images show narrative scenes with figures, but there are a few drawn pure landscape scenes in albums. Hindu painting had long set scenes amid lush vegetation, as many of the stories depicted demanded. Mughal painting combined this and the Persian style, and in miniatures of royal hunts often depicted wide landscapes. Scenes set during

4255-455: Is light pink and has seashell spires and clouds, multiple times during the story, until it is revealed to not be his own Magicant but instead just a collection of the memories of his great-grandmother, Maria. Ness's Magicant is a surreal, spacelike land in a purple sea that Ness only gains access to once he records the eight melodies into his Sound Stone, which he then must travel to the center of in order to overcome his weaknesses, characterized by

4370-527: Is like that of actual dreams, with transitions and causality flexible. James Branch Cabell 's Smirt and its two sequels taken together form an extended dream and most of their action takes place in a dream world. The action of The Bridge by Iain M. Banks takes place in a dream world. Other fictional dream worlds include the Dreamlands of H. P. Lovecraft 's Dream Cycle and The Neverending Story ' s world of Fantasia, which includes places like

4485-571: Is popular in medieval literature (esp. allegory and romance). A dream world is sometimes invoked in dream visions such as The Book of the Duchess and Piers Plowman . One of the best-known dream worlds is Wonderland from Lewis Carroll 's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland , as well as Looking-Glass Land from its sequel, Through the Looking-Glass . Unlike many dream worlds, Carroll's logic

4600-409: Is preferred, which is shown full of animals and plants which are carefully and individually depicted, as are rock formations. The particular convention of the elevated viewpoint that developed in the tradition fills most of the vertical format picture spaces with the landscape, though clouds are also typically shown in the sky, shown in a curling convention drawn from Chinese art. Usually, everything seen

4715-404: Is shown that physical injuries gained there persist to the waking world. Tel'aran'rhiod can be controlled similar to a lucid dream , and several characters in the series can enter and manipulate Tel'aran'rhiod at will while asleep. Detaching oneself even from Tel'aran'rhiod can allow a person to peer directly into the dreams of others or even enter them, but that carries its own risks, especially if

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4830-510: The Bluey episode "Sleepytime", Bingo has a dream where she and her stuffed toy rabbit, Floppy, explore the solar system. The Star Trek: Voyager episode " Waking Moments " uses several dream realms and false awakenings. In the UFO episode "Ordeal," Foster's abduction and rescue is explained away as a dream. The whole of season 8 of Dallas was retroactively explained, at the start of Season 9, as

4945-730: The Nights series, whose title character is a protector of dreams, prominently features the dreamworlds Nightopia and Nightmare, which collectively make up the Night Dimension. Bloodborne takes place in, or partially in, a dream realm, with areas such as the Nightmare of Mensis and the Hunter's Dream. The entire city the game takes place in is implied to be a collective, self-sustaining dream that all its inhabitants, human, mutant, and Cosmic Entity , contribute to. The game Tales of Maj'Eyal features

5060-530: The Doctor Who Christmas special, " Last Christmas ," which depicts dreams within dreams caused by mind-leeching aliens. The video games The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening and Super Mario Bros. 2 take place in a dream of the Wind Fish's (whom Link must wake up) and Mario 's respectively. Alundra revolves around a dreamwalker who can enter people's dreams. It takes place on an island, where

5175-553: The Dutch landschap , around the start of the 17th century, purely as a term for works of art, with its first use as a word for a painting in 1598. Within a few decades it was used to describe vistas in poetry, and eventually as a term for real views. However, the cognate term landscaef or landskipe for a cleared patch of land had existed in Old English , though it is not recorded from Middle English . The earliest forms of art around

5290-477: The Han dynasty onwards, with surviving examples mostly in stone or clay reliefs from tombs, which are presumed to follow the prevailing styles in painting, no doubt without capturing the full effect of the original paintings. The exact status of the later copies of reputed works by famous painters (many of whom are recorded in literature) before the 10th century is unclear. One example is a famous 8th-century painting from

