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Indonesian Naval Academy

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The Naval Academy ( Indonesian : Akademi Angkatan Laut or AAL ) is a service academy of the Indonesian Navy , the naval component of the Indonesian National Armed Forces Academy System or the AKABRI . Its campus is located in Surabaya , East Java and trains men and women to become officers of the Navy, including the Indonesian Marine Corps , Fleet Forces, Naval Aviation and support branches.

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128-533: The Naval Academy opened its doors on 10 October 1951 as the Naval Institute of Surabaya ( Institut Angkatan Laut ), its creation sanctioned by Ministerial Decree D/MP/279/1951 dated 29 June 1951 and Ministerial Decree D/MP/313/51 dated 28 July 1951 of the Ministry of Defense. Major R. S. Hadiwinarso was its first superintendent. President Sukarno , provincial and city leaders were present during its inauguration in

256-524: A 21-person committee tasked with creating the specific governmental structure of the future Indonesian state. On 9 August, the top leaders of PPKI (Sukarno, Hatta and KRT Radjiman Wediodiningrat ), were summoned by Commander-in-Chief of Japan's Southern Expeditionary Forces, Field Marshal Hisaichi Terauchi , to Da Lat , 100 km from Saigon . Terauchi gave Sukarno the freedom to proceed with preparation for Indonesian independence, free of Japanese interference. After much wining and dining, Sukarno's entourage

384-412: A 5-year term. The Amended 1945 Constitution : The presidential candidate has to be an Indonesian citizen since their birth, who has not willingly become a citizen in another nation, has not betrayed the nation, and is physically and mentally capable of performing the duties. Amended Constitution also states that further criteria will be determined by laws. The president is also required to be nominated by

512-660: A Bachelor of Applied Defense Science degree. As all cadets are commissioned as second lieutenants upon graduation, naval and leadership education is nested with academic instruction. Military training and discipline fall under the purview of the Office of the Commandant of Cadets. Entering freshmen, or 4th class cadets, are referred to as New Cadets, and enter the academy on Reception Day (in September) to start their military service training as future officers and are recognized as full cadets in

640-701: A Political Party or a coalition of Political Parties. 2017 Law No. 7 Regarding Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections The presidential candidate must: This law also stipulates that only political parties or a coalition of political parties that obtained 20% of the seats in the DPR or 25% of the total valid votes in the previous election may nominate president and vice president candidate. The Original 1945 Constitution : The presidential candidate has to be of Indonesian origin. The 1950 Provisional Constitution : The presidential candidate has to be an Indonesian citizen aged at least 30 years old. They cannot be someone who

768-608: A ceremony in January the following year alongside cadets from the other service branches and the National Police, where they receive ceremonial daggers. Additionally the cadets of the academy, which form the student body known as the Regiment of Naval Cadets, have additional open water and pool training to emphasize their readiness for ocean and water survival upon their completion of studies and commissioning as officers, plus sail training on

896-511: A focus on architecture ) at the Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng (Bandoeng Institute of Technology), where he obtained an Ingenieur degree (abbreviated as "Ir.", a Dutch-type engineer's degree ) in 1926. During his study in Bandung , Sukarno became romantically involved with Inggit Garnasih  [ id ] , the wife of Sanoesi, the owner of the boarding house where he lived as

1024-584: A full-time, four-year undergraduate program that emphasizes instruction in the arts, sciences, and professions with no graduate program, preparing men and women to take on the challenge of being officers of the Indonesian Navy. The academy is accredited by the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education. Cadets who passed the initial selection process will first attend a 1-year basic program in Indonesian Military Academy with students from

1152-594: A location that was recently acquired by the national government. The academy's first battalion of naval cadets were made up of officer cadets of the sea services and support branches, and by 1952 had opened its doors to cadets of the electronics branches and the Marine Corps. By 1954, the Navy set a 3-year course for its naval cadets and by 1961 had adopted its present 4-year curriculum of study of its cadets. It acquired its present name Akademy Angkatan Laut in 1956 (the name

1280-533: A national army, for fear of antagonizing the Allied occupation forces and their doubt over whether they would have been able to form an adequate military apparatus to maintain control of seized territory. The members of various militia groups formed during Japanese occupation such as the disbanded PETA and Heiho , at that time were encouraged to join the BKR - Badan Keamanan Rakjat (The People's Security Organization), itself

1408-459: A pension. Former presidents are also entitled to a house, with electricity, water, and telephone bills covered by the government. In addition to that, former presidents shall have free healthcare for their families and a car with a chauffeur . The presidents of Indonesia, as the issuer of decorations and the Grandmaster of Star Decorations ( Tanda Kehormatan Bintang ) are automatically awarded

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1536-544: A platform for himself to spread nationalist ideas to the mass population. The Japanese, on the other hand, needed Indonesia's workforce and natural resources to help its war effort. The Japanese recruited millions of people, mainly from Java, to be forced labour called romusha in Japanese. They were forced to build railways, airfields, and other facilities for the Japanese within Indonesia and as far away as Burma . Additionally,

1664-494: A presidential obligation to deliver accountability speeches near the end of his terms. During the speech, Suharto outlined the achievements that his administration had made and how those achievements had adhered to the GBHN set by the MPR. Despite the constitutional and democratic façade, Suharto made sure that the MPR was subservient to him. In 1969, a law was passed that required appointments to

1792-531: A pro-independence party, the Indonesian National Party (PNI), of which Sukarno was elected the first leader. The party advocated independence for Indonesia , and opposed imperialism and capitalism because it opined that both systems worsened the life of Indonesian people. The party also advocated secularism and unity amongst the many different ethnicities in the Dutch East Indies, to establish

1920-412: A promise of office before officially becoming president. The term of office is five years and after that the president can be re-elected for only one more term, whether successive or separated. The president and vice president candidate must receive over half the votes total, including at least 20% of the votes in at least half the 38 provinces to win. In the event that no ticket wins an outright victory,

