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104-668: In the late 20th century, Indigenous artists and writers experimented with science fiction and images of Indigenous lifeways through different spaces and times. In her anthology, Walking the Clouds: An Anthology of Indigenous Science-Fiction (2012), Grace Dillon outlines how science fiction can aid processes of decolonization . Using tools like slipstream , worldbuilding , science fiction and anthropological First Contact scenarios, Indigenous communities construct self-determined representations and alternative narratives about their identities and futures. Indigenous Futurists critique

208-487: A third gender ceremonial and social role in their cultures. Those who identify themselves as Two-Spirit are neither a man nor woman, but can carry the traits of both sex represented in one complete body. The term was widely adopted in the 1990s to encompass the various non-binary gender identities and expressions among Indigenous peoples today. Indigiqueer is a term that is used as an alternative to two-spirit. It does not rely on binary concepts of gender. The term Indigiqueer

312-540: A Western concept." At the conferences that produced the book, Two-Spirited People , I heard several First Nations people describe themselves as very much unitary, neither "male" nor "female," much less a pair in one body. Nor did they report an assumption of duality within one body as a common concept within reservation communities; rather, people confided dismay at the Western proclivity for dichotomies. Outside Indo-European-speaking societies, "gender" would not be relevant to

416-485: A big impact on Chicana art overall. It calls attention to the past, present, and optimistic future. It gives views a new lens to view events on in a visual way. Their work depicts the culture as it has been passed down from ancestors to the present. Indigenous futurisms, as a movement, has given many cultures, like Chicanas, a platform to spread their story. Grace Dillon, editor of Walking the Clouds: An Anthology of Indigenous Science Fiction , encouraged stories through IIF,

520-485: A collection of stories and perspectives from queer Indigenous peoples tackling colonialism and the ideas of hope. Scholarly works including; Knotting Ontologies, Beading Aesthetics, and Braiding Temporalities, by Darren Lone Fight , an examination of Native American literary epistemology and futurisms including an analysis of the Indigenous Star Wars phenomena. An early source of collective Indigenous Futurisms

624-409: A country without borders that lives in complete harmony with the cycle of life and death. Virtual reality (VR) is a medium in which the concept of screen sovereignty can be used to combat misrepresentation of Indigenous people in media. Indigenous VR makers are shaping the culture of technology through VR to properly represent Indigenous people and their culture. Currently, white media creators dominate

728-455: A creation myth involving three original sexes: female, male and androgynous. They are split in half by Zeus, producing four different contemporary sex/gender types which seek to be reunited with their lost other half; in this account, the modern heterosexual man and woman descend from the original androgynous sex. The myth of Hermaphroditus involves heterosexual lovers merging into their primordial androgynous sex. Other creation myths around

832-469: A day when they, too, will have a share in ruling the world. In the Buddhist Vinaya , codified in its present form around the 2nd century BC and said to be handed down by oral tradition from Buddha himself, there are four main sex/gender categories: males, females, ubhatobyañjanaka (people of a dual sexual nature) and paṇḍaka (people of non-normative sexual natures, perhaps originally denoting

936-454: A deficiency in male sexual capacity). As the Vinaya tradition developed, the term paṇḍaka came to refer to a broad third sex category which encompassed intersex, male and female-bodied people with physical or behavioural attributes that were considered inconsistent with the natural characteristics of man and woman. In Plato's Symposium , written around the 4th century BC, Aristophanes relates

1040-515: A different perspective on the role Indigenous peoples and identities will have in building the future. To increase this movement's visibility and bring attention to Indigenous voices, the Institute of American Indian Arts Museum of Contemporary Native Arts (IAIA MoCNA) showed Indigenous Futurisms, featuring the works of 27 contemporary Indigenous artists. Following the pandemic , the MoCNA has transferred

1144-514: A eunuch named Genucius was prevented from claiming goods left to him in a will , on the grounds that he had voluntarily mutilated himself ( amputatis sui ipsius ) and was neither a woman or a man ( neque virorum neque mulierum numero ) according to Valerius Maximus . Several scholars have argued that the eunuchs in the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament were understood in their time to belong to