5405-457: The Hellenistic period, although no large-scale examples survive. More ancient Roman landscapes survive, from the 1st century BCE onwards, especially frescos of landscapes decorating rooms that have been preserved at archaeological sites of Pompeii , Herculaneum and elsewhere, and mosaics . The Chinese ink painting tradition of shan shui ("mountain-water"), or "pure" landscape, in which

5520-645: The Labours of the Months such as those in the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry , which conventionally showed small genre figures in increasingly large landscape settings. A particular advance is shown in the less well-known Turin-Milan Hours , now largely destroyed by fire, whose developments were reflected in Early Netherlandish painting for the rest of the century. The artist known as "Hand G", probably one of

5635-564: The Le Môle peak in The Miraculous Draught of Fishes by Konrad Witz (1444) is often cited as the first Western rural landscape to show a specific scene. The landscape studies by Dürer clearly represent actual scenes, which can be identified in many cases, and were at least partly made on the spot; the drawings by Fra Bartolomeo also seem clearly sketched from nature. Dürer's finished works seem generally to use invented landscapes, although

5750-474: The National Art Collections Fund . Lowry's 1955 painting of the same title similarly presents a panoramic cityscape dotted with factories, tall smoking chimneys, roads, bridges and industrial wasteland. The setting is one of Lowrys' "composite townscapes", made up from a variety of elements from an industrial city. In the foreground are rows of terraced houses which form a street pointing into

5865-542: The Utrecht Psalter ; the last reworking of this source, in an early Gothic version, reduces the previously extensive landscapes to a few trees filling gaps in the composition, with no sense of overall space. A revival in interest in nature initially mainly manifested itself in depictions of small gardens such as the Hortus Conclusus or those in millefleur tapestries. The frescos of figures at work or play in front of

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5980-536: The Van Eyck brothers, was especially successful in reproducing effects of light and in a natural-seeming progression from the foreground to the distant view. This was something other artists were to find difficult for a century or more, often solving the problem by showing a landscape background from over the top of a parapet or window-sill, as if from a considerable height. Landscape backgrounds for various types of painting became increasingly prominent and skillful during

6095-501: The anthropomorphic personification of dreams . At the start of the series, Morpheus is captured by an occult ritual and held prisoner for 70 years. Morpheus escapes in the modern day and, after avenging himself upon his captors, sets about rebuilding his kingdom, which has fallen into disrepair in his absence. Later comics reveal that Dream is the source of Wesley Dodds ' prophetic dreams. Dream worlds also appear in Rozen Maiden , in

6210-457: The hierarchy of genres as history painting by including small figures to represent a scene from classical mythology or the Bible. Salvator Rosa gave picturesque excitement to his landscapes by showing wilder Southern Italian country, often populated by banditi . Dutch Golden Age painting of the 17th century saw the dramatic growth of landscape painting, in which many artists specialized, and

6325-401: The monsoon rains, with dark clouds and flashes of lightning, are popular. Later, influence from European prints is evident. Most early landscapes are clearly imaginary, although from very early on townscape views are clearly intended to represent actual cities, with varying degrees of accuracy. Various techniques were used to simulate the randomness of natural forms in invented compositions:

6440-534: The "Japanese style", is in fact first found in China. This combines one or more large birds, animals or trees in the foreground, typically to one side in a horizontal composition, with a wider landscape beyond, often only covering portions of the background. Later versions of this style often dispensed with a landscape background altogether. The ukiyo-e style that developed from the 16th century onwards, first in painting and then in coloured woodblock prints that were cheap and widely available, initially concentrated on

6555-427: The "armies of amateurs" who also painted. Leading artists included John Robert Cozens , Francis Towne , Thomas Girtin , Michael Angelo Rooker , William Pars , Thomas Hearne , and John Warwick Smith , all in the late 18th century, and John Glover , Joseph Mallord William Turner , John Varley , John Sell Cotman , Anthony Copley Fielding , Samuel Palmer in the early 19th. The Romantic movement intensified

6670-467: The 15th century. The period around the end of the 15th century saw pure landscape drawings and watercolours from Leonardo da Vinci , Albrecht Dürer , Fra Bartolomeo and others, but pure landscape subjects in painting and printmaking , still small, were first produced by Albrecht Altdorfer and others of the German Danube School in the early 16th century. However, the outsides of the wings of

