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110-652: Indo–Trinidadians and Tobagonians are a subgroup of Indo-Caribbean people , which is a subgroup of the wider Indian diaspora . Generally, most Indians in Trinidad and Tobago can trace their ancestry back to northern India , especially the Bhojpur and Awadh regions of the Hindi Belt , which lies in the Gangetic plains , a plain that is located between the Ganga and Yamuna rivers and faces

220-496: A Christian African - Creole party. Voting patterns amongst Indo-Trinidadians have also been influenced by religion where, for periods of time Muslim Indo-Trinidadians and non-Presbyterian Christian Indo-Trinidadians supported the PNM because the prevailing parties for Indo-Trinidadians – the PDP , DLP , and ULF were felt to be Hindu and Presbyterian Indian dominated parties. With the advent of

330-545: A Newar youth who traveled to the court of Kublai Khan in the 13th century AD. He is known for building the white stupa at the Miaoying Temple in Beijing . Durbar squares, temple squares, sacred courtyards, stupas, open-air shrines, dance platforms, sunken water fountains, public rest houses, bazaars, multistoried houses with elaborately carved windows and compact streets are the characteristics of traditional planning. Besides

440-399: A deity is placed in a chariot or portable shrine and taken around the city. Devotional songs are known as bhajan may be sung daily in community houses. Hymn societies like Gyanmala Bhajan Khala hold regular recitals. Dapa songs are sung during hymn singing seasons at Temple squares and sacred courtyards. Gunla Bajan musical bands parade through the streets during Gunla, the 10th month of

550-465: A donation. Usually, children are the participants of the parade. In Kathmandu, the biggest street festival is Yenya (Indra Jatra) when three cars bearing the living goddess Kumari and two other child gods are pulled through the streets and masked dance performances are held. The two godchildren are Ganesh and Bhairav. Another major celebration is Pahan Charhe when portable shrines bearing images of mother goddesses are paraded through Kathmandu. During

660-581: A federal state. The historical territories of Newars is called Nepal Mandala . The Newa Autonomous State mandates to reconstruct the district division and create an autonomous Newa province. It includes historically Newa residing settlements and Newa dominant zones of Kathmandu , Bhaktapur , Lalitpur , Newa towns of Dolakha , Newa settlements of Nuwakot , Newa settlements of Makwanpur , Newa settlements of Ramechhap , Newa settlements of Sindupalchok , Newa settlements of Kavre West. The Newar dance consists of sacred masked dance, religious dance without

770-486: A flourishing economic system. Elaborate cultural traditions which required the use of varied objects and services also fueled the economy. Towns and villages in the Kathmandu Valley specialized in producing particular products, and rich agriculture produced a surplus for export. For centuries, Newar merchants have handled trade between Tibet and India as well as exporting locally manufactured products to Tibet. Rice

880-785: A grated spicy version, usually made from mango but sometimes made from pommecythère , the mango version being most popular. Other version of achars are made from mango, pommecythère , tamarind, amla , lemon , lime , chayote , chalta, and green apple . Indian sweets and dessers are commonplace in Trinidad and Tobago and are distributed especially at Indian weddings and religious events. They include kheer (sweet rice or meetha bhat ), sawine , khurma , gulab jamoon , burfi , roat, laddu , jalebi , halwa , mohan bhog (parsad) , sirnee, lapsi and suhari, rasgula , tilly cake, gulgula , paynuse, pera , modak , gujiya , and batasa. Indian dance forms are prevalent among Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians. Kathak , Odissi , and Bharatanatyam are

990-570: A great influence on the Trinidadian English lingua franca . Most people of South Asian descent in Trinidad and Tobago also speak a unique Hinglish macaronic dialect of Trinidadian English and Trinidadian Hindustani and they incorporate more Hindustani vocabulary into their Trinidadian English dialect than other ethnic groups in the country. Indo-Caribbean people Indo-Caribbean people or Indian-Caribbean people are people in

1100-563: A luckless Tibet trader, are sung as seasonal songs. The dramas are based on stories from the epics, and almost all of them were written during the 17th and 18th centuries. Nepal Bhasa literature flourished for five centuries until 1850. Since then, it suffered a period of decline due to political oppression. The period 1909–1941 is known as the Nepal Bhasa renaissance period when writers defied official censure and braved imprisonment to create literary works. Modern Nepal Bhasa literature began in

1210-482: A million Indians from the former British Raj or British India and Colonial India , were taken to thirteen mainland and island nations in the Caribbean as indentured workers to address the demand for sugar cane plantation labour following the abolition of slavery . Much like cotton , sugarcane plantations motivated large-scale near-enslavement and forced migrations in the 19th and early 20th century. Following

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1320-1199: A multicultural society. The South Asian languages of their ancestors have largely been lost, although a number of these words have entered the Trinidadian vernacular. Indian movies, music, and cuisine have entered the mainstream culture of Trinidad and Tobago. Chutney and chutney soca music rivals calypso and soca music during the Carnival season. Diwali , Eid ul-Fitr , and Indian Arrival Day are national holidays, and Phagwah/Holi , Maha Shivratri , Hanuman Jayanti , Ram Naumi , Sita Naumi, Navratri , Vijayadashami , Krishna Janmashtami , Radhastami , Saraswati Jayanti , Raksha Bandhan , Vivaha Panchami , Guru Purnima , Ganesh Chaturthi , Kartik Snan , Ratha Saptami , Karagam Puja , Kalbhairo Jayanti , Mesha Sankranti , Makar Sankranti , Tulsi Vivah , Gita Jayanti , Datta Jayanti , Ratha Yatra , Gurpurab , Buddha Purnima , Ramadan , Hosay ( Ashura ), Eid al-Adha , Mawlid , Shab-e-barat , Chaand Raat , Islamic New Year , and other Hindu and Muslim holidays are widely celebrated. Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian cuisine

1430-510: A quota that often was not met. In total, only 25% of all Indians who emigrated to the Caribbean were women. There were several reasons for fewer Indian women than men emigrating. It was more expensive for agents to recruit Indian women than men, because not many Indian women wanted to leave India. It was more socially acceptable in India for men to emigrate and seek work. Women were not encouraged to do

