Misplaced Pages

#608391

96-639: Dermayu is the old name for Indramayu, in the form of the Dermayu Sultanate that was founded by Sultan Khalif Aria Wirasamudra in 1478 after gaining independence from the Majapahit empire. Sultan Marangali became the last Dermayu Sultan in 1770, after that the area fully came under colonial rule of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). Indramayu is divided into 18 villages which are as follows: Eight of these are urban ( kelurahan - indicated by #) and

192-472: A cult, since he often invoked a divine quality of the king and his royal family. Nevertheless, the work seems to be independent of court's patronage since Prapanca wrote them incognito after he retired from the court. One of the religious practices of the Majapahit royal family was the "royal walkabout". They visited cornerstones of the empire and paid homage to the ancestors of the king. The poem also describes

288-529: A daughter together and he stayed with her in Java. Kelantan was ruled by his brother, Sultan Sadik Muhammad Shah, until his death in 1429. This necessitated Kemas Jiwa to return and took the throne as Iskandar, where he declared Kelantan as Majapahit II in Mahligai. Although Pararaton listed her husband as Bhra Hyang Parameswara Ratnapangkaja, which suggests she remarried after Kemas Jiwa returned. The reign of Suhita

384-438: A foothold on the northern coast of Java. Malacca prospered under Chinese Ming protection, while the Majapahit were steadily pushed back. Wikramawardhana ruled until 1429 and was succeeded by his daughter Suhita , who ruled from 1429 to 1447. She was the second child of Wikramawardhana by a concubine who was the daughter of Wirabhumi. She was married to future Kelantan king Iskandar Shah or Kemas Jiwa in 1427. Both of them had

480-403: A gate led to rows of houses set on terraces in which palace servants lived. Another gate led to a third courtyard crowded with houses and a great hall for those waiting to be admitted into the ruler's presence. The king's own quarters, which lay to the east of this courtyard, had pavilions on decorated red brick bases, ornately carved wooden pillars, and a roof decorated with clay ornaments. Outside

576-439: A king with formal name Rajasawardhana. He died in 1453. A three-year kingless period was possibly the result of a succession crisis. Girisawardhana , son of Kertawijaya, came to power in 1456. He died in 1466 and was succeeded by Singhawikramawardhana. In 1468 Prince Kertabhumi rebelled against Singhawikramawardhana, promoting himself as the king of Majapahit. Deposed Singhawikramawardhana retreated upstream of Brantas River, moved

672-496: A legend linked to the establishment of a new settlement in the forest of Trik by Raden Wijaya in 1292. It was said that the workers clearing the Trik forest encountered some maja trees and consumed their bitter-tasting fruit which then gave its name to the village. Strictly speaking, the name Majapahit refers to the kingdom's capital, but today it is common to refer to the kingdom with its capital's name. In Javanese primary sources,

768-478: A massive expedition of 1000 ships to Java in 1293. By that time, Jayakatwang , the Adipati (Duke) of Kediri , a vassal state of Singhasari, had usurped and killed Kertanagara. After being pardoned by Jayakatwang with the aid of Madura's regent Arya Wiraraja, Kertanegara's son-in-law Raden Wijaya was given the land of Tarik timberland. He then opened the vast timberland and built a new settlement there. The village

864-714: A naval exploration, but also a show of power and a display of geopolitical reach. The Chinese Ming dynasty had recently overthrown the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, and was eager to establish their hegemony in the world, which changed the geopolitical balance in Asia. The Chinese intervened in the politics of the southern seas by supporting Thais against the declining Khmer Empire, supporting and installing allied factions in India, Sri Lanka and other places in Indian Ocean coasts. However, perhaps

960-533: A primary historical account of Majapahit court during the reign of King Hayam Wuruk , as well as detailed information about the East Javanese countryside and a summary of Singhasari history. The Pararaton focuses on Ken Arok , the founder of Singhasari , but includes a number of shorter narrative fragments about the formation of Majapahit. The Javanese sources incorporate some poetic mythological elements into their historical accounts. This complexity has led to

1056-416: A royal monopoly. It also claimed relationships with Champa , Cambodia , Siam , southern Burma, and Vietnam, and even sent missions to China. Although the Majapahit rulers extended their power over other islands and destroyed neighbouring kingdoms, their focus seems to have been on controlling and gaining a larger share of the commercial trade that passed through the archipelago. About the time Majapahit

SECTION 10

#1733085378609

1152-584: A son from his previous marriage, the crown prince Wirabhumi , who also claimed the throne. By the time of Hayam Wuruk's death, Majapahit had lost its grip on its vassal states on the northern coasts of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, the latter which according to Chinese sources, would become a tributary state of the Ayutthaya Kingdom until the rise of Malacca Sultanate , supported by the Ming dynasty . In

1248-440: A story about a country called Tawalisi which oppose the king of China (Yuan dynasty) and waged war with him using numerous junks until he made a peace on certain conditions. Hayam Wuruk , also known as Rajasanagara, ruled Majapahit in 1350–1389. During this period, Majapahit attained its peak with the help of the prime minister Gajah Mada . Under Gajah Mada's command (1313–1364), Majapahit conquered more territories and became