6785-535: The 1830s Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot and other painters in the Barbizon School established a French landscape tradition that would become the most influential in Europe for a century, with the Impressionists and Post-Impressionists for the first time making landscape painting the main source of general stylistic innovation across all types of painting. The nationalism of the new United Provinces had been

6900-401: The 1870s, followed by the portable "box easel ", that painting en plein air became widely practiced. A curtain of mountains at the back of the landscape is standard in wide Roman views and even more so in Chinese landscapes. Relatively little space is given to the sky in early works in either tradition; the Chinese often used mist or clouds between mountains, and also sometimes show clouds in

7015-620: The 20th century, but was often classed as a lower form of art than an imagined landscape. Landscapes in watercolour on paper became a distinct specialism, above all in England, where a particular tradition of talented artists who only, or almost entirely, painted landscape watercolours developed, as it did not in other countries. These were very often real views, though sometimes the compositions were adjusted for artistic effect. The paintings sold relatively cheaply, but were far quicker to produce. These professionals could augment their income by training

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7130-610: The Desert of Lost Dreams, the Sea of Possibilities and the Swamps of Sadness. Dreamworlds, shared hallucinations and other alternate realities feature in a number of works by Philip K. Dick , such as The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch and Ubik . Similar themes were explored by Jorge Luis Borges , for instance in The Circular Ruins . In The Wheel of Time book series, "Tel'aran'rhiod"

7245-546: The Imperial collection, titled The Emperor Ming Huang traveling in Shu . This shows the entourage riding through vertiginous mountains of the type typical of later paintings, but is in full colour "producing an overall pattern that is almost Persian", in what was evidently a popular and fashionable court style. The decisive shift to a monochrome landscape style, almost devoid of figures, is attributed to Wang Wei (699–759), also famous as

7360-453: The Kin of Ata maintain the real world through their dreaming, making the real world a form of dream. In the 1939 movie , Oz from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was altered from a fantasy world (in the novel) to a dream world of Dorothy's; characters who were independent inhabitants of Oz were transformed into dream parallels of introduced Kansas characters. In The Matrix , Neo and the rest of

7475-620: The Low Countries either continued with the world landscape or followed the new mode presented by the Small Landscapes. The popularity of exotic landscape scenes can be seen in the success of the painter Frans Post , who spent the rest of his life painting Brazilian landscapes after a trip there in 1636–1644. Other painters who never crossed the Alps could make money selling Rhineland landscapes, and still others for constructing fantasy scenes for

7590-661: The Outback(s) of The Maxx , in the webcomic The Dreamland Chronicles , and the movie Sailor Moon Super S the Movie: Black Dream Hole also have dream realms in their universes. The American Dragon Jake Long episode "Dreamscape" takes place mainly in a dream realm. Similarly, the Xiaolin Showdown episode of the same title also uses the dream world in its plotline. In Clamp manga series such as X/1999 , Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle and xxxHolic ,

7705-566: The Pi'illo creature trapped within the pillow. Mario is accompanied by a Dreamy version of Luigi named Dreamy Luigi, who possesses vast powers, notably cloning, as seen in the game's unlockable "Luiginary Attacks", as well as growing into a giant . In Pokémon Black and White and its following sequel, players can tuck in one of their Pokémon via a system known as Game Sync. As the tucked in Pokémon falls asleep, it will then be sent to special website, where

7820-423: The Staff of Nightmares half. By the end of the game, Tak restored the staff. In Dragon Quest VI: Realms of Reverie , the game is split between two worlds initially known as the Real World and the Phantom World, named such because any being from the Real World is rendered unseen by the inhabitants of the Phantom World, like a phantom, and are only capable of becoming visible after drinking a special elixir . After

7935-509: The West, history painting came to require an extensive landscape background where appropriate, so the theory did not entirely work against the development of landscape painting – for several centuries landscapes were regularly promoted to the status of history painting by the addition of small figures to make a narrative scene, typically religious or mythological. In early Western medieval art interest in landscape disappears almost entirely, kept alive only in copies of Late Antique works such as