1540-488: A significant proportion of the population. Sugarcane plantations and citizens of Indian origin continue to thrive in countries such as Guyana , formerly, British Guiana , Jamaica , Trinidad and Tobago , Martinique , French Guiana , Guadeloupe , Grenada , St. Lucia , St. Vincent , St. Kitts , St. Croix , Suriname and Nevis . By some estimates, over 2.5 million people in the Caribbean are of Indian origin. Many have ethnically blended with migrants from other parts of

1650-426: A temporary replacement for the labor that had previously been done by enslaved African people. Their goal was to use Indian men for labor. They did not want Indian people to start families in the Caribbean, which would establish Indian culture and people as a lasting presence in the Caribbean, undermining the power of the indenture system to control all aspects of the laborer's lives and force them into subjugation. In

1760-478: A thousand kilometers from seaports were promised jobs, were not told the work they were being hired for, or that they would leave their homeland and communities. They were hustled aboard the waiting ships, unprepared for the long and arduous four-month sea journey. Charles Anderson, a special magistrate investigating these sugarcane plantations, wrote to the Colonial Secretary declaring that with few exceptions,

1870-417: A thousand years, it was used on stone and copper plate inscriptions, coins ( Nepalese mohar ), palm-leaf documents and Hindu and Buddhist manuscripts. Devanagari began to be used to write Nepal Bhasa in the beginning of the 20th century, and Nepal script has limited usage today. Newa Autonomous State is a proposed federal state of Nepal which establishes the historical native homeland of Newa people as

1980-430: A type of unleavened bread made with flour, baking powder and water. The dough is rolled out and cooked on flat, cast-iron skillet, called a tawa . The cooked dough is cut into quarters and served with a variety of fried vegetables, tarkaris or chokhas. Sometimes fried bake is eaten instead and is made using with flour, baking powder and yeast and is then fried in oil. Usually breakfast is vegetarian, however salt fish

2090-510: A valley to the west of Kathmandu, contains the phrase "greetings to the Nepals" indicating that the term "Nepal" was used to refer to both the country and the people. The term "Newar" or "Newa:" referring to "inhabitant of Nepal" appeared for the first time in an inscription dated 1654 in Kathmandu. Italian Jesuit priest Ippolito Desideri (1684–1733) who traveled to Nepal in 1721 has written that

2200-422: A variety of headresses. Jyapu women have a distinctive sari called Hāku Patāsi which is a black sari with distinctive red border. Jyapu men also have a distinctive version of the tapālan suruwā. Similarly, a shawl (gā) is worn by men and women. Traditionally, Newar women wear a shoe made out of red cloth, Kapa lakaan. It is decorated with glitters and colorful beads (potya). One of the major parts of Newar dress ups

2310-996: Is a popular destination for these street foods. Traditional Diwali and other Hindu festivals and prayers foods include appetizers such as pholourie , saheena, baiganee, bara , and kachori . Main dishes include roti (most commonly dalpuri and paratha ) and karhi and rice served with condiments such as achar or anchar , kuchela , mother-in-law (pickled vegetables), pepper sauce , and dishes such as curried mango, bhaji ( dasheen bush or any spinach), pumpkin or kohra tarkari (pumpkin), curry channa and aloo ( chickpeas and potatoes ), fried or curried baigan ( eggplant ), fried or curried bodi ( long beans ), fried or curried seim ( hyacinth beans ), curry eddoes (arui), curry chataigne or katahar ( breadnut ), and other tarkaries ( vegetarian curries ). Desserts include mohan bhog (parsad) , lapsi and suhari, burfi , khurma , gulab jamun , pera , rasgulla , batasa, gujiya , gulgula , roat, kheer (sweet rice) , laddu , and jalebi . It

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2420-554: Is another big festival when worship is offered and natural water sources are cleaned. In addition, all Newar towns and villages have their particular festival which is celebrated by holding a chariot or palanquin procession. Paanch Chare is one of the many occasions or festivals celebrated by the Newa community, natives from Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. This is celebrated on the Chaturdasi (Pisach Chaturdashi) day according to new lunar calendar on

2530-500: Is another popular condiment which is a coarsely chopped spicy medley of peppers, pimentos, carrots, bitter melon, and other spices. Chutneys are popular as well and often include mango , tamarind , cucumber , pommecythère , bandhaniya , dhaniya , chalta , and coconut . They are most commonly eaten with doubles , aloo pie , saheena , baiganee, kachori , and pholourie . There are a variety of popular pickles known locally as achar or anchar which are commonly used. Kuchela

2640-477: Is basically religious art. Newar devotional paubha painting, sculpture and metal craftsmanship are world-renowned for their exquisite beauty. The earliest dated paubha discovered so far is Vasudhara Mandala which was painted in 1365 AD ( Nepal Sambat 485). The murals on the walls of two 15th-century monasteries in the former kingdom of Mustang in the Nepal Himalaya provide illustrations of Newar works outside

2750-791: Is believed to have developed from the language spoken in Nepal during the Kirati period. Inscriptions in Nepal Bhasa emerged from the 12th century, the palm-leaf manuscript from Uku Bahah being the first example. Nepal Bhasa developed from the 14th to the late 18th centuries as the court and state language. It was used universally in stone and copper inscriptions, sacred manuscripts, official documents, journals, title deeds, correspondence and creative writing. In 2011, there were approximately 846,000 native speakers of Nepal Bhasa. Many Newar communities within Nepal also speak their own dialects of Nepal Bhasa, such as

2860-411: Is bracelets (chūra) and mala (necklaces). Meals can be classified into three main categories: the daily meal, the afternoon snack and festival food. The daily meal consists of boiled rice, lentil soup, vegetable curry, relish and Meat are served. The snack generally consists of beaten rice, roasted and curried soybeans, curried potato and roasted meat mixed with spices. Food is also an important part of

2970-585: Is celebrated in the Caribbean include May 5 (Guyana), May 10 (Jamaica), May 30 (Trinidad and Tobago), June 1 (St. Vincent), and June 5 (Suriname). Newar people Newar ( / n ɪ ˈ w ɑːr / ; Newar : नेवार , endonym : Newa ; Newar : नेवा , Pracalit script : 𑐣𑐾𑐰𑐵𑑅 ‎ ), or Nepami , are primarily inhabitants in Kathmandu Valley of Nepal and the Indian territories of Sikkim state and Gorkhaland including its surrounding areas and