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1248-517: A failure of conception results. Indian linguist Patañjali 's work on Sanskrit grammar, the Mahābhāṣya (c. 200 BC), states that Sanskrit's three grammatical genders are derived from three natural genders. The earliest Tamil grammar, the Tolkappiyam (3rd century BC) refers to hermaphrodites as a third "neuter" gender (in addition to a feminine category of unmasculine males). In Vedic astrology ,

1352-486: A more fluid interpretation. There are other cultures in which the third gender is seen as an intermediate state of being rather than as a movement from one conventional sex to the other. In a study of people in the United States who thought themselves to be members of a third gender, Ingrid M. Sell found that they typically felt different from the age of 5. Because of both peer and parental pressure, those growing up with

1456-485: A more hands-on approach to the teaching and display of Indigenous Futurisms. Representation of indigenous cultures has been part of video games for years, with iconic games such as The Oregon Trail depicting Indigenous peoples. However, the specific genre of Indigenous Futurisms in video games is a relatively new concept and few prominent games fall into this category. Indigenous Futurists games range from games such as Thunderbird Strike , an action game where you take on

1560-515: A number of other sexual types. It is believed to be an English adaptation of the German word Urning , which was first published by activist Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (1825–95) in a series of five booklets (1864–65) that were collected under the title Forschungen über das Räthsel der mannmännlichen Liebe ("Research into the Riddle of Man-Male Love"). Ulrich developed his terminology before the first public use of

1664-400: A paper on homosexuality from a Samoan perspective that would be written for educational purposes because I believe some of the stuff that has been written about us is quite wrong." In How to become a Berdache: Toward a unified analysis of gender diversity , Will Roscoe, using an anthropological term Indigenous people have always found offensive, writes that "this pattern can be traced from

1768-519: A position in society: "to stand before the king". In the Akkadian myth of Atra-Hasis (ca. 1700 BC), Enki instructs Nintu , the goddess of birth, to establish a "third category among the people" in addition to men and women, that includes demons who steal infants, women who are unable to give birth, and priestesses who are prohibited from bearing children. In Babylonia , Sumer and Assyria , certain types of individuals who performed religious duties in

1872-829: A range of other terms and phrases. References to a third sex can be found throughout the texts of India's religious traditions like Jainism and Buddhism – and it can be inferred that Vedic culture recognised three genders. The Vedas (c. 1500 BC–500 BC) describe individuals as belonging to one of three categories, according to one's nature or prakrti . These are also spelled out in the Kama Sutra (c. 4th century AD) and elsewhere as pums-prakrti (male-nature), stri-prakrti (female-nature), and tritiya-prakrti (third-nature). Texts suggest that third sex individuals were well known in premodern India and included male-bodied or female-bodied people as well as intersex people, and that they can often be recognised from childhood. A third sex

1976-568: A state that is in-between, or neither. In some cultures, being third gender may be associated with the gift of being able to mediate between the world of the spirits and the world of humans. For cultures with these spiritual beliefs, it is generally seen as a positive thing, though some third gender people have also been accused of witchcraft and persecuted. In most western cultures, people who did not conform to heteronormative ideals were often seen as sick, disordered, or insufficiently formed. However, as of 2013, individuals who live in countries where

2080-545: A third gender emerged around 1700 in England: the male sodomite . According to these writers, this was marked by the emergence of a subculture of effeminate males and their meeting places ( molly houses ), as well as a marked increase in hostility towards effeminate or homosexual males. People described themselves as members of a third sex in Europe from at least the 1860s with the writings of Karl Heinrich Ulrichs and continuing in

2184-471: A third gender, rather than the more recent interpretations of a kind of emasculated man, or a metaphor for chastity . The early Christian theologian, Tertullian , wrote that Jesus himself was a eunuch (c. 200 AD). Tertullian also noted the existence of a third sex ( tertium sexus ) among heathens: "a third race in sex... made of male and female in one." He may have been referring to the Galli , "eunuch" devotees of

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2288-514: A third or fourth gender, these genders may represent very different things. To Native Hawaiians and Tahitians , māhū is an intermediate state between man and woman known as "gender liminality ". Some traditional Diné Native Americans of the Southwestern United States acknowledge a spectrum of four genders: feminine woman, masculine woman, feminine man, and masculine man. The term "third gender" has also been used to describe

2392-448: A third sex with freedom from the gender binary, but that is not necessarily the case. If only trans and/or intersex people can access that third category, or if they are compulsively assigned to a third sex, then the gender binary gets stronger, not weaker. The report concludes that two or three options are insufficient: "A more inclusive approach would be to increase options for people to self-define their sex and gender identity." Before