1344-415: A variety of interpretive approaches. Cornelis Christiaan Berg, a Dutch historian, have considered the entire historical record to be not a record of the past, but a supernatural means by which the future can be determined. Most scholars do not accept this view, as the historical record corresponds in part with Chinese materials that could not have had similar intention. The references to rulers and details of

1440-555: Is also credited to the famous prime minister Gajah Mada . According to the Nagarakretagama written in 1365, Majapahit was an empire of 98 tributaries, stretching from Sumatra to New Guinea ; including territories in present-day Indonesia , Singapore , Malaysia , Brunei , southern Thailand , Timor Leste , southwestern Philippines (in particular the Sulu Archipelago ) although the scope of Majapahit sphere of influence

1536-547: Is also referred to by the Sanskrit-derived synonym Wilwatikta ( Sanskrit : विल्वतिक्त , romanized :  vilvatikta , lit.   'bitter maja '). Toponyms containing the word maja are common in the area in and around Trowulan (e.g. Mojokerto ), as it is a widespread practice in Java to name an area, a village or settlement with the most conspicuous or abundant tree or fruit species found in that region. The 16th-century chronicle Pararaton records

1632-566: Is an Old Javanese eulogy to Hayam Wuruk , a Javanese king of the Majapahit Empire . It was written on lontar as a kakawin by Mpu Prapanca in 1365 (1287 Saka year ). The Nagarakretagama contains detailed descriptions of the Majapahit Empire during its greatest extent. The poem affirms the importance of Hindu–Buddhism in the Majapahit empire by describing temples and palaces and several ceremonial observances. In 1894,

1728-484: Is found in the Indramayu area. Pertamina , the state's oil company, have operated a refinery just outside the town since 1994. That aside, because of an overall lack of industry and jobs, there is migration to other parts of Indonesia . In 2015, the unemployment in the town is 11.85% compared to a national average of 6.3% in 2016. Agriculture, trades, and services are the largest employers which altogether employed 73% of

1824-404: Is still the subject of debate among historians. The nature of Majapahit's relations and influence upon its overseas vassals and also its status as an empire still provokes discussion. Majapahit was one of the last major Hindu-Buddhist empires of the region and is considered to be one of the greatest and most powerful empires in the history of Indonesia and Southeast Asia. It is sometimes seen as

1920-452: Is subject to debate. It may have had limited or entirely notional influence over some of the tributary states , including Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Kalimantan , and eastern Indonesia, over which authority was claimed in the Nagarakretagama . Geographical and economic constraints suggest that rather than a regular centralised authority, the outer states were most likely to have been connected mainly by trade connections, which were probably

2016-1048: Is today), Kelang ( Klang Valley ), Kedah , Jerai ( Gunung Jerai ), and Kanjapiniran. Also in Canto 14 are territories east of Java: Badahulu and Lo Gajah (part of today's Bali ). Gurun and Sukun, Taliwang , Sapi (Sape town, east end of Sumbawa island, by the Sape Strait ) and Dompo , Sang Hyang Api , Bima . Sheran ( Seram Island ). Hutan Kadali ( Buru island). Gurun island, and Lombok Merah . Together with prosperous Sasak (central, north and east Lombok ) are already ruled. Bantayan with Luwu . Further east are Udamakatraya ( Sangir and Talaud ). Also mentioned are Makassar , Buton , Banggai , Kunir, Galiao with Selayar , Sumba , Solot , Muar . Also Wanda(n) ( Banda island), Ambon or Maluku islands, Kai-islands (Ewab Ohoi-Ewur Mas-Il Larvul-Ngabal-istiadat), Wanin (Onin peninsula, today Fakfak Regency , West Papua), Sran ( Sran or Kowiai, Kaimana ). Timor and other islands. "The wonders of

SECTION 20

#1733085378609

2112-527: Is written on lontar leaves. It was held in the library of Leiden University in the Netherlands, with inventory code number L Or 5.023. After its translation in the early 20th century, the Nagarakretagama became an inspiration and foundation of the Indonesian independence movement . In 1970, during the state visit of President Suharto to the Netherlands, the manuscript was given back to Indonesia. Today,

2208-610: The Dutch East Indies launched a military expedition against the Cakranegara royal house of Lombok . That year, the Dutch took the manuscript as part of the valuable Lombok treasure , war booty from the destroyed palace of Mataram -Cakranagara in Lombok. The first Western scholar to study the manuscript was J.L.A. Brandes  [ nl ] , a Dutch philologist . He accompanied

2304-471: The KNIL expedition to Lombok in 1894 and is credited with saving the valuable manuscripts collection of the Lombok royal library from being burnt in the chaos of the battle. A generation of Dutch scholars participated in translating the poem. Much of its historical value was due to its having been the product of priestly activities directed at enhancing the magical powers of the ruler at the time. The manuscript

2400-724: The Melayu Kingdom in Sumatra in 1275, Singhasari became the most powerful kingdom in the region. Kublai Khan , the Khagan of the Mongol Empire and the Emperor of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China, challenged Singhasari by sending emissaries demanding tribute. Kertanegara of Singhasari refused to pay the tribute, insulted Kublai's envoy, and challenged the Khan instead. In response, Kublai Khan sent