3080-401: Is eaten at any time throughout the day. Another Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian street food that is popular is roti , which consists of roti (usually paratha or dhalpuri) that wraps curried vegetables, curried channa (chickpeas) and aloo (potatoes), curried chicken, curried shrimp, curried goat, curried duck, curried conchs, or any other spicy fillings. The town of Debe in southern Trinidad

3190-655: Is mostly derived from the Bhojpuri and Awadhi cuisines of North India , with considerable South Indian , especially Tamil , influence on preparation and ingredients in the tropical environment of Trinidad and Tobago that was similar to the tropical environment of South India, where a significant minority of Indians came from. There is also influence from other ethnic cuisines on the island such as Creole , Chinese , West African , Indigenous , French , British , North American , Portuguese , Arab , and Latin American cuisines. It

3300-524: Is represented by all the three major forms—prose, poetry, and drama. Most of the writings consist of prose including chronicles, popular stories and scientific manuals. Poetry consists of love songs, ballads, work songs, and religious poetry. The earliest poems date from the 1570s. Epic poetry describing historical events and tragedies are very popular. The ballads Sitala Maju , about the expulsion of children from Kathmandu, Silu , about an ill-fated pilgrimage to Gosaikunda , and Ji Waya La Lachhi Maduni , about

3410-410: Is rich in ceremony and is marked by frequent festivals throughout the year. Many festivals are tied to Hindu and Buddhist holidays and the harvest cycle. Street celebrations include pageants, jatras or processions in which a car or portable shrine is paraded through the streets and sacred masked dances. Other festivals are marked by family feasts and worship. The celebrations are held according to

Indo–Trinidadians and Tobagonians - Misplaced Pages Continue

3520-1096: Is sometimes added. Some breakfast dishes include baigan chokha (roasted and mashed eggplant ), damadol chokha (roasted and mashed tomatoes ), pepper chokha (roasted and mashed peppers), aloo chokha (boiled, roasted, and mashed potatoes ), karaili chokha (roasted and mashed bittermelon ), murtani or upar ghar (combination of roasted and mashed eggplant, tomato, pepper, and okra), fried or curried bodi ( long beans ), fried or curried aloo (potatoes), fried or curried ochro/bhindhi (okra), fried or curried seim ( hyacinth beans ), fried or curried karaili ( bittermelon ), pumpkin or kohra tarkari (pumpkin simmered with spices and seasoning), fried or curried saijan ( drumstick ), fried or curried lauki ( bottle gourd ), bhaji (made with young dasheen bush (taro) leaves, spinach leaves, saijan (drumstick) leaves, or chaurai (spiny amaranth) leaves), and/or fried plantains . Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian foods like doubles , aloo pie , pholourie , saheena , baiganee, bara , and kachori are popular street foods throughout

3630-684: Is still present in Majipā. No historical documents have been found after this era until the advent of the Gopal era. A genealogy of kings is recorded in a chronicle called Gopalarajavamsavali . According to this manuscript, the Gopal kings were followed by the Mahispals and the Kirats before the Licchavis entered from the south. Some claim Buddha visited Nepal during the reign of Kirat King Jitedasti. The Newars reign over

3740-679: Is the Anjuman Sunnat-ul-Jamaat Association (ASJA). Other Islamic organizations include the Trinidad Muslim League, Darul Uloom, Ummah T&T, the Muslim Federation, and the Tackveeyatul Islamic Association. The Sikh community in Trinidad and Tobago, numbering at about 300, consists of the descendants of the few Punjabis who came during the indentureship period, Punjabi Sikhs who came in

3850-887: Is the Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha , a Sanātanī Hindu organization. Other Hindu organizations and sects include SWAHA International, Arya Samaj , Chinmaya Mission , Kabir panth , ISKCON , the Sathya Sai Baba movement , Shirdi Sai Baba movement, Ramanandi Sampradaya , Seunariani (Sieunarini/Siewnaraini/Shiv Narayani), Aughar (Aghor/Owghur) , Kali Mai (Madrasi) , Murugan (Kaumaram) , Bharat Sevashram Sangha , Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat (Radha Madhav) , Ganapathi Sachchidananda movement , Divine Life Society , Brahma Kumaris , and Blue Star. A majority of Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian Muslims are Sunni , however there are notable Shia and Ahmadiyya minorities. The major Muslim organisation representing Muslims in Trinidad and Tobago

3960-644: Is traditionally served on a sohari ( Calathea lutea ) leaf. Special Eid , Hosay , and other Muslim festival foods include curry goat , curry channa and aloo, sawine , burfi , rasgulla , sirnee, maleeda , and halwa . Indo–Trinidadians and Tobagonians accompany their meals with various condiments; these can include pepper sauces, chutneys and pickles and are often homemade. Pepper sauces are made by using scotch bonnet or other hot peppers, either minced or chopped and added to vinegar or lime or lemon juice and sometimes pickled together with carrots, sour cherries, bitter melon , or daikon (murai). Mother-in-law

4070-478: Is unlike the mainstream Indian - South Asia cuisines, which is mostly based on Punjabi, Rajasthani, Mughlai, Gujarati, Bengali, Udupi, and Tamil cuisines. This "mainstream" Indian cuisine was brought to the country by more recent immigrants and is termed as East Indian cuisine in Trinidad and Tobago and is contrasted from the local Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian or local-Indian cuisine. A traditional Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian breakfast consists of sada roti ,

4180-594: The Ramcharitmanas . Rasleela (Krishnaleela) , the drama about the life of the Hindu deity Krishna , is popular around the time of Krishna Janmashtami . The Indian–South Asian influence is very much noticeable in Trinidad and Tobago as they are the largest ethnic groups in the country. Mandirs , masijids , jhandis ( Hindu prayer flags ), Hindu schools, Muslim schools, roti shops and stalls, puja stores, Indian groceries/markets, and Indian clothing stores and expos dot