2048-410: A result, he was given the title "Father of Proclamation." After a chaotic period of parliamentary democracy , Sukarno established an autocratic system called " Guided Democracy " in 1959 that successfully ended the instability and rebellions which were threatening the survival of the diverse and fractious country. In the early 1960s Sukarno embarked on a series of aggressive foreign policies under

2176-464: A runoff is held between the two tickets with the first and second most votes in the first round, with the ticket that receives the most votes elected as President and Vice President. The Original 1945 Constitution : Together with the vice president, the president is elected by the MPR with the largest number of votes. The president-elect is also required to read either an oath or a promise of office before officially becoming president. The term of office

2304-657: A series of raids throughout Java. Sukarno himself was arrested while on a visit to Yogyakarta . During his trial at the Bandung Landraad courthouse from August to December 1930, Sukarno made a series of long political speeches attacking colonialism and imperialism, titled Indonesia Menggoegat ( Indonesia Accuses ). In December 1930, Sukarno was sentenced to four years in prison, which were served in Sukamiskin prison in Bandung. His speech, however, received extensive coverage by

2432-522: A small house in Rengasdengklok, Karawang , owned by a Chinese family and occupied by PETA. There they gained Sukarno's commitment to declare independence the next day. That night, the youths drove Sukarno back to the house of Admiral Tadashi Maeda, the Japanese naval liaison officer in the Menteng area of Jakarta, who sympathised with Indonesian independence. There, he and his assistant Sajoeti Melik prepared

2560-477: A student. Inggit was 13 years older than Sukarno. In March 1923, Sukarno divorced Siti Oetari to marry Inggit (who also divorced her husband Sanoesi). Sukarno later divorced Inggit and married Fatmawati. Atypically even among the country's small educated elite, Sukarno was fluent in several languages. In addition to the Javanese language of his childhood, he was a master of Sundanese , Balinese and Indonesian , and

2688-647: A subordinate of the "War Victims Assistance Organization". It was only in October 1945 that the BKR was reformed into the TKR – Tentara Keamanan Rakjat ( People's Security Army ) in response to the increasing Allied and Dutch presence in Indonesia. The TKR armed themselves mostly by attacking Japanese troops and confiscating their weapons. Due to the sudden transfer of Java and Sumatra from General Douglas MacArthur 's American-controlled Southwest Pacific Command to Lord Louis Mountbatten 's British-controlled Southeast Asian Command,

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2816-524: A united Indonesia. Sukarno also hoped that Japan would commence a war against the western powers and that Indonesia could then gain its independence with Japan's aid . Coming soon after the disintegration of Sarekat Islam in the early 1920s and the crushing of the Indonesian Communist Party after its failed rebellion of 1926 , the PNI began to attract a large number of followers, particularly among

2944-462: A whole they are referred as Kadet AAL or Taruna AAL (Cadets of the Naval Academy). The Regiment of Naval Cadets is made up of four battalions, each composed of 3-5 companies of cadets from the 3rd to 1st classes onward (due to the joint service training done by the 4th class cadets), and all are led by Cadet Staff Sergeant Majors. Naval Cadets wear service dress uniforms similar to those of

3072-540: Is Prabowo Subianto , who assumed office on 20 October 2024 . The Indonesian presidency was established during the formulation of the 1945 Constitution by the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (BPUPK). The office was first filled on 18 August 1945 when Sukarno was elected by acclamation by the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) because according to

3200-477: Is also able to seek advice from the Supreme Advisory Council (DPA). The 1950 Provisional Constitution : The president is assisted by the vice president. The Amended 1945 Constitution : If the president dies, resigns, removed, or is unable to perform their duties for any reason, they are replaced by the vice president . If the vice president becomes vacant, the president nominates two candidates and

3328-463: Is assisted by the vice president and their ministers . The ministers are appointed and dismissed by the president. Each minister is in charge of certain government affairs. The president is also allowed to form their own advisory teams which will further be regulated by laws passed by the DPR. The Original 1945 Constitution : The president is assisted by the vice president and their ministers. The president

3456-420: Is deemed to be undesirable or has had their right to take part in elections revoked. They are also required to not be involved with any private corporations. The Amended 1945 Constitution : Together with the vice president, the president is elected directly by the people on a single ticket. Further election rules are determined by laws passed by the DPR . The president-elect is required to read either an oath or

3584-452: Is five years and after that the president can be re-elected again. The 1950 Provisional Constitution : Together with the vice president, the president is elected according to rules specified by laws. The president-elect is required to read either an oath or a promise or a statement of office before officially becoming president. The president is constitutionally required to live where the seat of Government is. Before entering his/her office,

3712-483: The CIA and British intelligence services , resulting in an estimated 500,000 to over 1,000,000 deaths. In 1967, Suharto officially assumed the presidency, replacing Sukarno, who remained under house arrest until his death in 1970. His eldest daughter Megawati Sukarnoputri , who was born during her father's rule in 1947, later served as the fifth president of Indonesia from 2001 to 2004. The name Sukarno comes from

3840-480: The Central Indonesian National Committee instead of the president. On 14 November 1945, Sukarno appointed Sutan Sjahrir as first prime minister, he was a European-educated politician who was never involved with the Japanese occupation authorities. In late 1945 Dutch administrators who led the Dutch East Indies government-in-exile and soldiers who had fought the Japanese began to return under

3968-460: The MPR has to elect a new vice president out of the candidates within 60 days. If the president and the vice president dies, resigns, or are unable to perform their duties for any reason, the government will be taken over together by the minister of home affairs , minister of foreign affairs , and minister of defense . No later than 30 days after that, MPR must elect a new president and vice president from

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4096-657: The Republic of Indonesia . The president is the leader of the executive branch of the Indonesian government and the supreme commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces and the Indonesian National Police . Since 2004 , the president and vice president have been directly elected to a five-year term, once renewable, allowing for a maximum of 10 years in office. The new president of Indonesia

4224-604: The independence of the Republic of Indonesia in front of a crowd of 500 people. This most historic of buildings was later ordered to be demolished by Sukarno himself, without any apparent reason. On the following day, 18 August, the PPKI declared the basic governmental structure of the new Republic of Indonesia: Sukarno's vision for the 1945 Indonesian constitution comprised the Pancasila ( five principles ). Sukarno's political philosophy