2496-485: The Regreg War , is thought to have occurred from 1405 to 1406. The war was fought as a contest of succession between the western court led by Wikramawardhana and the eastern court led by Bhre Wirabhumi . Wikramawardhana was victorious. Wirabhumi was caught and decapitated. However the civil war drained financial resources, exhausted the kingdom, and weakened Majapahit's grip on its outer vassals and colonies. During

2592-667: The Trowulan area, which was the royal capital of the kingdom. The area has become the centre for the study of Majapahit history. The Trowulan archaeological site was first documented in the 19th century by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles , Lieutenant-Governor of British Java of the East India Company from 1811 to 1816. He reported the existence of "ruins of temples... scattered about the country for many miles", and referred to Trowulan as "this pride of Java". Aerial and satellite imagery has revealed an extensive network of canals crisscrossing

2688-405: The 14th century (1368 AD, 1376 AD). The close proximity of the site with the kraton means there were Muslim people in close relation with the court. Following Hayam Wuruk's death in 1389, Majapahit power entered a period of decline with conflict over succession. Hayam Wuruk was succeeded by the crown princess Kusumawardhani, who married a relative, Prince Wikramawardhana . Hayam Wuruk also had

2784-494: The 14th century a Malay Kingdom of Singapura was established, and it promptly attracted a Majapahit navy that regarded it as Tumasik , a rebellious colony. Singapura was finally sacked by Majapahit in 1398, after approximately 1 month long siege by 300 jong and 200,000 men. The last king, Parameswara , fled to the west coast of the Malay Peninsula to establish the Melaka Sultanate in 1400. A war of succession, called

2880-804: The Lord of the Mountains, or the Supreme God of the Realm. This religious belief is indigenous to the Javanese people who combined the Deities of two religions, Hinduism and Buddhism , into the same God, the oneness of the Dharma , as is written in the Kakawin Sutasoma (see Bhinneka Tunggal Ika ). When Kertanegara was deified as Shiva–Buddha, he symbolised the collective powers of

2976-450: The Majapahit capital. Findings from April 2011 indicate the Majapahit capital was much larger than previously believed after some artefacts were uncovered. While significant details about the history of Majapahit remain vague, this period of Javanese history is the more comprehensively documented than any other. The most reliable written sources for this period are Old Javanese inscriptions on stone and metal, which are contemporary with

Indramayu - Misplaced Pages Continue

3072-518: The Majapahit rulers, as well as to correct certain errors found in the Pararaton . A few inscriptions found outside Java, such as the Pura Abang C inscription discovered in northern Bali, offer conclusive evidence that these areas were under Majapahit control during the late 14th century. Two important chronicle sources are available to historians of Majapahit: Deśavarṇana ("Description of Districts")

3168-526: The Ming emperor. Malacca actively encouraged the conversion to Islam in the region, while the Ming fleet actively established Chinese-Malay Muslim community in coastal northern Java, thus created a permanent opposition to the Hindus of Java. By 1430, the expeditions had established Muslim Chinese, Arab and Malay communities in northern ports of Java such as Semarang , Demak , Tuban , and Ampel ; thus Islam began to gain

3264-704: The Sunda royal family and the Majapahit troops on Bubat square was inevitable. Despite courageous resistance, the royal family were overwhelmed and decimated. Almost the whole of the Sundanese royal party was killed. Tradition mentioned that the heartbroken princess committed suicide to defend the honour of her country. The Battle of Bubat , or the Pasunda Bubat tragedy, became the main theme of Kidung Sunda , also mentioned in Carita Parahyangan and Pararaton , but it

3360-572: The actual fall of Majapahit itself as a whole. Demak sent reinforcements under Sunan Ngudung , who later died in battle and was replaced by Sunan Kudus , but they came too late to save Kertabumi although they managed to repel the Ranawijaya army. This event is mentioned in Trailokyapuri (Jiyu) and Petak inscription, where Ranawijaya claimed that he already defeated Kertabhumi and reunited Majapahit as one Kingdom. Ranawijaya ruled from 1474 to 1498 with

3456-526: The already crumbling empire. The rising power of the Sultanate of Malacca began to gain effective control of the Malacca Strait in the mid-15th century and expanding its influence to Sumatra. And amidst these events, Indragiri and Siantan, according to Malay Annals were given to Malacca as a dowry for the marriage of a Majapahit princess and the sultan of Malacca , further weakening Majapahit's influence on

3552-535: The capital and safely hid in Badander village. While the king was in hiding, Gajah Mada returned to the capital city to assess the situation. After learning that Kuti's rebellion was not supported by the people or nobles of Majapahit court, Gajah Mada raised resistance forces to crush the Kuti rebellion. After Kuti forces were defeated, Jayanegara was safely returned to his throne. For his loyalty and excellent service, Gajah Mada

3648-545: The ceremony, lion thrones were erected, where priests placed a flower effigy ( puspa ) symbolising the soul of the Queen Grandmother. The descent of the soul to earth and its final placement in the puspa were narrated in canto 64, stanza 5. The ceremony lasted for seven days. Colorful pageants crowded the main courtyard. The whole ceremony was performed to please the Rajapatni's soul in hopes that her favour would shine on