4290-653: The 2021 Nepal census numbering 1,341,363 people constituting 4.6% of the total population. The Kathmandu Valley and surrounding territories constituted the former Newar kingdom of the Nepal Mandala . Unlike other common-origin ethnic or caste groups in Nepal, the Newars are regarded as an example of a nation community with a relict identity, derived from an ethnically diverse, previously existing polity . The Newar community within it consists of various strands of ethnic, racial, caste and religious heterogeneity, as they are

4400-557: The Bodhisattva Manjusri , with the aid of a holy sword, cut a gap in the surrounding hills and let the water out. This legend is supported by geological evidence of an ancient lakebed, and it provides an explanation for the high fertility of the Kathmandu Valley soil. According to the "Swayambhu inscription", Manjusri then established a city called Manjupattan (Sanskrit "Land Established by Manjusri"), now called Manjipā, and made Dharmākara its king. A shrine dedicated to Manjusri

4510-634: The Caribbean who trace their ancestry to the Indian subcontinent . They are descendants of the Jahaji indentured laborers from British India , who were brought by the British , Dutch , and French during the colonial era from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century. A minority of them are descendants from people who immigrated as entrepreneurs, businesspeople, merchants, engineers, doctors, religious leaders, students, and other professional occupations beginning in

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4620-626: The Dolakha Newar Language . Newar Bhasa is one of the five languages in the Sino-Tibetan family with an ancient literary tradition. Literature in Newar Bhasa began as translation and commentary in prose in the 14th century AD. The earliest known document in Newar Bhasa is called "The Palmleaf from Uku Bahal" which dates from 1114 AD during the Thakuri period. Classical Newar Bhasa literature

4730-674: The NAR and then the UNC this polarization by religion has been on the decline however its existence is still felt with the UNC fielding a Muslim candidate in every election for the San Juan/Barataria seat since 1995 owing to the presence of a large Indo-Trinidadian Muslim population within this constituency. Notable Indo-Trinidadian politicians include: Indo–Trinidadian and Tobagonians have retained their distinctive heritage and culture, while also functioning in

4840-488: The Nepal Sambat calendar which is a holy month for Newar Buddhists. Musical performances start with an overture which is a salutation to the gods. Seasonal songs and ballads are associated with particular seasons and festivals. Music is also played during wedding processions, life-cycle ceremonies and funeral processions. The Newars are the creators of most examples of art and architecture in Nepal. Traditional Newar art

4950-669: The Netherlands Antilles and Venezuela . Small groups also exist in Haiti, where they are sometimes mistakenly referred to as "mulattos". Modern-day immigrants from India (mostly Sindhi merchants) are to be found on Saint-Martin / Sint Maarten , St. Thomas , Curaçao and other islands with duty-free commercial capabilities, where they are active in business. Other Indo-Caribbean people descend from later migrants, including Indian doctors, Gujarati businessmen and migrants from Kenya and Uganda . Indo-Caribbean people have migrated to

5060-579: The Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family and is predominantly spoken by Newars in Nepal's Katmandu Valley . Newars are bound together by a common language and culture. Their common language is Nepal Bhasa or the linguistic progenitor of that language. Nepal Bhasa is the term recognised by the government. Nepal Bhasa already existed as a spoken language during the Licchavi period and

5170-760: The United States , Canada , the Netherlands , France , the United Kingdom , Ireland , and to other parts of the Caribbean and Latin America , including Venezuela , Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Panama, and Cuba. The indentured Indians and their descendants have actively contributed to the evolution of their adopted lands in spite of many difficulties, particularly through the development of Caribbean cuisine and music. In recent years, attempts to commemorate

5280-452: The 1940s with the emergence of new genres like short stories, poems, essays, novels and plays. Nepal Bhasa script is a group of scripts that developed from the Brahmi script and are used primarily to write Nepal Bhasa . Among the different scripts, Ranjana Lipi is the most common. Nepal script is also known as Nepal Lipi and Nepal Akhala. Nepal Bhasa scripts appeared in the 10th century. For

5390-542: The Caribbean region. The Caribbean colonies of the Netherlands too benefitted from the indentured laborers from India. The ratio of female to male Indians coming to the Caribbean was for many years extremely low, 3:100 in 1938. The Indian government and the Colonial Office set up a quota system that dictated how many Indian women came to the Caribbean. In 1870, the quota called for 40 Indian women for every 100 Indian men,

5500-403: The Caribbean. Religious Makeup of Indo-Trinidadians (2011) According to the most recent census (2011) conducted in Trinidad and Tobago, Hinduism is the religion followed by a plurality of Indo-Trinidadians. The breakdown of religious affiliation for Indo-Trinidadians is as follows - Hindus in Trinidad and Tobago are represented by several sects, organizations and entities the largest of which

5610-661: The Dutch-speaking Suriname and the French overseas departments of Guadeloupe , Martinique and French Guiana , with smaller numbers in other Caribbean countries including Belize and the islands of the Lesser Antilles . Large Indo-Caribbean immigrant populations are found in North America and Europe , specifically in the United States , the Netherlands , Canada , and the United Kingdom . These countries have some of

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5720-583: The French West Indies are of South Indian origin and Indians in Barbados are mostly of Bengali and Gujarati origin. Later immigrants to the Caribbean came from Sindh , Kutch , Gujarat , Punjab , Bengal , Maharashtra , South India , and other parts of South Asia as free immigrants. Most Indo-Caribbean people live in the English -speaking Caribbean nations of Trinidad and Tobago , Jamaica , and Guyana ,

5830-518: The Indian men who had come to work as indentured laborers were given small parcels of land to encourage settlement. Another method of encouraging settlement was to encourage more Indian women to immigrate, since permanent settlement was no longer being discouraged by the colonial powers. Indian women who were recruited and immigrated to the Caribbean were for the most part married women joining their husbands, single women, women who had been widowed, women trying to escape poverty, and women prostitutes from

5940-438: The Indian presence and contributions to the Caribbean have come to fruition: Indian Arrival Day is a holiday celebrated on May 30 in Trinidad and Tobago each year since the 1990s. It was first celebrated in Trinidad and Tobago and then other countries with significant Indian people whose ancestors came as indentured laborers . It commemorates the first arrivals from India to Trinidad and Tobago , on May 30, 1845, on