4352-505: The western coast of Sumatra , in February 1938. In Bengkulu, Sukarno became acquainted with Hassan Din, the local head of Muhammadiyah organization, and he was allowed to teach religious teachings at a local school owned by the Muhammadiyah. One of his students was 15-year-old Fatmawati , daughter of Hassan Din. He became romantically involved with Fatmawati, which he justified by stating

4480-461: The "foremost collaborationist leaders". On 29 April 1945, when the Philippines were liberated by American forces, the Japanese allowed for the establishment of the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence ( Indonesian ; Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan; BPUPK ), a quasi-legislature consisting of 67 representatives from most ethnic groups in Indonesia. Sukarno

4608-558: The 1945 Constitution, it did not mean that it was strictly adhered to. The MPR, which at this stage was still on a provisional basis (MPRS), was subservient to the president despite its status of the Nation's highest Governing Body. It was only in 1966, when the political tide began to turn against Sukarno that the MPRS nominally regained its rightful constitutional status. In 1967, Sukarno was forced to resign as president, and army chief of staff Suharto

4736-512: The Armed Forces although any decision on this matter needs to be countersigned by the appropriate ministers and wartime control of troops has to be placed under an Armed Forces Commander. The president requires permission from the DPR to declare war and sign treaties although the president has independent power to appoint ambassadors and to accept them. The president also has the power to grant pardons. The Amended 1945 Constitution : The president

4864-583: The Brahmin caste named Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai from Buleleng , Bali, Sukarno was born in Surabaya , East Java, in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), where his father had been sent following an application for a transfer to Java . He was originally named Kusno Sosrodihardjo . Following Javanese custom, he was renamed after surviving a childhood illness. After graduating from a native primary school in 1912, he

4992-498: The British") to promote anti-Allied sentiments. In later years, Sukarno was lastingly ashamed of his role with the romusha . Additionally, food requisitioning by the Japanese caused widespread famine in Java, which killed more than one million people in 1944–1945. In his view, these were necessary sacrifices to be made to allow for the future independence of Indonesia. He also was involved with

5120-426: The British, repatriated more than 70,000 Japanese and Allied POWs and internees by the end of 1946. However, due to the relative weakness of the military of the Republic of Indonesia, Sukarno sought independence by gaining international recognition for his new country rather than engage in battle with British and Dutch military forces. Sukarno was aware that his history as a Japanese collaborator and his leadership in

5248-621: The DPR). If the Constitutional Court decides that the president has violated the law, the DPR can motion for the MPR to convene. The president would then be given one last chance to defend himself before the MPR makes the decision whether or not the president should be impeached. The decision of the MPR to dismiss the President and/or the Vice President is made with the approval of at least 2/3 of

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5376-701: The Dutch PID . In mid-1933, Sukarno published a series of writings titled Mentjapai Indonesia Merdeka ("To Attain Independent Indonesia"). For this writing, he was arrested by Dutch police while visiting fellow nationalist Mohammad Hoesni Thamrin in Jakarta on 1 August 1933. This time, to prevent providing Sukarno with a platform to make political speeches, the hardline governor-general Jonkheer Bonifacius Cornelis de Jonge utilised his emergency powers to send Sukarno to internal exile without trial. In 1934, Sukarno

5504-619: The Dutch and Indonesians to the negotiating table. The result of these negotiations was the Linggadjati Agreement signed in November 1946, where the Dutch acknowledged de facto Republican sovereignty over Java, Sumatera, and Madura. In exchange, the Republicans were willing to discuss a future Commonwealth-like United Kingdom of Netherlands and Indonesia. Sukarno's decision to negotiate with

5632-619: The Dutch in Yogyakarta on 18 December 1948. Sukarno then gave a mandate for Sjafruddin Prawiranegara to form an emergency government. This was done and the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI) was formed in Sumatra with Prawiranegara as its chairman. Prawiranegara handed back his mandate to Sukarno on 13 July 1949. On 17 December 1949, Sukarno was elected president of

5760-561: The Dutch to halt their invasion force in August 1947. Sjahrir, who has been replaced as prime minister by Amir Sjarifuddin , flew to New York City to appeal Indonesian case in front of United Nations . UN Security Council issued a resolution calling for an immediate ceasefire and appointed a Good Offices Committee (GOC) to oversee the ceasefire. The GOC, based in Jakarta, consisted of delegations from Australia (led by Richard Kirby , chosen by Indonesia), Belgium (led by Paul van Zeeland , chosen by

5888-644: The Dutch was met with strong opposition by various Indonesian factions. Tan Malaka , a communist politician, organized these groups into a united front called the Persatoean Perdjoangan (PP). PP offered a "Minimum Program" which called for complete independence, nationalisation of all foreign properties, and rejection of all negotiations until all foreign troops are withdrawn. These programmes received widespread popular support, including from armed forces commander General Sudirman . On 4 July 1946, military units linked with PP kidnapped Prime Minister Sjahrir who

6016-597: The Dutch, and its former members formed two different parties; the Indonesia Party (Partindo) under Sukarno's associate Sartono who were promoting mass agitation, and the Indonesian Nationalist Education (New PNI) under Mohammad Hatta and Sutan Sjahrir , two nationalists who recently returned from studies in the Netherlands, and who were promoting a long-term strategy of providing modern education to

6144-575: The Government and has the power to name and remove ministers. The president has the power to create laws with the agreement of the People's Representative Council (DPR), to make Government regulations in accordance with laws, and in the case of emergencies has the power to make Government regulations in lieu of law. Militarily, the president holds supreme authority over the Army, Navy, and Air Force whilst security-wise,

6272-526: The Indonesian independence cause. In February 1942, Imperial Japan invaded the Dutch East Indies quickly defeating Dutch forces who marched, bussed and trucked Sukarno and his entourage three hundred kilometres from Bengkulu to Padang , Sumatra . They intended keeping him prisoner and shipping him to Australia but abruptly abandoned him to save themselves upon the impending approach of Japanese forces on Padang. The Japanese had their own files on Sukarno, and