3744-456: The city: the red stone walls, thick and high, around the palace. The west gate called Pura Waktra, overlooking a spacious ground, belted with trench. Brahmastana tree with bodhi tree trunk, lining along the square, neatly shaped. That is where the royal guards stay, constantly patrolling and guarding the paseban . On the north side stood a beautiful gate with ornate iron door. To the east is the high stage, with stone-lined floor, white and shiny. In

3840-405: The country of Qaqula and Qamara. He arrived at the walled city named Qaqula/Kakula, and observed that the city had war junks for pirate raiding and collecting tolls and that elephants were employed for various purposes. He met the ruler of Mul Jawa and stayed as a guest for three days. Ibn Battuta said that the women of Java ride horses, understand archery, and fight like men. Ibn Battuta recorded

3936-514: The death of Hayam Wuruk's most trusted regent, Gajah Mada . The Queen Grandmother Rajapatni had a special place in Prapanca's poem. In one stanza, the poem describes the Queen Grandmother as chattra ning rat wisesa (the eminent protector of the world). Rajapatni was the progenitor of the Majapahit kingdom, because she was the daughter of Kertanegara, the last king of the Singhasari kingdom, and she

Indramayu - Misplaced Pages Continue

4032-571: The early 14th century, the Italian Friar Odoric of Pordenone visited the Majapahit court in Java. He mentioned Java to be well-populated and filled with cloves, nutmeg and many other spices. He also mentioned that the king of Java had seven vassals under him and engaged in several wars with the "khan of Cathay". In 1328, Jayanegara was murdered by his physician, Tanca , during a surgical operation. In complete mayhem and rage, Gajah Mada immediately killed Tanca. The motive behind this regicide

4128-526: The empire slowly declined before collapsing in 1527 due to an invasion by the Sultanate of Demak . The fall of Majapahit saw the rise of Islamic kingdoms in Java. Established by Raden Wijaya in 1292, Majapahit rose to power after the Mongol invasion of Java and reached its peak during the era of the queen Tribhuvana and her son Hayam Wuruk , whose reigns in the mid-14th century were marked by conquests that extended throughout Southeast Asia. This achievement

4224-486: The events they describe. These inscriptions provide valuable information about dynasties, religious affairs, village communities, society, economics, and the arts. The Majapahit dynasty is described in royal inscriptions such as Kudadu (issued in 1294), Sukhamerta (1296), Tuhanyaru (1323), Gajah Mada (1351), Waringin Pitu (1447) and Trailokyapuri (1486). These sources help us to clarify the family relationships and chronologies of

4320-528: The expansion of the Majapahit Empire involved diplomacy and alliance. Hayam Wuruk decided, probably for political reasons, to take princess Citra Rashmi (Dyah Pitaloka) of neighbouring Sunda Kingdom as his consort . The Sundanese took this proposal as an alliance agreement. In 1357 the Sunda king and his royal family came to Majapahit to accompany and marry his daughter to Hayam Wuruk. However, Gajah Mada saw this event as an opportunity to demand Sunda's submission to Majapahit overlordship. The skirmish between

4416-832: The first battle in April 1358; killed Majapahit soldiers were burned in Tambak Wasi. Nansarunai captain Jamuhala was also killed in this battle. While prince Jarang and prince Idong hid in Man near Tabalong-kiwa river. Nansarunai soldiers were concentrated in Pulau Kadap before the second battle happened in December 1362. Casualties from this second battle were buried in Tambak in Bayu Hinrang. In this war Raden Anyan

4512-473: The formal name Girindrawardhana, with Udara as his vice-regent. This event led to the war between the Sultanate of Demak and Daha since Demak rulers were descendants of Kertabhumi. During this period, Demak , being the dominant ruler of the Javanese coastal lands and Java as a whole, seized the region of Jambi and Palembang in Sumatra from Majapahit. In 1498, there was a turning point when Girindrawardhana

4608-418: The fortune of Malayu in Sumatra, in the 1370s, a Malay ruler of Palembang sent an envoy to the court of the first emperor of the newly established Ming dynasty . He invited China to resume the tributary system, just like Srivijaya did several centuries earlier. Learning this diplomatic manoeuvre, immediately King Hayam Wuruk sent an envoy to Nanking, convinced the emperor that Malayu was their vassal, and

4704-444: The founder of the Singhasari kingdom , Rajasa . At the waxing moon, on the twelfth night, they invited there that swah (soul), sutra (sacred texts) recital was performed and homa (fire offering) worship, on the other hand also parίshrama (amphidromy); they were (only considered) complete at the arrival of the swah (soul) again (on earth). The honoured holy puspa (flower effigy) was worked on with yoga (concentration); in

4800-833: The greatest extent of Majapahit, making it one of the most influential empires in Indonesian history. It is considered a commercial trading empire in the civilisation of Asia. In 1355, Hayam Wuruk launched the third invasion of Dayak Ma'anyan kingdom of Nan Sarunai , which at the time was led by Raden Anyan or Datu Tatuyan Wulau Miharaja Papangkat Amas. This invasion was led by Ampu Jatmika from Kalingga, Kediri with his entourage which according to Hikayat Banjar included his advisor Aria Megatsari, general Tumenggung Tatah Jiwa, minister Wiramartas, punokawan Patih Baras, Patih Basi, Patih Luhu, dan Patih Dulu, and bodyguards Sang Panimba Segara, Sang Pembelah Batung, Sang Jampang Sasak, and Sang Pengeruntung 'Garuntung' Manau. Multiple battles happened with