6050-500: The Kathmandu Valley that illustrate the skill and aesthetic sense of Newar artisans. Fine brickwork and woodcarving are the marks of Newar architecture. Residential houses, monastic courtyards known as baha and bahi, rest houses, temples, stupas, priest houses and palaces are the various architectural structures found in the valley. Most of the chief monuments are located in the Durbar Squares of Kathmandu , Lalitpur and Bhaktapur ,

6160-463: The Kathmandu Valley. Stone sculpture, wood carving, repoussé art and metal statues of Buddhist and Hindu deities made by the lost-wax casting process are specimens of Newar artistry. The Peacock Window of Bhaktapur and Desay Madu Jhya of Kathmandu are known for their wood carving. Building elements like the carved Newar window , roof struts on temples and the tympanum of temples and shrine houses exhibit traditional creativity. From as early as

6270-606: The Port of Calcutta. Many were people who were escaping poverty in India and seeking employment offered by the British for jobs either as indentured labourers, workers or educated servicemen, primarily, between 1845 and 1917. The demand for Indian indentured labourers increased dramatically after the abolition of slavery in 1834. They were sent, sometimes in large numbers, to plantation colonies producing high-value crops such as sugar in Africa and

6380-674: The United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, 24.4 percent hailed from Oudh State , 13.5 percent were from Bihar Province and lesser numbers from various other parts of the British Raj, such as the Madras Presidency , Bengal Presidency , Central Provinces , Chota Nagpur Division , Bombay Presidency , and Punjab Province . Out of 134,118 indentured labourers from India, 5,000 who left from the Port of Madras distinguished themselves as "Madrasi" and

6490-460: The cities of Calcutta and Chennai, then called Madras. Under the indenture system, married Indian women were excused from work on the plantations and planters were required to give them medical care and rations. However, the colonial government did not recognize Hindu or Muslim marriages until the 1940s, so many married women were categorized as single and did not receive the few privileges given to married women. Married women who did not have to work in

6600-462: The coming year. Similarly, Bhai Tika is also done during Swanti. It is a ritual observed to worship and respect a woman's brothers, with or without blood relation. Another major festival is Sā Pāru when people who have lost a family member in the past year dress up as cows and saints, and parade through town, following a specific route. In some cases, a real cow may also be a part of the parade. People give such participants money, food and other gifts as

6710-445: The common alcoholic liquors that Newars make at home. Traditionally, at meals, festivals and gatherings, Newars sit on long mats in rows. Typically, the sitting arrangement is hierarchical with the eldest sitting at the top and the youngest at the end. Newar cuisine makes use of mustard oil and a host of spices such as cumin, sesame seeds, turmeric, garlic, ginger, mint, bay leaves, cloves, cinnamon, pepper, chilli and mustard seeds. Food

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6820-403: The country and are served with various chutneys , achars , and pepper sauce. Doubles is made with two bara s (flat fried dough) and curried channa ( chickpeas ) and is served with toppings, like pepper sauce , kuchela , and tamarind , mango , pommecythere , cucumber , coconut and bandhaniya chutneys . It is one of the most popular breakfast foods eaten on the islands, however, it

6930-559: The creators of its historic heritage and civilisation. The Newar are a distinct linguistic and cultural group, primarily Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman ethnicities, who share a common language, Nepal Bhasa , and predominantly practice Newar Hinduism and Newar Buddhism . Newars have developed a division of labour and a sophisticated urban civilisation not seen elsewhere in the Himalayan foothills. Newars have continued their age-old traditions and practices and pride themselves as

7040-596: The current Newar civilisation. Newar rule in Nepal Mandala ended with its conquest by the Gorkha Kingdom in 1768. The terms "Nepāl", "Newār", "Newāl" and "Nepār" are phonetically different forms of the same word, and instances of the various forms appear in texts in different times in history. Nepal is the literary ( Sanskrit ) form and Newar is the colloquial ( Prakrit ) form. A Sanskrit inscription dated to 512 in Tistung,

7150-712: The descendants of the diverse group of people that have lived in Nepal Mandala since prehistoric times. Indo-Aryan tribes like Maithils of Madhesh Province , the Licchavis , Kosala , and Mallas (N) from respective Indian Mahajanapada (i.e. Licchavis of Vajji , Kosala , and Malla (I) ) that arrived at different periods eventually merged with the local native population by marriage as well as adopting their language and customs. These tribes however retained their Vedic culture and brought with them their Sanskritic languages, social structure , Hindu religion and culture, which were assimilated with local cultures and gave rise to

7260-476: The diversification of the culture of the Creole peoples . Thus, the noted participation of the whole multi-ethnic population of the two islands were in these events. St. Lucia and many Caribbean countries have dedicated commemorative days to acknowledge the arrival and important contributions of their Indo-Caribbean populations. St. Lucia celebrates its Indo-Caribbean heritage on May 6. Other dates when India Arrival Day

7370-449: The dominant culture and tradition of the Newars. The divisions of the Newars had different historical developments. The common identity of the Newar was formed in the Kathmandu Valley. Until the conquest of the valley by the Gorkha Kingdom in 1769, all the people who had inhabited the valley at any point in time were either Newar or progenitors of Newar. So, the history of Newar correlates to

7480-493: The drama about the life of the Hindu deity Rama , is largely popular throughout the country during the time between Sharad Navaratri and Vijayadashami leading up to Diwali , with almost each locale having their own celebration. The Ramlila celebrations end with the burning of an effigy of Ravana , the main antagonist of the ancient Ramayana and its 16th century vernacular variation, popular among Hindus in Trinidad and Tobago,

7590-548: The festival of Jana Baha Dyah Jatra , a temple car with an image of Karunamaya is drawn through central Kathmandu for three days. A similar procession is held in Lalitpur known as Bunga Dyah Jatra which continues for a month and climaxes with Bhoto Jatra, the display of the sacred vest. The biggest outdoor celebration in Bhaktapur is Biska Jatra ( Bisket Jatra ) which is marked by chariot processions and lasts for nine days. Sithi Nakha

7700-534: The fields took care of children and expenses. Women who worked were paid less than men. The majority of the Indians living in the English-speaking Caribbean came from eastern Uttar Pradesh and western Bihar which are mostly speakers of Bhojpuri , Hindi , and Awadhi , while those brought to Guadeloupe and Martinique were largely from Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu . About twenty percent (20%) of