6400-514: The Japanese commander in Sumatra approached him with respect, wanting to use him to organize and pacify the Indonesians. Sukarno, on the other hand, wanted to use the Japanese to gain independence for Indonesia: "The Lord be praised, God showed me the way; in that valley of the Ngarai I said: Yes, Independent Indonesia can only be achieved with Dai Nippon...For the first time in all my life, I saw myself in

6528-474: The Japanese formed a new organization called Poesat Tenaga Rakjat (POETERA/Center of People's Power) under Sukarno, Hatta, Ki Hadjar Dewantara , and KH Mas Mansjoer . These organizations aimed to galvanise popular support for recruitment of romusha , to requisition of food products, and to promote pro-Japanese and anti-Western sentiments amongst Indonesians. Sukarno coined the term Amerika kita setrika, Inggris kita linggis ("Let's iron America, and bludgeon

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6656-511: The Japanese occupation, the Outer Islands (excluding Java and Sumatra) were occupied by the Japanese Navy ( Kaigun ), who did not allow for political mobilisation of the islanders. Consequently, there was little Republican activity in these islands post-proclamation. Australian and Dutch forces were able to quickly take control of these islands without much fighting by the end of 1945 (excluding

6784-483: The Japanese requisitioned rice and other food produced by Indonesian peasants to supply their troops, while forcing the peasantry to cultivate castor oil plants to be used as aviation fuel and lubricants. To gain cooperation from Indonesian population and to prevent resistance to these measures, the Japanese put Sukarno as head of 3A Japanese propaganda movement or the Tiga-A mass organization movement. In March 1943,

6912-470: The Japanese war effort from the population, in exchange for Japanese aid in spreading nationalist ideas. Upon Japanese surrender , Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta declared Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945, and Sukarno was appointed president. He led the Indonesian resistance to Dutch re-colonisation efforts via diplomatic and military means until the Dutch recognition of Indonesian independence in 1949. As

7040-420: The Japanese were in confusion and before the arrival of Allied forces. Faced with this quick turn of events, Sukarno procrastinated. He feared bloodbath due to hostile response from the Japanese to such a move and was concerned with prospects of future Allied retribution. On the early morning on 16 August, the three youth leaders, impatient with Sukarno's indecision, kidnapped him from his house and brought him to

7168-585: The Japanese-approved PUTERA during the occupation would make the Western countries distrustful of him. To help gain international recognition as well as to accommodate domestic demands for representation, Sukarno "allowed" the formation of a parliamentary system of government, whereby a prime minister controlled day-to-day affairs of the government, while Sukarno as president remained as a figurehead. The prime minister and his cabinet would be responsible to

7296-605: The KNIP made the decision to separate the role of Head of State from that of Head of Government. Although a new constitution had not been set up yet, Indonesia was now a de facto parliamentary democracy with the president as a ceremonial Head of State whose function was to ask the prime minister as the Head of the Government to form a new Cabinet. During the Indonesian National Revolution , both Sukarno and Hatta were captured by

7424-540: The Linggadjati Agreement in March 1947. On 21 July 1947, the Linggadjati Agreement was broken by the Dutch, who launched Operatie Product , a massive military invasion into Republican-held territories. Although the newly reconstituted TNI was unable to offer significant military resistance, the blatant violation by the Dutch of an internationally brokered agreement outraged world opinion. International pressure forced

7552-456: The MPR to be made official by the president. He also took measures that largely emasculated the opposition parties. For example, he had the power to issue governmental regulations in lieu of law. Nominally, if these regulations were not approved by the House of People's Representatives (DPR, the pre-2004 legislative branch), they were considered revoked. However, given the DPR's infrequent sessions and

7680-836: The Marine Corps Training Command and with the 2nd Marine Force units in their chosen specialty (Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery and combat support). Selected cadets are also selected for foreign exchange studies in the military and naval academies of Singapore, Thailand, Australia, the Philippines, the United States, Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam, and even in the Royal Netherlands Navy Institute , among others. Naval Cadets are classified not as freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors, but as fourth class, third class, second class, and first class, respectively, as

7808-430: The Military, Air Force, and Police academies in Magelang, prior to 3 more years of specialized study in the Surabaya campus before being commissioned as officers of the Navy. The academic program consists of a structured core of subjects depending on the cadet's chosen specialty as a future Navy officer, balanced between the arts and sciences, in his/her chosen specialty branch. Regardless of major, all cadets graduate with

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7936-404: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs revealed that "Achmed" (later, written as "Ahmad" or "Ahmed" by Arab states and other foreign state press) was coined by M. Zein Hassan, an Indonesian student at Al-Azhar University and later a member of the staff at the Ministry, to establish Sukarno's identity as a Muslim to the Egyptian press after a brief controversy at that time in Egypt alleging Sukarno's name

8064-400: The Netherlands), and the United States (led by Frank Porter Graham , neutral). President of Indonesia This is an accepted version of this page [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The president of the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Presiden Republik Indonesia ) is the head of state and head of government of

8192-480: The President of the Republic of Indonesia : "I solemnly pledge to fulfill the duties of President (Vice President) of the Republic of Indonesia to the best of my capabilities and in the fairest way possible, to uphold the Constitution by all means and to execute all laws and regulations as straightforwardly as possible as well as to dedicate myself to the service of the Nation and the People." The Amended 1945 Constitution : The president has constitutional authority over

8320-417: The President of the Republic of Indonesia : "I swear by God to fulfill the duties of President (Vice President) of the Republic of Indonesia to the best of my capabilities and in the fairest way possible, to uphold the Constitution by all means and to execute all laws and regulations as straightforwardly as possible as well as to dedicate myself to the service of the Nation and the People." Pledge of Office of

8448-439: The President or Vice President must take an oath or affirmation in the session of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) . If the MPR is unable to hold a session, the oath or promise is made in a session of the People's Representative Council (DPR) . If the DPR is unable to hold a session, the oath or affirmation is made before the leadership of the MPR in the presence of the leadership of the Supreme Court . Oath of Office of