4896-531: The king of Java lived. The report was composed and collected in Yingya Shenglan , which provides valuable insight on the culture, customs, and also various social and economic aspects of Java ( 爪哇 , chao-wa ) during Majapahit period. The Veritable Records of the Ming Dynasty ( Ming shi-lu ) provide supporting evidence for specific events in Majapahit history, such as the Regreg War . After defeating

SECTION 50

#1733085378609

4992-473: The king's wishes. It was not clear what motivated Jayanegara's wish – it might have been his way to ensure his claim to the throne by preventing rivals from being his half-sisters' suitors, although in the later period of the Majapahit court the custom of marriage among cousins was quite common. In the Pararaton , he was known as Kala Gemet , or "weak villain". Around the time of Jayanegara's reign in

5088-531: The kingdom as an extended territory is generally referred to not as Majapahit but rather as bhūmi Jawa ("land of Java") in Old Javanese or yava-dvīpa- maṇḍala ("country of the island of Java") in Sanskrit . Compared to contemporary societies elsewhere in Asia, little physical evidence of Majapahit remains, Majapahit did produce physical evidence: the main ruins dating from the Majapahit period are clustered in

5184-531: The kingdom's capital further inland to Daha (the former capital of Kediri kingdom ), effectively splitting Majapahit, under Bhre Kertabumi in Trowulan and Singhawikramawardhana in Daha. Singhawikramawardhana continued his rule until he was succeeded by his son Girindrawardhana (Ranawijaya) in 1474. And in between this period of the dividing court of Majapahit, the kingdom found itself unable to control its western part of

5280-662: The manuscript is held by the National Library of Indonesia , with inventory code number NB 9. In May 2008, UNESCO recognised the significance of the Nagarakretagama by naming it "The Memory of the World - Regional Register for Asia/Pacific", and finally registered it in 2013. Historians have examined the poem for what it reveals about political history. In canto 13 to 14, the poet Prapanca named several states within today's Indonesian borders. This suggested that those areas were within Majapahit spheres of influence. Prapanca said

5376-470: The most significant Chinese intervention was its support for the newly established Sultanate of Malacca as a rival and counter-weight to the Majapahit influence of Java. Previously, Majapahit had succeeded in asserting its influence in Malacca strait by containing the aspiration of Malay polities in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula to ever reach the geopolitical might like those of Srivijaya. The Hindu Majapahit

5472-766: The neighbouring island of Bali . According to the Babad Arya Tabanan manuscript, in 1342 Majapahit forces led by Gajah Mada, assisted by his general Arya Damar, the regent of Palembang, landed in Bali. After seven months of battles, Majapahit forces defeated the Balinese king and captured the Balinese capital of Bedulu in 1343. After the conquest of Bali, Majapahit distributed the governing authority of Bali among Arya Damar's younger brothers, Arya Kenceng, Arya Kutawandira, Arya Sentong, and Arya Belog. Arya Kenceng led his brothers to govern Bali under Majapahit suzerainty, and he would become

5568-399: The night was performed the eminent pratistha (placing) ceremony. Prapanca told details of the sraddha ceremony, performed to honour the soul of a deceased. He described specifically the ceremony for the Queen Grandmother's soul, Gayatri Rajapatni , who had died twelve years earlier. In the canto 63, stanza 4, Prapanca narrated the preparation of the ceremony by the court artisans. During

5664-495: The north, south from the marketplace, full with elongated houses, very beautiful. On the south a road intersection: a soldier hall stood, where they held a meeting every Caitra month." The manuscript describes the capital city of Majapahit. According to the account of Prapanca in the Nagarakretagama poem, the royal compound was surrounded by a thick, high wall of red brick . Nearby was the fortified guard post. The main gate into

5760-602: The old Srivijaya , the only suzerainty under Majapahit in Sumatra, bordering Pagaruyung Kingdom on the west and independent Muslim kingdoms on the north. This Ming dynasty voyages are extremely important for Majapahit historiography, since Zheng He's translator Ma Huan wrote Yingya Shenglan , a detailed description of Majapahit, which provides valuable insight on the culture, customs, and also various social and economic aspects of Java during Majapahit period. The Chinese provided systematic support to Malacca, and its sultan made at least one trip to personally pay obeisance to

5856-450: The other ten are rural desa . Indramayu has a tropical savanna climate of Aw sub-type with moderate to little rainfall from May to November and heavy rainfall from December to April. The number of (registered) citizens of Indramayu Regency is about 1,851,000, but in the town itself just 120,866 people reside as at mid 2021. The estimated land area of the town of Indramayu is 51.78 km (19.99 sq mi). The local population near

SECTION 60

#1733085378609

5952-399: The palace was located in the north wall, and was entered through huge doors of decorated iron. Outside the north gate was a long building where courtiers met once a year, a market place, and a sacred crossroads. Just inside the north gate was a courtyard containing religious buildings. On the western side of this courtyard were pavilions surrounded by canals where people bathed. At the south end