2496-460: A time/space where such things were possible. While in some part, genocide in Indigenous communities might normally only be attributed to the early Americans, however, genocide, is a far broader topic for discussion. The definition of genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction of a group of people because of their ethnicity, nationality, religion, or race. American Indian boarding schools in

2600-425: A way to speculate a future without the interference of Western countries, namely Spain, France, and Britain, and explores the idea of what an American community would look like free of the colonization of Europe. Most of these stories include either a community, thriving on the same scale as modern America while being more symbiotic with its environment, or a community of oppressed citizens/refugees who long to return to

2704-579: Is a derogatory term created by Europeans and perpetuated by anthropologists and others to define Native American/First Nations people who varied from Western norms that perceive gender, sex, and sexuality as binaries and inseparable." Mary Annette Pember adds, "Unfortunately, depending on an oral tradition to impart our ways to future generations opened the floodgates for early non-Native explorers, missionaries, and anthropologists to write books describing Native peoples and therefore bolstering their own role as experts. These writings were and still are entrenched in

2808-408: Is a tabletop role playing game created by Connor Alexander, A native Cherokee who has had a large portion of his culture taken away from him by colonialism. The setting is in an America far in the future that has been completely free of contact with the eastern hemisphere of the world. Culture and technology have allowed us to be completely influenced by indigenous beliefs and ideals. And America becomes

2912-408: Is a white man's term unreflective of Indigenous people, saying: “We, native Indigenous people living in tribes, don't think about the future,” he says. “The white man has a vision of progress, not us. Our progress is to preserve our culture ... to live in the present, I have to remember my past.” Artists working within the field of Indigenous Futurisms include: Grace Dillon Grace L. Dillon

3016-530: Is an American academic and author. She is a professor in the Indigenous Nations Studies Program, in the School of Gender, Race, and Nations, at Portland State University . She received her PhD in literary studies with an emphasis in sixteenth-century literature, and her recent research regards science fiction studies . Similar to the concept of Afrofuturism , Dillon is best known for coining

3120-480: Is both male and female and that these aspects are intertwined within them. The term moves away from traditional Native American/First Nations cultural identities and meanings of sexuality and gender variance. It does not take into account the terms and meanings from individual nations and tribes. ... Although two-spirit implies to some a spiritual nature, that one holds the spirit of two, both male and female, traditional Native Americans/First Nations peoples view this as

3224-484: Is discussed in ancient Hindu law , medicine, linguistics and astrology . The foundational work of Hindu law, the Manu Smriti (c. 200 BC–200 AD) explains the biological origins of the three sexes: A male child is produced by a greater quantity of male seed, a female child by the prevalence of the female; if both are equal, a third-sex child or boy and girl twins are produced; if either are weak or deficient in quantity,

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3328-399: Is little evidence that such individuals were castrated. In Mesopotamian mythology , among the earliest written records of humanity, there are references to types of people who are not men and not women. In a Sumerian creation myth found on a stone tablet from the second millennium BC , the goddess Ninmah fashions a being "with no male organ and no female organ", for whom Enki finds

3432-454: Is on the CyberPowWow website, a site launched by Skawennati ( Mohawk ) for Indigenous artworks starting in 1997 to 2004. It was a precursor to her TimeTraveller™ Machinima series began with a 22nd-century Mohawk man. Many pieces of Indigenous Futurists artwork contain iconography or symbolism that reference Indigenous oral history . Another major facet of Indigenous Futurists artwork is

3536-555: Is seen holding a bigger gun and still looking directly at the audience. Baudemann analyses this depiction and says it creates awareness of the colonial gaze, which is harmful to indigeneity. In these paintings Princess Leia is seen clad in a Hopi blanket, wearing the hairstyle typical to unmarried Hopi girls. She is in front of her pueblo homes protecting them with her gun. Baudemann emphasizes the idea that Hopi homes should be seen as homes and not monuments that can be looked at by outsiders and they should not be appropriated. Princess Leia, in

3640-461: Is showcased with rain and friendly dogs being introduced to Fallout: New Vegas for the first time. There has been controversy surrounding representation of Native people in video games, and iconic games such as The Oregon Trail have depicted Indigenous cultures to be dangerous and violent. Many new video games have begun hiring consultants from the Native community to ensure accurate representation, with