8576-419: The Proclamation Monument and adjacent Gedung Pola in Jakarta; the Youth Monument ( Tugu Muda ) in Semarang ; the Alun-alun Monument in Malang ; the Heroes' Monument in Surabaya; and also the new city of Palangkaraya in Central Kalimantan . Sukarno was also deeply involved in building the Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex which includes him proposing the design for the roof of its main stadium . Sukarno

8704-421: The Republic of the United States of Indonesia (RIS) and presidential mandate passed to Assaat . When it became clear that RIS was going to be replaced by a unitary state , Asaat stepped down from the presidency and Sukarno once again became president on 15 August 1950. Indonesia now adopted the constitution that had been intended for RIS. Officially known as the Provisional Constitution , the document confirmed

8832-406: The Social Revolutions in Aceh and North Sumatera , where large numbers of Acehnese and Malay aristocrats were killed, and the "Three Regions Affair" in northwestern coast of Central Java . These bloody incidents continued until late 1945 to early 1946, and begin to peter out as Republican authorities begin to exert and consolidate control. Sukarno's government initially postponed the formation of

8960-464: The Transitional Provisions of the Constitution, "the President and the Vice President for the first time shall be elected by the PPKI." Also, the body responsible for the presidential elections, the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), had not yet been formed. On 16 October 1945, Vice President Mohammad Hatta announced a vice-presidential decree which gave the Central National Committee of Indonesia (KNIP) legislative powers. On 11 November 1945,

9088-491: The architectural firm Soekarno & Anwari in Bandung, which provided planning and contractor services. Among Sukarno's architectural works are the renovated building of the Preanger Hotel (1929), where he acted as assistant to famous Dutch architect Charles Prosper Wolff Schoemaker . Sukarno also designed many private houses on today's Jalan Gatot Subroto, Jalan Palasari, and Jalan Dewi Sartika in Bandung. Later on, as president, Sukarno remained engaged in architecture, designing

9216-445: The capital (eventually Jakarta), and in his socialist politics, though he did not extend his taste for modern art to pop music ; he had the Indonesian musical group Koes Bersaudara imprisoned for their allegedly decadent lyrics despite his reputation for womanising. For Sukarno, modernity was blind to race, neat and elegant in style, and anti-imperialist. After graduation in 1926, Sukarno and his university friend Anwari established

9344-566: The fact that politics can only make real changes through formation and utilisation of force ( machtsvorming en machtsaanwending ). During this period, to support himself and the party financially, Sukarno returned to architecture, opening the bureau of Soekarno & Roosseno with his university junior Roosseno . He also wrote articles for the party's newspaper, Fikiran Ra'jat (People's Mind) . While based in Bandung, Sukarno travelled extensively throughout Java to establish contacts with other nationalists. His activities attracted further attention by

9472-452: The fall of the country under Dutch occupation and exploitation, and the imperialism practised by Western countries, which he termed as "exploitation of humans by other humans" ( exploitation de l'homme par l'homme ). He blamed this for the deep poverty and low levels of education of Indonesian people under the Dutch. To promote nationalistic pride amongst Indonesians , Sukarno interpreted these ideas in his dress, in his urban planning for

9600-429: The first Allied soldiers (1st Battalion of Seaforth Highlanders) did not arrive in Jakarta until late September 1945. British forces began to occupy major Indonesian cities in October 1945. The commander of the British 23rd Division, Lieutenant General Sir Philip Christison , set up command in the former governor-general's palace in Jakarta. Christison stated that he intended to free all Allied prisoners-of-war and to allow

9728-409: The first president who had to beat another candidate to be elected, as Sukarno and Suharto had been sole candidates. As a result of this, Wahid was also the first president to be elected through counting votes instead of by acclamation. However, Wahid was impeached and removed from office by the MPR. This was a clear sign that while the presidency is the key institution, the MPR was now truly a check on

9856-521: The five-point Pancasila, in a document known as the Jakarta Charter : Due to pressure from the Islamic element, the first principle mentioned the obligation for Muslims to practice Islamic law ( sharia ). However, the final Sila as contained in the 1945 Constitution which was put into effect on 18 August 1945, excluded the reference to Islamic law for the sake of national unity. The elimination of sharia

9984-506: The formation of Defenders of the Homeland ( Pembela Tanah Air; PETA ) and Heiho (Indonesian volunteer army troops) via speeches broadcast on the Japanese radio and loudspeaker networks across Java and Sumatra. By mid-1945 these units numbered around two million and were preparing to defeat any Allied forces sent to re-take Java. In the meantime, Sukarno eventually divorced Inggit, who refused to accept her husband's wish for polygamy. She

10112-426: The government and has the power to name and remove ministers. The president has the right to propose bills to DPR , to discuss bills with the DPR to reach an agreement, make government regulations in accordance with laws, and in the case of emergencies has the power to make Government regulations in lieu of law. Militarily, the president holds supreme authority over the Indonesian National Armed Forces . Diplomatically,

10240-455: The house of Prime Minister Hideki Tojo in Tokyo . On 7 September 1944, with the war going badly for the Japanese, Prime Minister Kuniaki Koiso promised independence for Indonesia, although no date was set. This announcement was seen, according to the U.S. official history, as immense vindication for Sukarno's apparent collaboration with the Japanese. The USA at the time considered Sukarno one of

10368-467: The implementation of " Guided Democracy ," in which decisions would be made after lengthy deliberation with a view toward achieving a consensus under presidential "guidance." The rest of the decade saw a series of unstable governments. Taking advantage of the situation, Sukarno made a speech in April 1959 and suggested that Indonesia return to the 1945 Constitution. The People reacted enthusiastically and there

10496-544: The inability of Inggit Garnasih to produce children during their almost 20-year marriage. Sukarno was still in Bengkulu exile when the Japanese invaded the archipelago in 1942. In early 1929, during the Indonesian National Revival , Sukarno and fellow Indonesian nationalist leader Hatta (later Vice President ), first foresaw a Pacific War and the opportunity that a Japanese advance on Indonesia might present for