6048-545: The palace were quarters for Shiva priests, Buddhists, and other members of the nobility. Further away, and separated from the palace by open fields, were more royal compounds, including that of the chief minister Gajah Mada . all the multitude of the artisans there, making plaited bamboo-work, fashioning the sthana singha (lion-throne) in the wanguntur (main court-yard), setting aside those who carved wawans (carriers) for food, bukubukuran (all kinds of tower-like structures) and figures and things of that kind. Took part also

6144-461: The poem describes the deification of Kertanegara in three forms: a splendid Jina , an Ardhanarishvara , and an imposing Shiva - Buddha . Particularly for the Shiva–Buddha Deity, Prapanca praises him as "the honoured Illustrious Protector of Mountains, Protector of the protectorless. He is surely, Ruler over the rulers of the world". The Shiva–Buddha Deity is neither Shiva nor Buddha, but

6240-461: The precedent for Indonesia's modern boundaries. Its influence extended beyond the modern territory of Indonesia and has been the subject of many studies. The name Majapahit (sometimes also spelled Mojopait to reflect Javanese pronunciation), derives from Javanese , meaning "bitter maja ". German orientalist Berthold Laufer suggested that the maja element comes from the Javanese name of Aegle marmelos , an Indonesian tree. Majapahit

6336-652: The progenitor of the Balinese kings of the Tabanan and Badung royal houses. Through this campaign, Majapahit planted a vassal dynasty that would rule the Bali Kingdom in the following centuries. Tribhuwana ruled Majapahit until the death of her mother in 1350. She abdicated the throne in favour of her son, Hayam Wuruk. Ibn Battuta in his travels between 1332 and 1347 visited a place called "Mul Jawa" (island of Java or Majapahit Java, as opposed to "al-Jawa" which refers to Sumatra). The empire spanned 2 months of travel and ruled over

6432-462: The queen of Majapahit under Rajapatni's auspices. Tribhuwana appointed Gajah Mada as the prime minister in 1336. During his inauguration Gajah Mada declared his Palapa oath , revealing his plan to expand Majapahit realm and building an empire . During Tribhuwana's rule, the Majapahit kingdom grew much larger and became famous in the area. Under the initiative of her able and ambitious prime minister, Gajah Mada , Majapahit sent its armada to conquer

6528-794: The regional power. According to the Nagarakretagama , canto XIII and XIV mentioned several states in Sumatra , the Malay Peninsula , Borneo , Sulawesi , Nusa Tenggara islands, Maluku , New Guinea , Mindanao , Sulu Archipelago , Luzon and some parts of the Visayas islands as under the Majapahit realm of power. The Hikayat Raja Pasai , a 14th-century Aceh chronicle describe a Majapahit naval invasion on Samudra Pasai in 1350. The attacking force consisted of 400 large jong and an uncountable number of malangbang and kelulus . This expansion marked

6624-416: The reign of Wikramawardhana, a series of Ming armada naval expeditions led by Zheng He , a Muslim Chinese admiral, arrived in Java several times spanning the period from 1405 to 1433. These Chinese voyages visited numbers of ports in Asia as far as Africa, including Majapahit ports. It was said that Zheng He has paid a visit to the Majapahit court in Java. These massive Chinese voyages were not merely

6720-458: The reign of her descendants. The posthumous ceremony continued and the king ordered the repair of the Kamal Pundak sanctuary to enact a new holy shrine ( candi ) for the Queen Grandmother, deified as the Prajnaparamita . Nagarakretagama was written as a puja sastra , a genre of Old Javanese literature of adoration and reverence, directed mainly to King Hayam Wuruk . Prapanca did not shy away to express his admiration, even bordering somewhat

6816-467: The shore subside on fishing. Furthermore, kapok , cloves , citrus and other fruits are cultivated. Indramayu is famous for the special sweet mangosteens and is also known as one of mango producers in West Java . Indramayu was known as Indonesia's main rice supplier in the early 1980s to late 1990s. 98.8% of the inhabitants are adherents of Islam , with the others being Protestant or Catholic Christians, Hindus, Buddhists, and Confucians. Crude oil

6912-476: The smiths of dadaps (embossed coverings) of gold and silver, all of them bestirring themselves the more in their respective customary occupations. In the poem, Prapanca recounted Hayam Wuruk's religious observances in the Candi Singhasari , in which he entered the sanctuary and performed the puspa ceremony for his great-grandfather Kertanegara . After the visit, he went to Kagenengan to perform worship to

7008-455: The state structure show no sign of being invented. The Chinese historical sources on Majapahit mainly acquired from the chronicles of the Yuan and following Ming dynasty . The Chinese accounts on Majapahit are mainly owed to the Ming admiral Zheng He 's reports during his visit to Majapahit between 1405 and 1432. Zheng He's translator Ma Huan wrote a detailed description of Majapahit and where

7104-517: The states were subsumed by Majapahit or were vassal states. In Canto 13, several lands on Sumatra are mentioned, some of which possibly correspond to contemporary areas: Jambi , Palembang , Teba ( Muaro Tebo ), and Dharmasraya . Also mentioned are Kandis, Kahwas, Minangkabau , Siak , Rokan , Kampar and Pane , Kampe, Haru ( Aru Kingdom in coastal North Sumatra , today around Medan ), and Mandailing . Tamiyang ( Aceh Tamiang Regency ), negara Perlak ( Peureulak ), and Padang Lawas are noted in