3744-468: Is usually understood to mean "other", though some anthropologists and sociologists have described fourth and fifth genders. The state of personally identifying as, or being identified by society as, a man, a woman, or other is usually also defined by the individual's gender identity and gender role in the particular culture in which they live. Most cultures use a gender binary , having two genders ( boys /men and girls /women). In cultures with

3848-574: The Star Wars series that portrays the princess as Hopi, acknowledging George Lucas ' cultural appropriation of the Hopi butterfly whorl hairstyle. In his first painting, Hopi Princess Leia (2009), he shows the Hopi Princess Leia holding a gun pointing straight at the audience while also staring directly at the audience as well. In his second Hopi Princess Leia, named Hopi Princess Leia II (2010), Leia

3952-620: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is used, being labeled as disordered for being transgender would no longer occur due to the manual's update. Instead, a new diagnosis was announced called gender dysphoria . This new diagnosis highlights the distress a transgender person may experience rather than labels individuals who identify with a third gender as sick or disordered. The Indigenous māhū of Hawaii are seen as embodying an intermediate state between man and woman, known as "gender liminality ". Some traditional Dineh of

4056-502: The Digital Revolution created conditions in which, to some extent, Indigenous peoples may participate in the creation of a network of self-representations. Art plays an essential role into this movement as it communicates more than pretty pictures and something to look at. It is meant to influence opinions, values, and experiences. It is one of the earliest sources of work done with indigenous futurisms. Indigenous futurisms have had

4160-611: The Phrygian goddess Cybele , who were described as belonging to a third sex by several Roman writers. In Rabbinical Jewish traditions there were 5 terms used to describe gender identity: Mukhannathun ( مخنثون "effeminate ones", "ones who resemble women", singular mukhannath ) was a term used in Classical Arabic to refer to effeminate men or people of ambiguous sex characteristics who appeared feminine or functioned socially in roles typically carried out by women. According to

4264-567: The Star Wars movies, loves her home and tries her hardest to protect it which is why Singer chose Princess Leia to be depicted in these paintings. Indigenous futurisms touched many communities, one of which is the Chicana/Mexican Community. There art offers an alternative platform that allows the view to see and feel the history of their past and their connection to it in the present. The movement has inspired many hope and aspirations for

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4368-563: The hijras of South Asia who have gained legal identity, fa'afafine of Polynesia, and Balkan sworn virgins . A culture recognizing a third gender does not in itself mean that they were valued by that culture, and often is the result of explicit devaluation of women in that culture. While found in a number of non-Western cultures, concepts of "third", "fourth", and "fifth" gender roles are still somewhat new to mainstream Western culture and conceptual thought. While mainstream Western scholars—notably anthropologists who have tried to write about

4472-523: The mukhannathun were homosexual, only that they "lack desire". In later eras, the term mukhannath was associated with the receptive partner in gay sexual practices , an association that has persisted into the modern day. Khanith is a vernacular Arabic term used in some parts of the Arabian Peninsula to denote the gender role ascribed to males and occasionally intersex people who function sexually, and in some ways socially, as women. The term

4576-449: The sexual revolution of the 1960s, there was no common non-derogatory vocabulary in modern English for non-heterosexuality ; terms such as "third gender" trace back to the 1860s. One such term, Uranian , was used in the 19th century for a person of a third sex—originally, someone with "a female psyche in a male body" who is sexually attracted to men. Its definition was later extended to cover homosexual gender variant females and

4680-506: The 1899 novel Das dritte Geschlecht ( The Third Sex ) by Ernst von Wolzogen , feminists are portrayed as "neuters" with external female characteristics accompanied by a crippled male psyche . Several countries have adopted laws to accommodate non-binary gender identities. As of 2019, the state of California the United States non-binary has become an option for individuals to select the sex category on their driver's license, birth certificates, and identity cards; this all became possible with

4784-564: The Construction of Transgenderism in Samoa , Johanna Schmidt argues that the Western attempts to reinterpret fa'afafine, the third gender in Samoan culture, make it have more to do with sexual orientation than gender. She also argues that this is actually changing the nature of fa'afafine itself, and making it more "homosexual". A Samoan fa'afafine said, "But I would like to pursue a master's degree with