7810-576: The first recording of the song on gramophone disc in Kolkata. Common percussion instruments consist of the dhimay, khin, naykhin and dhaa. Wind instruments include the bansuri (flute), payntah (long trumpet) and mwahali (short trumpet), chhusya, bhusya, taa (cymbals), and gongs are other popular instruments. String instruments are very rare. Newa people call their music Dhime Baja . The musical style and musical instruments are still in use today. Musical bands accompany religious processions in which an idol of

7920-541: The flames of dried wheat stalks), pukālā (पुकाला fried meat), wo (वः lentil cake), paun kwā (पाउँक्वा sour soup), swan pukā (स्वँपुका stuffed lungs), syen (स्येँ fried liver), mye (म्ये boiled and fried tongue), sapu mhichā (सःपू म्हिचा leaf tripe stuffed with bone marrow), sanyā khunā (सन्या खुना jellied fish soup) and takhā (तःखा jellied meat) are some of the popular festival foods. Dessert consists of dhau (धौ yogurt), sisābusā (सिसाबुसा fruits) and mari (मरि sweets). Thwon (थ्वँ rice beer) and aylā (अयला local alcohol) are

8030-733: The former kingdom in establishing coinage system. Later they were made Thikadars or Sikkimese feudal lords with judicial and administrative powers within their respective estates. Newars have also settled in Bhutan. Colonies of expatriate Newar merchants and artisans existed in Lhasa , Shigatse and Gyantse in Tibet till the mid-1960s when the traditional trade came to an end after the Sino-Indian War . In recent times, Newars have moved to different parts of Asia, Europe and America. Newar religious culture

8140-543: The historical cities of Kathmandu , Lalitpur , Bhaktapur , Madhyapur Thimi , Chovar , Bungamati , Thankot and Kirtipur , small towns with a similar artistic heritage (like Panga in Kirtipur municipality ) dot the Kathmandu Valley where almost half of the Newar population lives. Outside the valley, historical Newar settlements include Nuwakot , Nala , Banepa , Dhulikhel , Panauti , Dolakha, Chitlang and Bhimphedi. The Newars of Kathmandu founded Pokhara in 1752 at

8250-458: The history of the Kathmandu Valley (or Nepala Mandala) prior to the establishment of the modern state of Nepal. The earliest known history of Newar and the Kathmandu Valley blends with mythology recorded in historical chronicles. One such text, which recounts the creation of the valley, is the Swayambhu Purana . According to this Buddhist scripture, the Kathmandu Valley was a giant lake until

8360-914: The immigrants who left from the Port of Calcutta distinguished themselves as "Kalakatiyas". However, this did not equate to their ethnolinguistic group . While, most Indians who left from the Port of Madras were Tamils (Madrasis) , not all were ethnic-Madrasis, some were Telugu , Kannadiga , Malayali , Gondi , Kodava , Tulu , or Deccani , and most Indians who left from the Port of Calcutta were not ethnic- Bengalis (Kalakatiyas) , but they were Purabias ( Bhojpuri and Awadhi ), however there were small numbers of Bengalis , as well as small numbers of Maithils , Magahis , Baghelis , Brajis , Bundelis , Kannaujis , Kauravis , Pashtuns , Nagpuris , Kurukhs , Haryanvis , Gujaratis , Marwari , Sadans , Chhattisgarhis , Kashmiris , Dogras , Punjabis , Marathis , Odias , Garhwalis , Kumaonis , Madheshis , Parsees , Assamese , Newars , Tharus and Khas who came via

8470-504: The indentured labourers are treated with great and unjust severity; European planters enforced work in sugarcane farms so harshly, that the decaying remains of immigrants were frequently discovered in sugarcane fields. If indentured labourers protested and refused to work, they were not paid or fed by the planters. The sugarcane plantation-driven migrations led to ethnically significant presence of Indians in Caribbean. In some islands and countries, these Indo-Caribbean migrants now constitute

8580-822: The indentured were Tamils and Telugus particularly in Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana . A minority emigrated from other parts of South Asia , including present-day Pakistan and Bangladesh . Indo-Caribbean people comprise the largest ethnic group in Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, and Suriname . They are the second largest group in Jamaica , Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Saint Lucia , Martinique and Guadeloupe . There are also small communities in Anguilla , Antigua and Barbuda , The Bahamas , Barbados , Belize , French Guiana , Panama , Dominican Republic , Puerto Rico ,

8690-605: The invitation of the rulers of Kaski. Over the last two centuries, Newars have fanned out of the Kathmandu Valley and established trade centers and settled in various parts of Nepal. Bandipur , Baglung , Silgadhi and Tansen in west Nepal and Chainpur and Bhojpur in east Nepal contain large Newar populations. Outside Nepal, many Newars have settled in Darjeeling and Kalimpong in West Bengal, Assam , Manipur and Sikkim , India. In Sikkim, many Newars became Taksaris helping

8800-972: The landscape of the country. Many businesses also bear names of Indian-South Asian origin. Many towns, settlements, villages, avenues, traces, and streets in Trinidad and Tobago are named after Indian cities and people, such as Calcutta Settlement, Madras Settlement, Delhi Settlement, Jai Ramkissoon Housing Settlement, Raghoo Village, Jaraysingh, Hasnalli, Hindustan Village, Patna Village, Gandhi Village, Kandahar Village, Cawnpore (Kanpur) Village, Nepal Village, Abdul Village, Samaroo Village, Basta Hall, Gopaul Lands, Sumadh Gardens, Mohammed Ville, Gobin Village, Nancoo Village, Malabar , Matura (Mathura), Bangladesh, Morang Village, Chandanagore (Chandinagar), Sadhoowa, Divali Nagar , Golconda, Barrackpore , and Fyzabad . The holidays of Diwali , Eid al-Fitr , and Indian Arrival Day are national holidays in Trinidad and Tobago . Trinidadian Hindustani and other South Asian languages has had