7200-494: The two princesses – Gitarja and Rajadewi, the daughters of Gayatri Rajapatni from the king's cruelty. Since the slain king was childless, he left no successor. Jayanegara's stepmother, Gayatri Rajapatni – the most revered matriarch of the court – was supposed to take the helm. However, Rajapatni had retired from worldly affairs to become a Buddhist nun . Rajapatni appointed her daughter, Dyah Gitarja , or known in her formal regnal name as Tribhuwannottungadewi Jayawishnuwardhani, as

7296-457: The way for Ranawijaya to defeat Kertabumi. Dates for the end of the Majapahit Empire range from 1478, traditionally described in sinengkalan or chandrasengkala ( chronogram ) Sirna ilang kertaning bhumi that is correspond to 1400 Saka , to 1527. The year 1478 was the year of Sudarma Wisuta war , when Ranawijaya's army under general Udara (who later became vice-regent) breached Trowulan defences and killed Kertabumi in his palace, but not

7392-744: The west, together with Samudra ( Samudra Pasai ) and Lamuri , Batan ( Bintan ), Lampung , and Barus . Also listed are the states of Tanjungnegara (believed to be on Borneo ): Kapuas Katingan , Sampit , Kota Lingga, Kota Waringin , Sambas , and Lawas. In Canto 14 several lands on Borneo (and Philippines) are mentioned: Kadandangan, Landa , Samadang, Tirem, Sedu ( Sarawak ), Barune ( Brunei ), Kalka, Saludung (Manila), Solot ( Sulu ), Pasir, Barito , Sawaku, Tabalung , Tanjung Kutei and Malano . And also in Hujung Medini (and Singapore): Pahang , Langkasuka , Saimwang, Kelantan , Trengganu , Johor , Paka , Muar , Dungun , Tumasik (where Singapore

7488-496: The western part of the archipelago. Kertabhumi managed to stabilize this situation by allying with Muslim merchants, giving them trading rights on the north coast of Java, with Demak as its centre and in return asked for their loyalty to Majapahit. This policy boosted the Majapahit treasury and power but weakened Hindu-Buddhism as its main religion because Islamic proselytizing spread faster, especially in Javanese coastal principalities. Hindu-Buddhist followers' grievances later paved

7584-568: The workforce. The majority of "agricultural" workers are either rice farmers or fishermen, which employs about 5,000 workers each. This West Java location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Majapahit Majapahit ( Javanese : ꦩꦗꦥꦲꦶꦠ꧀ , romanized:  Måjåpahit ; Javanese pronunciation: [mɔd͡ʒɔpaɪt] (eastern and central dialect) or [mad͡ʒapaɪt] (western dialect) ), also known as Wilwatikta ( Javanese : ꦮꦶꦭ꧀ꦮꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦠ ; Javanese pronunciation: [wɪlwatɪkta] ),

7680-471: Was a Javanese Hindu - Buddhist thalassocratic empire in Southeast Asia based on the island of Java (in modern-day Indonesia ). At its greatest extent, following significant military expansions, the territory of the empire and its tributary states covered almost the entire Nusantara archipelago , spanning both Asia and Oceania . After a civil war that weakened control over the vassal states,

7776-688: Was also the wife of Raden Wijaya , the founder of Majapahit. Thus she was seen as the protector of the world. The Queen Grandmother is said in the poem to embody the Pramabhagavati ; Bhagavati is another name of Prajnaparamita (the Goddess of Wisdom in Mahayana ). The poem portrays Kertanegara as a staunch Buddhist , described as "submissive at the Feet of the Illustrious Shakya -Lion ". Upon his death,

7872-485: Was also their last chance to catch the monsoon winds home; otherwise, they would have had to wait for another six months. In 1293, Raden Wijaya founded a stronghold with the capital Majapahit. The exact date used as the birth of the Majapahit kingdom is the day of his coronation, the 15th of Kartika month in the year 1215 using the Javanese Shaka era , which equates to 10 November 1293. During his coronation he

7968-430: Was composed 1365 and the Pararaton ("The Monarchs") was compiled sometime between 1481 and 1600. Both of these chronicles survive as 19th- or 20th-century palm-leaf manuscripts. The Deśavarṇana (also known as Nagarakretagama ) is an Old Javanese eulogy written during the Majapahit golden age under the reign of Hayam Wuruk , after which some events are covered narratively. Composed by Mpu Prapanca , it provides

8064-742: Was deposed by his vice-regent, Udara. After this coup, the war between Demak and Majapahit receded, since Raden Patah , Sultan of Demak, left Majapahit alone like his father had done before, some source said Udara agreed to become a vassal of Demak, even marrying Raden Patah's youngest daughter. Meanwhile, in the west, Malacca was captured by Portuguese in 1511 . The delicate balance between Demak and Majapahit ended when Udara, seeing an opportunity to eliminate Demak, asked for Portuguese help in Malacca, forcing Demak to attack both Malacca and Majapahit under Adipati Yunus to end this alliance. Nagarakretagama The Nagarakretagama or Nagarakṛtāgama , also known as Desawarnana or Deśavarṇana ,