4888-702: The Imagining Indigenous Futurisms Science Fiction Contest. Chickasaw scholar Jenny L. Davis emphasizes the importance of 'Indigenous language futurisms,' where she shows that Indigenous languages are important to articulating and understanding Indigenous temporalities. Indigenous futurisms at its base, envisions alternative futures where indigenous peoples are allowed to reclaim agency, sovereignty, and cultural continuity over culture, which may have been lost to time as well as cultural genocide , or ancestral homeland. Through speculative storytelling, it re-imagines relationships with

4992-461: The Iranian scholar Mehrdad Alipour, "in the premodern period , Muslim societies were aware of five manifestations of gender ambiguity: This can be seen through figures such as the khasi (eunuch), the hijra , the mukhannath , the mamsuh and the khuntha (hermaphrodite/intersex)." Western scholars Aisya Aymanee M. Zaharin and Maria Pallotta-Chiarolli give the following explanation of the meaning of

5096-469: The Pacific Northwest , which was published in 2003 by Oregon State University Press. This is an anthology of science fiction from writers living in the Pacific Northwest, and features works from authors such as Greg Bear , Octavia Butler , and Molly Gloss . She also coedited The Routledge Handbook of CoFuturisms with Taryne Jade Taylor, Isiah Lavender III, and Bodhisattva Chattopadhyay. This book

5200-511: The South Asian hijras or the Native American "gender variant" and two-spirit people—have often sought to understand the term "third gender" solely in the language of the modern LGBT community, other scholars—especially Indigenous scholars—stress that mainstream scholars' lack of cultural understanding and context has led to widespread misrepresentation of the people these scholars place in

5304-571: The Southwestern US recognize a spectrum of four genders: feminine woman, masculine woman, feminine man, masculine man. The term "third gender" has also been used to describe the hijras of South Asia who have gained legal identity, the fa'afafine of Polynesia, and the Albanian sworn virgins . In some indigenous communities in Africa , a woman can be recognized as a "female husband" who enjoys all

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5408-759: The adaptation of existing culture and nomenclature. For instance, artist Bunky Echo-Hawk 's “If Yoda was Indian” displays show a new perspective on Yoda from the franchise Star Wars . Kristina Baudemann focuses on storytelling and art and the integration of science fiction into Indigenous art in Indigenous Futurisms in North American Indigenous Art . She says that Indigenous people are resilient and sustainable and their art incorporates those characteristics. One specific Indigenous artist, Ryan Singer ( Navajo Nation ), paints in acrylic and silk-screens prints. He has two pieces of Princess Leia , from

5512-1185: The attitudes toward the third gender) deeply affect our lives and reflect our values in society. In Peletz' book, "Gender, Sexuality, and Body Politics in Modern Asia", he describes: For our purposes, the term "gender" designates the cultural categories, symbols, meanings, practices, and institutionalized arrangements bearing on at least five sets of phenomena: (1) females and femininity; (2) males and masculinity; (3) Androgynes, who are partly male and partly female in appearance or of indeterminate sex/gender, as well as intersex individuals, also known as hermaphrodites, who to one or another degree may have both male and female sexual organs or characteristics; (4) transgender people, who engage in practices that transgress or transcend normative boundaries and are thus by definition "transgressively gendered"; and (5) neutered or unsexed/ungendered individuals such as eunuchs. Gender may be recognized and organized differently in different cultures. In some non-Western cultures, gender may not be seen as binary, or people may be seen as being able to cross freely between male and female, or to exist in

5616-424: The central plateau of Mexico. These people are very close-knit, especially with the bonds made between families or godparents. The Nahua are indigenous peoples that had occupied central Mexico. This community also fostered an environment of closeness between families. Being raised by parents from each of these cultures is clearly shown in her artwork that illustrates a family tree. It is a rather unique depiction due to

5720-844: The collection to an online gallery and made available a VR experience that the public can access through their devices. The term Indigenous Futurism , now called Indigenous Futurisms since 2012, was coined by Grace Dillon, professor in the Indigenous Nations Studies Program at Portland State University. The term was inspired by Afrofuturism and Africanfuturism , all of which encapsulate multiple modes of art-making from literature to visual arts, fashion, and music. Indigenous Futurisms are also connected to Chicanafuturism , "a spectrum of speculative aesthetics produced by U.S. Latin@s, including Chican@s, Puerto Ricans, Dominican Americans, Cuban Americans, and other Latin American immigrant populations. It also includes innovative cultural productions stemming from