8050-626: The action of the figures in their paintings. Early in the 15th century, landscape painting was established as a genre in Europe, as a setting for human activity, often expressed in a religious subject, such as the themes of the Rest on the Flight into Egypt , the Journey of the Magi , or Saint Jerome in the Desert . Luxury illuminated manuscripts were very important in the early development of landscape, especially series of

8165-519: The art of the world", and owes its special character to the Taoist (Daoist) tradition in Chinese culture. William Watson notes that "It has been said that the role of landscape art in Chinese painting corresponds to that of the nude in the west, as a theme unvarying in itself, but made the vehicle of infinite nuances of vision and feeling". There are increasingly sophisticated landscape backgrounds to figure subjects showing hunting, farming or animals from

8280-614: The canvas, a street emerges from the distance, punctuated with tiny human figures, and in the foreground, a statue stands on top of a hillock. It is signed in the bottom-right-hand corner "L.S.LOWRY 1953" Industrial Landscape (1953) was purchased from the Lefevre Gallery in 1988 by Salford Museum and Art Gallery with support from the Victoria and Albert Museum Purchase Grant Fund, the National Heritage Memorial Fund and

8395-470: The character himself doesn't realize he's dreaming. Instead, he thinks he had a lucky escape and with this, thinks that he got an ability to possess other people. During the game, many billboards will turn black and show "wake up" messages. In Mario & Luigi: Dream Team for the Nintendo 3DS , there are stone pillows that Luigi can use to summon a portal to his dreams, allowing Mario to jump in and rescue

8510-532: The classic artists from the distant past, from which Chinese painters tended to draw their inspiration. Painting was initially fully coloured, often brightly so, and the landscape never overwhelms the figures who are often rather oversized. The scene from the Biography of the Priest Ippen illustrated below is from a scroll that in full measures 37.8 cm × 802.0 cm, for only one of twelve scrolls illustrating

8625-402: The contemporary art market, which still preferred history paintings and portraits. In Europe, as John Ruskin said, and Sir Kenneth Clark confirmed, landscape painting was the "chief artistic creation of the nineteenth century", and "the dominant art", with the result that in the following period people were "apt to assume that the appreciation of natural beauty and the painting of landscape

8740-530: The convention of the Eight Views . A different style, produced by workshops of professional court artists, painted official views of Imperial tours and ceremonies, with the primary emphasis on highly detailed scenes of crowded cities and grand ceremonials from a high viewpoint. These were painted on scrolls of enormous length in bright colour (example below). Chinese sculpture also achieves the difficult feat of creating effective landscapes in three dimensions. There

8855-520: The countryside; under his teaching the "painters proliferated and took advantage of the new railway system to explore the furthest corners of the nation's topography." In the United States, the Hudson River School , prominent in the middle to late 19th century, is probably the best-known native development in landscape art. These painters created works of mammoth scale that attempted to capture

8970-572: The development of extremely subtle realist techniques for depicting light and weather. There are different styles and periods, and sub-genres of marine and animal painting, as well as a distinct style of Italianate landscape. Most Dutch landscapes were relatively small, but landscapes in Flemish Baroque painting , still usually peopled, were often very large, above all in the series of works that Peter Paul Rubens painted for his own houses. Landscape prints were also popular, with those of Rembrandt and

9085-461: The distance to a vanishing point . The 1955 oil on canvas measures 144 by 152 cm (57 by 60 in) and is signed in the bottom-right corner "L.S.LOWRY 1955". A small number of human figures can be seen milling around in the foreground, but the emphasis is on the visual impact of the landscape itself. Writing in October 1956, Lowry stated, "The picture is of no particular place. When I started it on

9200-660: The dream world is very important to the events that occur within each story. It is later revealed in xxxHolic that the dream world itself is its own world, as part of the Clamp multiverse. Similarly, in the Bone graphic novel series by Jeff Smith, the primary plot device is a dream world called "The Dreaming." It exists independently from the real world, and it is described similarly to a river, being said to "flow" through people in "currents." In JoJo's Bizarre Adventure part 3 " Stardust Crusaders ," Jotaro and his friends and grandpa are put in