8910-822: The largest Indo-Caribbean populations in the world, and Indo-Caribbeans in these countries have largely congregated in urban areas such as New York City , Amsterdam , Toronto , Rotterdam , London , Miami / Fort Lauderdale / West Palm Beach , Orlando / Ocala , Houston , Birmingham , Winnipeg , Vancouver , Montreal , Schenectady / Albany , Minneapolis/Saint Paul , Manchester , Washington D.C. , and Paris . Indo-Caribbean people may also be referred to as Caribbean Indians , East Indian West Indians , Caribbean Hindustanis , South Asian Caribbean people , or Caribbean Desis , while first-generation Indo-Caribbean people were called Girmitya , Desi , Hindustani , Kantraki , Mulki (m.) / Mulkin (f.), or Jahaji (m.) / Jahajin (f.). Coolie , meaning hired laborer,

9020-471: The last consonant and lengthening the vowel, "Newā" for Newār or Newāl, and "Nepā" for Nepāl are used in ordinary speech. For over two millennia, the Newa civilization in Central Nepal preserved a microcosm of classical North Indian culture in which Brahmanic and Buddhist elements enjoyed equal status. Snellgrove and Richardson (1968) speak of 'the direct heritage of pre-Islamic India'. The Malla dynasty

9130-470: The late 1800s, there was a change in policy. The late 1880s saw competition in the sugar industry from European beet sugar, and the colonial government knew that having a settled, immobile group of Indian people to exploit for labor would be highly profitable and advantageous in the competition to dominate the sugar industry. Encouraging Indian people to stay in the Caribbean also cut the costs required to bring Indian people back to India. As indentureships ended,

9240-408: The lunar calendar, so the dates are changeable. Mohani ( Dasain ) is one of the greatest annual celebrations which is observed for several days with feasts, religious services, and processions. During Swanti ( Tihar ), Newars celebrate New Year's Day of Nepal Sambat by doing Mha Puja , a ritual in which our own body is worshipped, which is believed to purifies and strengthens one spiritually for

9350-680: The mid-20th century and continuing till present day. Some Indians from many other Caribbean nations, such as Guyana , Grenada , Martinique , and Saint Croix , also immigrated to Trinidad and Tobago. Indo–Trinidadians and Tobagonians are the largest ethnic group in Trinidad and Tobago, identified by the official census, about 35.43% of the population in 2011. In his book Perspectives on the Caribbean: A Reader In Culture, History, and Representation , Philip W. Scher cites figures by Steven Vertovec, Professor of Anthropology; Of 94,135 Indian immigrants to Trinidad, between 1874 and 1917, 50.7 percent were from

9460-646: The mid-20th century and continuing to the present. Indo-Caribbean people largely trace their ancestry back to the Bhojpur and Awadh regions of the Hindi Belt in North India , in the present-day states of Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , and Jharkhand , with a significant minority coming from the Madras Presidency , especially present-day Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh . Other notable regions of origin include Bengal , Western Uttar Pradesh , Mithila , Magadh , Chota Nagpur , Madhya Pradesh , Haryana , Rajasthan , Pashtunistan , Punjab , and Kashmir . Most Indians in

9570-538: The month of Chaitra. And also the longest jatra of Nepal Rato Machindra Nath Janka is celebrated by Newars mostly on Patan. This Jatra is one month long and contains various celebrations. Western wear is the norm as in urban areas in the rest of the country. Traditionally men wear tapuli (cap), long shirt (tapālan) and trousers (suruwā), also called Daura-Suruwal . Woman wear cheeparsi (sari) and gaa (long length shawl) while younger girls wear ankle-length gowns (bhāntānlan). Ritual dresses consist of pleated gowns, coats and

9680-622: The most popular Indian classical dance forms in Trinidad and Tobago. Indian folk dances , such as launda ke naach , Bollywood dancing , and chutney dancing are also popular Indian dance forms. Indian theatre is also popular throughout Trinidad and Tobago. Nautankis and dramas such as Raja Harishchandra , Raja Nal , Raja Rasalu , Sarwaneer (Sharwan Kumar) , Indra Sabha , Bhakt Prahalad , Lorikayan , Gopichand , and Alha-Khand were brought by Indians to Trinidad and Tobago, however they had largely began to die out, till preservation began by Indian cultural groups. Ramleela ,

9790-403: The most well-known seasonal songs is Sitala Maju . The ballad describes the expulsion of children from Kathmandu in the early 19th century. Another seasonal song Silu is about a pilgrimage to Gosaikunda that went wrong. Ji Waya La Lachhi Maduni is a tragedy song about a newly married couple. The ballad Rajamati about unlucky lovers is widely popular. In 1908, maestro Seturam Shrestha made

9900-663: The mountain ranges of the Himalayas , the Kaimur , and the Vindhyas . However, some Indians may trace their ancestry to other parts of South Asia, notably southern India . Indians first arrived in Trinidad and Tobago as indentured laborers from India through the Indian indenture system from 1845 till 1917, and some Indians and other South Asians, along with their families, later came as entrepreneurs, businesspeople, religious leaders, doctors, engineers, and other professional occupations beginning in

10010-453: The natives of Nepal are called Newars. It has been suggested that "Nepal" may be a sanskritization of "Newar", or "Newar" may be a later form of "Nepal". According to another explanation, the words "Newar" and "Newari" are colloquial forms arising from the mutation of P to W, and L to R. There are regarded as the Adivasi of Kathmandu Valley. As a result of the phonological process of dropping

10120-455: The old royal palace complexes built between the 12th and 18th centuries. Newa architecture consists of the pagoda , stupa , shikhara , chaitya and other styles. The valley's trademark is the multiple-roofed pagoda which may have originated in this area and spread to India, China, Indochina and Japan. The most famous artisan who influenced stylistic developments in China and Tibet was Arniko ,

10230-408: The other ethnic groups of Nepal. Newars are divided into various endogamous clans or groups on the basis of their ancient hereditary occupations, deriving its roots in the classic late- Vedic Varna model. Although first introduced in the time of the Licchavis , the present Newar caste system assumed its present shape during the medieval Malla period. Nepal Bhasa , also known as Newar, belongs to

10340-500: The passage of the 1833 Slavery Abolition Act , many formerly enslaved people left their enslavers. This created an economic chaos for European planters in the Caribbean and Indian Ocean. The hard work in hot, humid farms required a regular, docile and low-waged labour force, which led to the creation of the Indian indenture system . Poor economic conditions in India led to many Indians to look for sources of work. In this system, Indians were taken to British, French and Dutch colonies around