8160-502: Was founded, Muslim traders and proselytisers began entering the area. The Troloyo/Tralaya tomb, a remnant of Islamic cemetery compound was discovered within the Trowulan area, the royal capital of Majapahit. Experts suggest that the cemetery was used between 1368 and 1611 AD, which means Muslim traders had resided in the capital as early as the mid-14th century during the reign of Hayam Wuruk. Two Muslim tombstones in Troloyo were dated from

8256-546: Was given the formal name Kertarajasa Jayawardhana. King Kertarajasa took all four daughters of Kertanegara as his wives, his first wife and prime queen consort Tribhuwaneswari, and her sisters: Prajnaparamita, Narendraduhita, and Gayatri Rajapatni the youngest. According to Pararaton, he also took a Sumatran Malay Dharmasraya princess named Dara Petak as his wife. The new kingdom faced challenges. Some of Kertarajasa's most trusted men, including Ranggalawe , Sora , and Nambi rebelled against him, though unsuccessfully. It

8352-617: Was killed, speared by Mpu Nala, and buried in Banua Lawas. In its place, Ampu Jatmika founded a Hindu kingdom state, Negara Dipa under Majapahit tributary, predecessor of Banjar . While surviving Javanese, Dayak, Madurese, and Bugis soldiers, sailors, metalsmiths of this war settled in Amuntai, Alabio, and Nagara. These invasions were recorded in Dayak Ma'anyan poetry as Nansarunai Usak Jawa . Along with launching naval and military expeditions,

8448-550: Was named Majapahit , which was taken from the name of a fruit that had a bitter taste ( maja is the fruit name and pahit means bitter). When the Yuan army sent by Kublai Khan arrived, Wijaya allied himself with the army to fight against Jayakatwang. Once Jayakatwang was destroyed, Raden Wijaya forced his allies to withdraw from Java by launching a surprise attack. The Yuan army had to withdraw in confusion as they were in hostile territory, with their ships being attacked by Javanese navy. It

8544-450: Was never clear. According to the Pararaton , it was Tanca's revenge for the king sexually abusing his wife. However, according to the Balinese manuscript Babad Dalem , the assassination was a stratagem crafted by Gajah Mada himself to rid the kingdom of an evil tyrant. Tradition mentions that the immoral, cruel and abusive king often seduced and abused women, even the wives of his own subordinates. Other possible reason includes to protect

8640-664: Was never mentioned in Nagarakretagama . The Nagarakretagama , written in 1365, depicts a sophisticated court with refined taste in art and literature and a complex system of religious rituals. The poet describes Majapahit as the centre of a huge mandala extending from New Guinea and Maluku to Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula . Local traditions in many parts of Indonesia retain accounts of 14th-century Majapahit's power in more or less legendary form. The direct administration of Majapahit did not extend beyond east Java and Bali , but challenges to Majapahit's claim to overlordship in outer islands drew forceful responses. To revive

8736-559: Was not an independent country. Subsequently, in 1377, a few years after the death of Gajah Mada, Majapahit sent a punitive naval attack against a rebellion in Palembang, contributing to the end of the Srivijayan successor kingdom. Besides Gajah Mada, Another famous military leader was Adityawarman , known for his chronicle in Minangkabau . The nature of the Majapahit empire and its extent

8832-399: Was promoted to high office to begin his career in royal court politics. According to tradition, Wijaya's son and successor, Jayanegara, was notorious for his immorality. One of his distasteful acts was his desire to take his half-sisters, Gitarja and Rajadewi, as wives. Since Javanese tradition abhorred the practice of half-siblings marrying, the council of royal elders spoke strongly against

8928-526: Was succeeded by his heir Jayanegara . The reign of Jayanegara was a difficult and chaotic one, troubled with several rebellions by his father's former companions in arms. Among others are Gajah Biru's rebellion in 1314, Semi rebellion in 1318 , and the Kuti rebellion in 1319 . The Kuti rebellion was the most dangerous one, as Kuti managed to take control of the capital city. With the help of Gajah Mada and his Bhayangkara palace guard, Jayanegara barely escaped from

9024-514: Was suspected that the Mahapati Halayudha set the conspiracy to overthrow all of his rivals in the court, led them to revolt against the king, while he gained king's favour and attained the highest position in the government. However, following the death of the last rebel Kuti , Halayudha's treachery was exposed, subsequently, he was captured, jailed for his stratagems and then sentenced to death. Wijaya himself died in 1309. Kertarajasa Wijaya

9120-543: Was the most powerful maritime power in Southeast Asian seas that time and were opposed to Chinese expansion into their sphere of influence. The Ming's support for Malacca and the spread of Islam propagated by both Malacca and Zheng He's treasure fleet has weakened Majapahit maritime influence in Sumatra, which caused the northern part of the island to increasingly converting to Islam and gained independence from Majapahit, leaving Indragiri , Jambi and Palembang , remnants of

9216-468: Was the second time Majapahit was reigned by a queen regnant after her great-grandmother Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi. Her reign is immortalized in Javanese legend of Damarwulan , as it involves a maiden queen named Prabu Kenya in the story, and during Suhita's reign there was a war with Blambangan as stated in the legend. In 1447, Suhita died and was succeeded by Kertawijaya , her brother. He ruled until 1451. After Kertawijaya died, Bhre Pamotan became

#608391