10624-542: The joint session of the BPUPK held in the former Volksraad Building (now called the Pancasila Building ). Pancasila , as presented by Sukarno during the BPUPK speech, consisted of five principles which Sukarno saw as commonly shared by all Indonesians: On 22 June, the Islamic and nationalist elements of the BPUPK created a small committee of nine ( Indonesian : Panitia Sembilan ), which formulated Sukarno's ideas into

10752-514: The members of the MPR who are present at the session which is attended by at least 3/4 of all members of the MPR (at least 50% of the total members of the MPR). The Original 1945 Constitution : If the president dies, resigns, or is unable to perform their duties for any reason, they are replaced by the vice president. The 1950 Provisional Constitution : If the president dies, resigns, or is unable to perform their duties for any reason, they are replaced by

10880-417: The mirror of Asia." In July 1942, Sukarno was sent back to Jakarta, where he re-united with other nationalist leaders recently released by the Japanese, including Hatta. There, he met the Japanese commander General Hitoshi Imamura , who asked Sukarno and other nationalists to galvanise support from Indonesian populace to aid the Japanese war effort. Sukarno was willing to support the Japanese, in exchange for

11008-525: The mythological chief hero of the Mahabharata , Karna . The spelling " Soekarno ", based on Dutch orthography , is still in frequent use, mainly because he signed his name in the old spelling . Sukarno himself insisted on a "u" in writing, not "oe", but said that he had been told in school to use the Dutch style, and that after 50 years, it was too difficult to change his signature, so he still signed with an "oe". Official Indonesian presidential decrees from

11136-442: The name of Netherlands Indies Civil Administration (NICA), with the protection of the British. They were led by Hubertus Johannes van Mook , a colonial administrator who had evacuated to Brisbane , Australia. Dutch soldiers who had been POWs under the Japanese were released and rearmed. Shooting between these Dutch soldiers and police supporting the new Republican government soon developed. This soon escalated to armed conflict between

11264-577: The near-total dominance of the pro-government political grouping, Golkar , such approval was a mere formality. Thus, for all intents and purposes, Suharto ruled by decree for most of his tenure. For the better part of Suharto's rule, he effectively held all governing power in the nation. Suharto fell from power in 21 May 1998 and the presidency experienced changes as a result of the reform movement. Compared to Suharto, who had all of his accountability speeches accepted, B. J. Habibie had his only accountability speech rejected. Abdurrahman Wahid then became

11392-494: The new university-educated youths eager for broader freedoms and opportunities denied to them in the racist and constrictive political system of Dutch colonialism. PNI activities came to the attention of the colonial government, and Sukarno's speeches and meetings were often infiltrated and disrupted by agents of the colonial secret police ( Politieke Inlichtingendienst ). Eventually, Sukarno and other key PNI leaders were arrested on 29 December 1929 by Dutch colonial authorities in

11520-908: The newly constituted Republican forces aided by a myriad of pro-independence fighters and the Dutch and British forces. On 10 November, a full-scale battle broke out in Surabaya between the 49th Infantry Brigade of the British Indian Army and Indonesian nationalist militias. The British-Indian force were supported by air and naval forces. Some 300 Indian soldiers were killed (including their commander Brigadier Aubertin Walter Sothern Mallaby ), as were thousands of nationalist militiamen and other Indonesians. Shootouts broke out with alarming regularity in Jakarta, including an attempted assassination of Prime Minister Sjahrir by Dutch gunmen. To avoid this menace, Sukarno and majority of his government left for

11648-676: The other military academies within the INAF, with chevrons varying by school year or officer cadet rank. All wear gold anchor insignia on both lapel collars and scarlet shoulder boards of the service dress blue jacket. Those who are part of the Drum and Bugle Corps wear identical uniforms, but the snare drumline wears the junior ratings' dress uniform with the sailor cap since 2022 and the bass and tenor drummers and baritone buglers wear combat dress uniforms. Sukarno 1st President of Indonesia [REDACTED] Sukarno (6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970)

11776-481: The period 1947–1968, however, printed his name using the 1947 spelling . The Soekarno–Hatta International Airport , which serves the area near Indonesia's capital, Jakarta , still uses the Dutch spelling . Indonesians also remember him as Bung Karno (Brother/Comrade Karno) or Pak Karno ("Mr. Karno"). Like many Javanese people , he had only one name . He is sometimes referred to in foreign accounts as Achmed Sukarno , or some variation thereof. A source from

11904-453: The power to name cabinets and appoint the prime minister with the advice of formateurs. The president is able to remove ministers from office and has the right to be informed of important matters by the Council of Ministers. As the head of state, the president has the power to dissolve the DPR and order for an election to be held within 30 days. Militarily, the president holds supreme authority over

12032-421: The presidency about with numerous checks and balances to prevent another president from completely dominating the system. For example, the president was limited to two terms, whether successive or separated. He also lost the right to legislate, but could propose legislation. In 2004 election , Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono became Indonesia's first directly elected president, beating incumbent Megawati Sukarnoputri in

12160-567: The president can only sign treaties, rehabilitate prisoners, and appoint Judicial Committee members with the DPR's agreement. The President can only appoint ambassadors and accept ambassadors from other countries by taking into account the DPR's considerations. The president has the power to grant pardons but must consider the advice of the Supreme Court . The president also has the final say over chief justice candidates. The Original 1945 Constitution : The president has constitutional authority over

12288-456: The president has the power to declare a State of Emergency. Diplomatically, the president, with the agreement of the DPR, has the power to declare war, peace, and to sign treaties. In addition, the president appoints ambassadors and consuls as well as accepting ambassadors from other countries. Finally, the president has power to give amnesties and pardons as well as awarding titles and honours. The 1950 Provisional Constitution : The president has

12416-495: The president's power. Wahid was replaced by his vice president, Megawati Sukarnoputri , daughter of Sukarno and former opposition leader during Suharto's presidency. Megawati is the first and, so far, only female ever to become President of Indonesia. During the 2001 MPR Annual Session, it was finally decided that from 2004 onwards, the president will directly be elected by the people. In response to Sukarno and Suharto's abuses of power, other amendments passed at that session hedged