5824-429: The connection of their heritage to the present in this exhibit is Andrea Ramirez. Her artwork, Arbol de la Pura Vida, captures a family tree of sorts that also happens to center around women. She developed her skills in her community with influence from her family that is Mexican and Costa Rican. There are many pieces in her work that are inspired by Otomi and Nahua traditions. The Otomi are indigenous people that inhabited

5928-457: The contemporary West have begun to describe themselves as a third sex again. Other modern identities that cover similar ground include pangender , bigender , genderqueer , androgyne , intergender , "other gender" and "differently gendered". In Wilhelmine Germany , the terms drittes Geschlecht ("third sex") and Mannweib ("man-woman") were also used to describe feminists – both by their opponents and sometimes by feminists themselves. In

6032-474: The cultural impression that people leave on the younger generation. She is very determined to leave behind a legacy of the culture that shaped many. Her upbringing intensifies her views on continuing to pass culture down through community and educating others on its existence and meaning. Her goal is to educate others on the origins of her indigenous roots so they can continue to grow as the definition of indigenous futurisms imply. Another artist whose work reflects

6136-410: The digital media field and digital technology industries. Indigenous Matriarch 4 is a virtual reality company that provides Indigenous people with the tools they need to participate in and remake the virtual world. Because Indigenous people are often misrepresented in media, VR has become a place to creatively express Native American culture and ideas. Indigenous VR has also provided Indigenous people with

6240-862: The earliest accounts of the Spaniards to present-day ethnographies. What has been written about berdaches reflects more the influence of existing Western discourses on gender, sexuality and the Other than what observers actually witnessed." According to Towle and Morgan: Ethnographic examples [of ‘third genders’] can come from distinct societies located in Thailand, Polynesia, Melanesia, Native America, western Africa, and elsewhere and from any point in history, from Ancient Greece to sixteenth-century England to contemporary North America. Popular authors routinely simplify their descriptions, ignoring...or conflating dimensions that seem to them extraneous, incomprehensible, or ill-suited to

6344-494: The environment, trade and treaties, which have impacted Indigenous cultures, are recurring and reexamined, creating new narratives in the process. Artists play with questions of race, privilege, and "Whiteness", both in history and within the speculative genre; they are expanded upon, subverted, erased, reversed, etc., thereby linking culture to time, space, and what lies in-between. The term biskaabiiyang ( Anishinaabe ), used by Dillon , exemplifies how Indigenous creators reflect on

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6448-462: The exclusion of Indigenous people from the contemporary world and challenge notions of what constitutes advanced technology. In so doing, the movement questions the digital divide , noting that Indigenous peoples have at once been purposefully excluded from accessing media technologies and constructed as existing outside of modernity. The widespread use of personal computers and the Internet following

6552-528: The existence of a third gender in ancient Indic society. Some versions of Ramayana tell that in one part of the story, the hero Rama heads into exile in the forest. Halfway there, he discovers that most of the people of his hometown Ayodhya were following him. He told them, "Men and women, turn back", and with that, those who were "neither men nor women" did not know what to do, so they stayed there. When Rama returned from exile years later, he discovered them still there and blessed them, saying that there will be

6656-493: The form of the legendary Thunderbird , gathering lightning to destroy mining equipment and factories on a terrorized and barren earth, to games such as Never Alone , which tells the story of a Iñupiaq and an Arctic fox as they explore a dire atmosphere and experience the cosmology of the Alaska Natives for themselves. Thunderbird Strike features significant artistic components and lots of indigenous imagery. The creator of

6760-484: The future to come. Amparo Chi is an artist selected to showcase her work in the riverside art exhibit for indigenous futurisms. Amparo Chi is a Chicana artist raised in Los Angeles, a city dense with Hispanic culture in many forms like art. She drew inspiration from murals by Chicano artists around the city and began her journey. Her work, Semillas de la Vida, depicts the culture as it has been passed down from ancestors to

6864-452: The future. It seems to be very important to each that younger generations continue to keep the culture and everything that it encompasses alive. Without newer and younger generations continuing to practice the cultural traditions or beliefs then the culture would gradually die out. Art is a way to emphasize the meaning behind their urgency to continue their heritage and keep in touch with the history that their ancestors have lived through so that