9315-429: The epic scope of the landscapes that inspired them. The work of Thomas Cole , the school's generally acknowledged founder, has much in common with the philosophical ideals of European landscape paintings – a kind of secular faith in the spiritual benefits to be gained from the contemplation of natural beauty. Some of the later Hudson River School artists, such as Albert Bierstadt , created less comforting works that placed

9430-406: The example illustrated, to bridge the gap between a foreground scene with figures and a distant panoramic vista, a persistent problem for landscape artists. The Chinese style generally showed only a distant view, or used dead ground or mist to avoid that difficulty. A major contrast between landscape painting in the West and East Asia has been that while in the West until the 19th century it occupied

9545-519: The existing interest in landscape art, and remote and wild landscapes, which had been one recurring element in earlier landscape art, now became more prominent. The German Caspar David Friedrich had a distinctive style, influenced by his Danish training , where a distinct national style, drawing on the Dutch 17th-century example, had developed. To this he added a quasi-mystical Romanticism. French painters were slower to develop landscape painting, but from about

9660-662: The experimental works of Hercules Seghers usually considered the finest. The Dutch tended to make smaller paintings for smaller houses. Some Dutch landscape specialties named in period inventories include the Batalje , or battle-scene; the Maneschijntje , or moonlight scene; the Bosjes , or woodland scene; the Boederijtje , or farm scene, and the Dorpje or village scene. Though not named at

9775-507: The human figure, individually and in groups. But from the late 18th century landscape ukiyo-e developed under Hokusai and Hiroshige to become much the best known type of Japanese landscape art. Though there are some landscape elements in earlier art, the landscape tradition of the Persian miniature really begins in the Ilkhanid period, largely under Chinese influence. Rocky mountainous country

9890-485: The humans live inside a dream world. Their brains are hooked up to a computer network that creates this dream world. However, some may argue that this is not a dream world, as it seems completely normal and indistinguishable from reality (aside from time differences). In the 1980s, the Nightmare on Elm Street series of horror films introduced a dark dream realm inhabited by the supernatural serial killer Freddy Krueger . In

10005-461: The industrial areas close to his home town of Pendlebury. The Manchester Guardian newspaper, a frequent supporter of Lowry's work, commented in 1954 that Lowry "has opened our eyes to the harsh, wry poetry of the Lancashire industrial landscape". Lowry said of his interpretation of these scenes, "I saw the industrial scene and I was affected by it. I tried to paint it all the time. I tried to paint

10120-503: The industrial scene as best I could. It wasn't easy. Well, a camera could have done the scene straight off." Lowry's 1953 painting, Industrial Landscape hangs in The Lowry in Salford. The oil on canvas measures 45 by 60 cm (18 by 24 in) and depicts a wide, bleak urban panorama of smoking factory chimneys, roads, bridges, gasometers , terraced houses and churches. At the centre of

10235-530: The industrial town of Pendlebury in Salford . Initially, Lowry detested the landscape of textile mills and factory chimneys rather than trees, but later grew to appreciate its beauty. He recalled a moment of revelation after missing a train at Pendlebury railway station : "As I left the station I saw the Acme Spinning Company's mill... The huge black framework of rows of yellow-lit windows standing up against

10350-430: The inquirer has a particularly strong emotional bond with the dreaming person. It is also possible, yet highly taboo, for a person to physically enter Tel'aran'rhiod with their actual body, rather than just metaphysically while asleep, though this risks disturbing the very fabric of the dream world. Nevertheless, this can be used to, for example, cover great distances in a short time. Paprika (1993) by Yasutaka Tsutsui

10465-485: The life of a Buddhist monk; like their Western counterparts, monasteries and temples commissioned many such works, and these have had a better chance of survival than courtly equivalents. Even rarer are survivals of landscape byōbu folding screens and hanging scrolls , which seem to have common in court circles – the Tale of Genji has an episode where members of the court produce the best paintings from their collections for

10580-467: The main character, Sterling Archer , falls into a coma after being shot, experiences a vivid dream-like state that coinciding with a deeper exploration of Sterling's psyche. In Mickey Mouse Funhouse , the episode "Dream a Little Dream" reveals that there is a location based on the dream world called the Land of Dreams which can be accessed by Funny using his funhouse tricks on anyone sleeping within them. In