12544-429: The president's role as the head of state, but limited him to a mostly ceremonial role. He appointed a prime minister on the advice of formateurs. Despite his limited constitutional role, Sukarno commanded great moral authority. Nonetheless, he was never content with the role of ceremonial head of State, and grew increasingly disenchanted with western-style parliamentary democracy. In the early 1950s, he began calling for

12672-460: The press, and due to strong pressure from the liberal elements in both the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies, Sukarno was released early on 31 December 1931. By this time, he had become a popular hero widely known throughout Indonesia. However, during his imprisonment, the PNI had been splintered by the oppression of colonial authorities and internal dissension. The original PNI was disbanded by

12800-462: The requirements to be president, the DPR can ask the Constitutional Court to look into the matter, during which it has 90 days to make a decision. The DPR's request to the Constitutional Court can only be made with the support of 2/3 of the total number of DPR members who are present at the session which is attended by at least 2/3 of the DPR's members (At least 44.44% of the total members of

12928-776: The resistance of I Gusti Ngurah Rai in Bali, the insurgency in South Sulawesi , and fighting in Hulu Sungai area of South Kalimantan ). Meanwhile, the hinterland areas of Java and Sumatera remained under Republican control. Eager to pull its soldiers out of Indonesia, the British allowed for large-scale infusion of Dutch forces into the country throughout 1946. By November 1946, all British soldiers had been withdrawn from Indonesia. They were replaced with more than 150,000 Dutch soldiers. The British sent Lord Archibald Clark Kerr, 1st Baron Inverchapel and Miles Lampson, 1st Baron Killearn to bring

13056-514: The return of Indonesia to its pre-war status, as a colony of Netherlands. The Republican government were willing to cooperate with the release and repatriation of Allied civilians and military POWs, setting-up the Committee for the Repatriation of Japanese and Allied Prisoners of Wars and Internees ( Panitia Oeroesan Pengangkoetan Djepang dan APWI , POPDA) for this purpose. POPDA, in cooperation with

13184-777: The rubric of anti-imperialism and personally championed the Non-Aligned Movement . These developments led to increasing friction with the West and closer relations with the USSR. After the events surrounding the 30 September Movement of 1965, the military general Suharto largely took control of the country in a Western-backed military overthrow of the Sukarno-led government . This was followed by repression of real and perceived leftists, including executions of Communist party members and suspected sympathisers in several massacres with support from

13312-566: The runoff election. He was re-elected in 2009 . In 2014, Yudhoyono finished his second presidential term and was barred from seeking re-election. The 3rd Indonesian presidential election was held on 9 July 2014 and matched former general and Suharto's ex-son in law Prabowo Subianto against the governor of Jakarta, Joko Widodo . On 22 July the General Elections Commission announced Joko Widodo's victory. He and his vice president, Jusuf Kalla , were sworn in on 20 October 2014, for

13440-491: The safety of Yogyakarta on 4 January 1946. There, the Republican government received protection and full support from Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX . Yogyakarta would remain as the Republic's capital until the end of the war in 1949. Sjahrir remained in Jakarta to conduct negotiations with the British. The initial series of battles in late 1945 and early 1946 left the British in control of major port cities on Java and Sumatra. During

13568-558: The soon to be decommissioned barquentine KRI  Dewaruci (to be replaced by the barque KRI  Bima Suci ) and the schooner KRI  Arung Samudera , which also doubles as goodwill trips to many parts of the world. Additional training is provided by the training corvette KRI  Ki Hajar Dewantara , the only one of its kind in Southeast Asia, for officer cadets of the fleet forces, technical and electronics branches, while Marine Corps cadets also receive additional training in

13696-468: The southern Bandung area, who owned his little plot of land and worked on it himself, producing sufficient income to support his family. In university, Sukarno began organizing a study club for Indonesian students, the Algemeene Studieclub , in opposition to the established student clubs dominated by Dutch students. On 4 July 1927, Sukarno with his friends from the Algemeene Studieclub established

13824-477: The strong level of popular support for the new Republic, at least on Java and Sumatra. In these two islands, the Sukarno government quickly established governmental control while the remaining Japanese mostly retreated to their barracks awaiting the arrival of Allied forces. This period was marked by constant attacks by armed groups on anyone who were perceived to oppose Indonesian independence. The most serious cases were

13952-467: The text of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence. In the early morning of 17 August 1945, Sukarno returned to his house at Jalan Pegangsaan Timur No. 56, where Hatta joined him. Throughout the morning, impromptu leaflets printed by PETA and youth elements informed the population of the impending proclamation. Finally, at 10 am, Sukarno and Hatta stepped to the front porch, where Sukarno declared

14080-482: The two pairs of candidates nominated by the political party or coalition of political parties whose candidates were the winner and the runner-up in the previous presidential election. Under the amended constitution, the president (also vice president) can now be impeached and removed from office. If the president is viewed to have violated the law in the form of treason against the state, corruption, bribery, other serious crimes, or disgraceful acts, and/or no longer meets

14208-562: The uneducated Indonesian populace to develop an intellectual elite able to offer effective resistance to Dutch rule. After attempting to reconcile the two parties to establish one united nationalist front, Sukarno chose to become the head of Partindo on 28 July 1932. Partindo had maintained its alignment with Sukarno's own strategy of immediate mass agitation, and Sukarno disagreed with Hatta's long-term cadre-based struggle. Hatta himself believed Indonesian independence would not occur within his lifetime, while Sukarno believed Hatta's strategy ignored

14336-492: The vice president. Although there is no article about president (and vice president) impeachment in the original 1945 Constitution, Sukarno and Abdurrahman Wahid were still impeached in 1967 and 2001. Article on the impeachment of the president and vice president were made after the impeachment of Abdurrahman Wahid in the 3rd amendment to the Constitution. Law No.7 of 1978 stipulates that former presidents are entitled to