10450-486: The ritual and religious life of the Newars, and the dishes served during festivals and feasts have symbolic significance. Different sets of ritual dishes are placed in a circle around the staple Bawji (rice flakes or Flattened) to represent and honour different sets of deities depending on the festival or life-cycle ceremony. Kwāti (क्वाति soup of different beans), kachilā (कचिला spiced minced meat), chhoyalā (छोयला water buffalo meat marinated in spices and grilled over

10560-472: The same. Another factor dissuading Indian women from going to the Caribbean was the invasive medical examination administered upon arrival, which involved inspection of genitals. Many women did not want to have to undergo this examination and many men would not have wanted this to happen to their wives. Additionally, the colonial powers present in the Caribbean were not initially interested in convincing Indian women to immigrate. Colonialists saw indentureship as

10670-422: The seventh century, visitors have noted the skill of Newar artists and craftsmen who left their influence on the art of Tibet and China. Newars introduced the lost-wax technique into Bhutan and they were commissioned to paint murals on the walls of monasteries there. Sandpainting of mandala made during festivals and death rituals is another specialty of Newar art. Besides exhibiting a high level of skill in

10780-568: The ship Fatel Razack In 1995, Jamaica started to celebrate the arrival of Indians in Old Harbour Bay, St. Catherine Parish on May 13. In 2003, Martinique celebrated the 150th anniversary of Indian arrival. Guadeloupe did the same in 2004. These celebrations were not the fact of just the Indian minority, but the official recognition by the French and local authorities of their integration and their wide-scale contributions in various fields including agriculture, education, and politics, and to

10890-469: The south and the Trishuli River in the west which separated it from the kingdom of Gorkha. Trade, industry and agriculture have been the mainstay of the economy of the Newars. They are made up of social groups associated with hereditary professions that provide ritual and economic services. Merchants, craftsmen, artists, potters, weavers, dyers, farmers and other castes all played their part in creating

11000-399: The sugarcane-driven migrations, the working conditions for the indentured Indian workers were abysmal, due in large part to the lack of care among the planters.. They were confined to their estates and paid a pitiful salary. Any breach of contract brought automatic criminal penalties and imprisonment. Many of these were brought away from their homelands deceptively. Many from inland regions over

11110-516: The traditional religious art, Newar artists have been at the forefront of introducing Western art styles in Nepal. Raj Man Singh Chitrakar (1797–1865) is credited with starting watercolor painting in the country. Bhaju Man Chitrakar (1817–1874), Tej Bahadur Chitrakar (1898–1971) and Chandra Man Singh Maskey were other pioneer artists who introduced modern style paintings incorporating concepts of lighting and perspective. There are seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites and 2,500 temples and shrines in

11220-424: The true custodians of the religion, culture and civilisation of Nepal. Newars are known for their contributions to culture, art and literature , trade , agriculture and cuisine . Today, they consistently rank as the most economically and socially advanced community in Nepal, according to the annual Human Development Index published by UNDP . Newars are ranked the 8th largest ethnic group in Nepal according to

11330-633: The twentieth and twenty-first century, and Sindhi Hindus and Punjabi Hindus who also came in the twentieth and twenty-first century and who are, in addition to being Hindu, Nanakpanthis , followers of the Sikh Guru Nanak . The Sikhs have a gurdwara (temple) in Tunapuna dating back to 1929. Most Indo-Trinidadians have traditionally given their political support to parties opposed to the People's National Movement (PNM) which has historically been perceived as

11440-537: The use of masks known as Dyah Pyakhan, dance performed as part of a ritual and meditation practice known as Chachaa Pyakhan ( Newar : चचा प्याखं ) ( Charya Nritya in Sanskrit) and folk dance. There are also masked dance dramas known as Daboo Pyakhan which enact religious stories to the accompaniment of music. The dance done in the tune of Dhime are Dhime dance. Traditional Newa music consists of sacred music, devotional songs, seasonal songs, ballads and folk songs. One of

11550-613: The valley and their sovereignty and influence over neighboring territories ended with the conquest of the Kathmandu Valley in 1769 by the Gorkhali Shah dynasty founded by Prithvi Narayan Shah . Prior to the Gorkha conquest, which began with the Battle of Kirtipur in 1767, the borders of Nepal Mandala extended to Tibet in the north, the nation of the Kirata in the east, the kingdom of Makwanpur in

11660-452: The world, creating a unique syncretic culture. Though production was centered in the Caribbean, sugarcane production played a significant role in pre-World War II global politics and population movements. France, for example, negotiated with Britain leading to Act XLVI of 1860, whereby large numbers of Indian indentured labourers were brought for sugarcane plantation work in French colonies in

11770-508: The world, including in the Caribbean, to work on cash crop plantations. The first ships carrying indentured labourers for sugarcane plantations left India in 1838 for the Caribbean region. In fact, the first two shiploads of Indians arrived in British Guiana (modern-day Guyana ) on May 5, 1838, on board the Whitby and Hesperus. These ships had sailed from Calcutta . In the early decades of

11880-428: Was another major export. Porters and pack mules transported merchandise over mountain tracks that formed the old trade routes. Since the 18th century, Newars have spread out across Nepal and established trading towns dotting the mid hills. They are known as jewelry makers and shopkeepers. Today, they are engaged in modern industry, business and service sectors. Newars forms an ethnolinguistic community distinct from all

11990-595: Was noted for their patronisation of the Maithili language (the language of the Mithila region) which was afforded equal status to that of Sanskrit in the Malla court. Maithil Brahmin priests were invited to Kathmandu and many Maithil families settled in Kathmandu during Malla rule. The influx of people from both the north ( Tibet ) and south ( Tirhut ) increased not only Nepal's genetic and racial diversity but also greatly moulded

12100-521: Was used in the plantation society of the late 19th to early 20th century, however in the present-day it is considered a derogatory way to refer to Indo-Caribbean people and is considered a pejorative . Bold indicates major Indo-Caribbean subgroups. Caribbean Islands Mainland Caribbean Primary Indo-Caribbean Diaspora Secondary/Migrant Workers Indo-Caribbean Diaspora Mixed Ethnicities of Partial Indo-Caribbean origin From 1838 to 1917, over half

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