10695-487: The main group of protagonists sometimes experience the lives of three soldiers, Laguna , Kiros , and Ward in what they call "the dream world" (which is actually the past) through a mysterious and gifted woman who is acquainted with both parties. The whole of Zanarkand in Final Fantasy X and its HD remake was a dream, along with the main character, Tidus . In the video game The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion , there

10810-437: The medieval advice of Cennino Cennini to copy ragged crags from small rough rocks was apparently followed by both Poussin and Thomas Gainsborough , while Degas copied cloud forms from a crumpled handkerchief held up against the light. The system of Alexander Cozens used random ink blots to give the basic shape of an invented landscape, to be elaborated by the artist. The distinctive background view across Lake Geneva to

10925-610: The most noted Industrial Landscape pieces is a 1955 painting in the Tate Gallery in London; other paintings of the same title are held in the collections of several galleries around the United Kingdom, such as The Lowry in Salford, while others are in private collections. L.S. Lowry was born in 1887 in Stretford , Lancashire . After spending much of his childhood in the leafy suburb of Victoria Park, Manchester , his family moved to

11040-580: The movie Sharkboy and Lavagirl the main characters enter a world dreamt up by a small boy in order to save the real world. Down Town is the land of nightmares where all people who are in comas go in the movie Monkeybone . Dreamworlds also appear in Total Recall and Vanilla Sky . Paprika (2006) is an anime film adaptation of the 1993 novel of the same name, which involves entering and manipulating dream worlds using dream-analysis devices. The film Waking Life takes place almost entirely in

11155-601: The only sign of human life is usually a sage, or a glimpse of his hut, uses sophisticated landscape backgrounds to figure subjects, and landscape art of this period retains a classic and much-imitated status within the Chinese tradition. Both the Roman and Chinese traditions typically show grand panoramas of imaginary landscapes, generally backed with a range of spectacular mountains – in China often with waterfalls and in Rome often including sea, lakes or rivers. These were frequently used, as in

11270-519: The plain canvas I hadn't the slightest idea as to what sort of Industrial Scene would result. But by making a start by putting say a Church or Chimney near the middle this picture seemed to come bit by bit". Certain elements in the picture may be identified as real locations, such as the Stockport Viaduct , a frequent motif in Lowry's work, which stretches across the distance on the left of the canvas, with

11385-502: The player can play with his/her Pokémon in an alternate world called the "Dream World". In Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance , the seventh installment in the game series Kingdom Hearts , the two main protagonists are sent to worlds that are in slumber and that are dreaming in order to pass the Mark of mastery exam. In Honkai: Star Rail , Penacony, the Planet of Festivities, originally

11500-585: The protagonist Zoë Castillo can travel to Marcuria by dreaming. There's a third world called 'Storytime' inspired by the Australian Dreamtime myths which is the place of the creation and where every story begins and ends. Also, the protagonist must stop a corporation called WATI-Corp which want to steal dreams and memories from people through their new entertainment device: the Dreamachine which allows people to make lucid dreams. In Final Fantasy VIII ,

11615-481: The sad, damp charged afternoon sky. The mill was turning out... I watched this scene — which I'd looked at many times without seeing — with rapture..." Lowry's art was shaped by his observations of the northern urban environment. A large part of the body of his work was focussed on representing scenes of industrial decay and urban deprivation in the North of England , and many of his landscapes consisted of bleak evocations of

11730-451: The same high view point, cutting away roofs as necessary. These appeared in the very long yamato-e scrolls of scenes illustrating the Tale of Genji and other subjects, mostly from the 12th and 13th centuries. The concept of the gentleman-amateur painter had little resonance in feudal Japan, where artists were generally professionals with a strong bond to their master and his school, rather than

11845-680: The second part of the 19th century, were Maksymilian Gierymski , Józef Chełmoński and Stanisław Masłowski In Spain, the main promoter of the genre was the Belgium-born painter Carlos de Haes , one of the most active landscape professors at the Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando in Madrid since 1857. After studying with the great Flemish landscape masters, he developed his technique to paint outdoors. Back in Spain, Haes took his students with him to paint in