14464-456: Was "not Muslim enough". After the use of the name "Achmed" began, Muslim and Arab states freely supported Sukarno. Thus, in correspondence with the Middle East , Sukarno always signed his name as "Achmed Sukarno". The son of a Muslim Javanese primary school teacher, an aristocrat named Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo who hailed from Grobogan , Central Java, and his Hindu Balinese wife from

14592-574: Was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia , serving from 1945 to 1967. Sukarno was the leader of the Indonesian struggle for independence from the Dutch colonialists . He was a prominent leader of Indonesia's nationalist movement during the colonial period and spent over a decade under Dutch detention until released by the invading Japanese forces in World War II . Sukarno and his fellow nationalists collaborated to garner support for

14720-476: Was appointed as acting president. Suharto was appointed president in his own right in 1968. During his rise to power, Suharto seemed determined to observe at least the forms of the constitution, and this continued when he became president. Under the constitution, the MPR was responsible for formulating the Outlines of State Policy (GBHN); as president, Suharto was responsible for implementing them. Suharto also made it

14848-413: Was appointed as head of the BPUPK and was tasked to lead discussions to prepare the basis of a future Indonesian state. To provide a common and acceptable platform to unite the various squabbling factions in the BPUPK, Sukarno formulated his ideological thinking developed over the previous twenty years into five principles. On 1 June 1945, he introduced a set of five principles, known as pancasila , during

14976-400: Was done by Hatta based upon a request by Christian representative Alexander Andries Maramis , and after consultation with moderate Islamic representatives Teuku Mohammad Hassan, Kasman Singodimedjo, and Ki Bagoes Hadikoesoemo. On 7 August 1945, the Japanese allowed the formation of a smaller ( Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence Panitia Persiapan kemerdekaan Indonesia; PPKI ),

15104-539: Was due to irreconcilable differences between various social, political, religious and ethnic factions. In the days following the proclamation, the news of Indonesian independence was spread by radio, newspaper, leaflets, and word of mouth despite attempts by the Japanese soldiers to suppress the news. On 19 September, Sukarno addressed a crowd of one million people at the Ikada Field of Jakarta (now part of Merdeka Square ) to commemorate one month of independence, indicating

15232-462: Was especially strong in Dutch. He was also quite comfortable in German , English, French , Arabic , and Japanese , all of which were taught at his HBS. He was helped by his photographic memory and precocious mind . In his studies, Sukarno was "intensely modern", both in architecture and in politics. He despised both the traditional Javanese feudalism , which he considered "backward" and to blame for

15360-462: Was first exposed to nationalist ideas while living under Tjokroaminoto. Later, while a student in Bandung, he immersed himself in European , American , nationalist, communist , and religious political philosophy, eventually developing his own political ideology of Indonesian-style socialist self-sufficiency. He began styling his ideas as Marhaenism , named after Marhaen, an Indonesian peasant he met in

15488-725: Was flown back to Jakarta on 14 August. Unbeknownst to the guests, atomic bombs had been dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and the Japanese were preparing for surrender . The following day, on 15 August, the Japanese declared their acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration terms and unconditionally surrendered to the Allies. On the afternoon of that day, Sukarno received this information from leaders of youth groups and members of PETA Chairul Saleh , Soekarni , and Wikana , who had been listening to Western radio broadcasts. They urged Sukarno to declare Indonesian independence immediately, while

15616-437: Was mainly a fusion of elements of Marxism , nationalism and Islam. This is reflected in a proposition of his version of Pancasila he proposed to the BPUPK in a speech on 1 June 1945. Sukarno argued that all of the principles of the nation could be summarised in the phrase gotong royong . The Indonesian parliament, founded on the basis of this original (and subsequently revised) constitution, proved all but ungovernable. This

15744-613: Was provided with a house in Bandung and a pension for the rest of her life. In 1943, he married Fatmawati. They lived in a house in Jalan Pegangsaan Timur No. 56, confiscated from its previous Dutch owners and presented to Sukarno by the Japanese. This house would later be the venue of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence in 1945. On 10 November 1943, Sukarno and Hatta were sent on a 17-day tour of Japan, where they were decorated by Emperor Hirohito and wined and dined in

15872-466: Was restored in 1984). Starting in 2011, graduates of the academy were awarded a bachelor's degree (in applied defence sciences, Indonesian : Sarjana Sains Terapan Pertahanan ) along with other academies in AKABRI. In 2017, the academy had its first female graduates in history. The Naval Academy, similar to most naval academies in the world, is a medium-sized, highly residential baccalaureate college, with

16000-519: Was sent to the Europeesche Lagere School (a Dutch primary school) in Mojokerto . Subsequently, in 1916, Sukarno went to a Hogere Burgerschool (a Dutch-type higher-level secondary school) in Surabaya, where he met Tjokroaminoto , a nationalist and founder of Sarekat Islam . In 1920, Sukarno married Tjokroaminoto's daughter Siti Oetari. In 1921, he began to study civil engineering (with

16128-464: Was shipped, along with his family (including Inggit Garnasih), to the remote town of Ende , on the island of Flores . During his time in Flores, he utilised his limited freedom of movement to establish a children's theatre. Among its members was future politician Frans Seda . Due to an outbreak of malaria in Flores, the Dutch authorities decided to move Sukarno and his family to Bencoolen (now Bengkulu ) on

16256-614: Was strong pressure on the Constitutional Assembly , the body responsible for formulating a new constitution, to adopt the 1945 Constitution. When the assembly did not budge, Sukarno issued a presidential decree on 5 July 1959 declaring that Indonesia was returning to the 1945 Constitution. That document made the president head of government as well as head of state. In May 1963, the People's Consultative Assembly appointed Sukarno president for life . Although Indonesia had re-adopted

16384-405: Was visiting Yogyakarta. Sjahrir was leading the negotiation with the Dutch. Sukarno, after successfully influencing Sudirman, managed to secure the release of Sjahrir and the arrest of Tan Malaka and other PP leaders. Disapproval of Linggadjati terms within the KNIP led Sukarno to issue a decree doubling KNIP membership by including many pro-agreement appointed members. As a consequence, KNIP ratified

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