11960-523: The situation was more complex than that. If they include any figures, they are very often such persons, or sages, contemplating the mountains. Famous works have accumulated numbers of red "appreciation seals" , and often poems added by later owners – the Qianlong Emperor (1711–1799) was a prolific adder of his own poems, following earlier Emperors. The shan shui tradition was never intended to represent actual locations, even when named after them, as in

12075-451: The sky far earlier than Western artists, who initially mainly use clouds as supports or covers for divine figures or heaven. Both panel paintings and miniatures in manuscripts usually had a patterned or gold "sky" or background above the horizon until about 1400, but frescos by Giotto and other Italian artists had long shown plain blue skies. The single surviving altarpiece from Melchior Broederlam , completed for Champmol in 1399, has

12190-479: The spectacular bird's-eye view in his engraving Nemesis shows an actual view in the Alps , with additional elements. Several landscapists are known to have made drawings and watercolour sketches from nature, but the evidence for early oil painting being done outside is limited. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood made special efforts in this direction, but it was not until the introduction of ready-mixed oil paints in tubes in

12305-555: The time as a specific genre, the popularity of Roman ruins inspired many Dutch landscape painters of the period to paint the ruins of their own region, such as monasteries and churches ruined after the Beeldenstorm . Jacob van Ruisdael is considered the most versatile of all Dutch Golden Age landscape painters. The popularity of landscapes in the Netherlands was in part a reflection of the virtual disappearance of religious painting in

12420-556: The trip. Indeed, certain styles were so popular that they became formulas that could be copied again and again. The publication in Antwerp in 1559 and 1561 of two series of a total of 48 prints (the Small Landscapes ) after drawings by an anonymous artist referred to as the Master of the Small Landscapes signaled a shift away from the imaginary, distant landscapes with religious content of

12535-513: The works of the Group of Seven , prominent in the 1920s. Although certainly less dominant in the period after World War I, many significant artists still painted landscapes in the wide variety of styles exemplified by Edvard Munch , Georgia O'Keeffe , Charles E. Burchfield , Neil Welliver , Alex Katz , Milton Avery , Peter Doig , Andrew Wyeth , David Hockney and Sidney Nolan . Landscape painting has been called "China's greatest contribution to

12650-455: The world depict little that could really be called landscape, although ground-lines and sometimes indications of mountains, trees or other natural features are included. The earliest "pure landscapes" with no human figures are frescos from Minoan art of around 1500 BCE. Hunting scenes, especially those set in the enclosed vista of the reed beds of the Nile Delta from Ancient Egypt, can give

12765-430: The world has existence independent of the characters in it. However, other authors have used the dreaming process as a way of accessing a world which, within the context of the fiction, holds as much consistency and continuity as physical reality. The use of "dream frames" to contain a fantasy world, and so explain away its marvels, has been criticized and has become much less prevalent. A similar motif, Locus amoenus ,

12880-437: The world landscape towards close-up renderings at eye-level of identifiable country estates and villages populated with figures engaged in daily activities. By abandoning the panoramic viewpoint of the world landscape and focusing on the humble, rural and even topographical, the Small Landscapes set the stage for Netherlandish landscape painting in the 17th century. After the publication of the Small Landscapes, landscape artists in

12995-465: Was also a great age for the topographical print, depicting more or less accurately a real view in a way that landscape painting rarely did. Initially these were mostly centred on a building, but over the course of the century, with the growth of the Romantic movement pure landscapes became more common. The topographical print, often intended to be framed and hung on a wall, remained a very popular medium into

13110-484: Was founded by Anthony van Dyck and other mostly Flemish artists working in England, but in the 18th century the works of Claude Lorrain were keenly collected and influenced not only paintings of landscapes, but the English landscape gardens of Capability Brown and others. In the 18th century, watercolour painting, mostly of landscapes, became an English specialty, with both a buoyant market for professional works, and

13225-615: Was purchased from Lowry by the Trustees of the Chantrey Bequest and presented to the Tate Gallery in 1956. Landscape scenes of industrial decay were one of Lowry's favoured themes, and several other works by Lowry bear the Industrial Landscape title, among them: Landscape painting Two main traditions spring from Western painting and Chinese art , going back well over a thousand years in both cases. The recognition of

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