6968-414: The game, Elizabeth LaPensée , calls the art style "Woodland" or "X-ray," after Anishinaabe artistic styles. The game offers a form of protest specifically against the oil industry. Additionally, the popular game Fallout: New Vegas features a DLC titled Honest Hearts that showcases Indigenous culture in a dystopian future. Various tribes exist in the new region of Zion Canyon and the connection to nature

7072-416: The genre of speculative fiction . Time, according to Indigenous Futurists, encompasses and connects the past, present, and future all at once. Artists may explore alternate histories , distant and near futures, separate timelines, time travel , the multiverse , and other topics in which time is not limited to a linear conceptualization. Historical themes of colonialism , imperialism , genocide , conflict,

7176-404: The hybrid and fluid borderlands spaces, including the U.S.-Mexico border." Indigenous Futurisms as a term has received mixed feedback among Indigenous Brazilian musicians. Many Indigenous artists do not embrace this concept because they view preserving culture to be much more important than thinking about the future. For example, Indigenous rapper Kunumi MC, disagrees with the term, arguing that it

7280-832: The images they want to convey (484). Western scholars often do not make a distinction between people of the third gender and males; they are often lumped together. The scholars usually use gender roles as a way to explain sexual relations between the third gender and males. For example, when analyzing the non-normative sex gender categories in Theravada Buddhism, Peter A. Jackson says it appears that within early Buddhist communities, men who engaged in receptive anal sex were seen as feminized and were thought to be hermaphrodites . In contrast, men who engaged in oral sex were not seen as crossing sex/gender boundaries, but rather as engaging in abnormal sexual practices without threatening their masculine gendered existence. Some writers suggest that

7384-436: The impact of colonization by returning to their ancestral roots, conflating past with present and future, as well as reframing what the world would or could be like. In other words, Indigenous Futurisms do not solely address the future, but create a range of scenarios and phenomena in which reimaginations of space, time, and Indigeneity are celebrated. Literature lends itself to many aspects of Indigenous Futurisms. Many of

7488-461: The land, technology, and spirituality, emphasizing interconnection and harmony, socially, spiritually and ecologically. Concepts of time, space, identity, and belonging are redefined, offering insights into indigenous worldviews and Spiritual practices. Ultimately, indigenous futurisms serve as a powerful tool for recognizing colonialism, genocide, and how to more peacefully coexist with one's gender and environment. Much of Indigenous futurism exists as

7592-437: The last 100 years have been responsible for beating Indigenous children into learning and accepting customs from America at the time. This interference has since been labeled as genocide, and Indigenous futurist novels often speculate on a future where this culture was allowed to grow and be taught primarily to children, instead of being integrated with American culture and language. In both the indigenous populations of today and

7696-448: The late nineteenth century with Magnus Hirschfeld , John Addington Symonds , Edward Carpenter , Aimée Duc and others. These writers described themselves and those like them as being of an "inverted" or "intermediate" sex and experiencing homosexual desire, and their writing argued for social acceptance of such sexual intermediates . Many cited precedents from classical Greek and Sanskrit literature (see below). Throughout much of

7800-544: The most ambiguous appearances had the most troubled childhoods and difficulties later in life. Sell also discovered similarities between the third genders of the East and those of the West. Nearly half of those interviewed were healers or in the medical profession. Many of them, again like their Eastern counterparts, were artistic, and several were able to make a living from their artistic abilities. The capacity to mediate between men and women

7904-553: The next generations can keep growing. Indigenous Futurisms in film reflect non-colonial encounters such as utopian sovereignty and dystopian assimilation. The continued development of Indigenous Futurists frameworks account for the diversity of creative efforts and histories between the First Nations, Inuit, and Native American filmmakers and communities to influence the outside world. Some Indigenous Futurists films include: While not as prominent as other mediums, video games provide

8008-559: The nine planets are each assigned to one of the three genders; the third gender, tritiya-prakrti , is associated with Mercury , Saturn and (in particular) Ketu . In the Puranas , there are references to three kinds of devas of music and dance: apsaras (female), gandharvas (male) and kinnars (neuter). The two great Sanskrit epic poems , the Ramayana and the Mahabharata , indicates

8112-631: The opportunity to be leaders in a new technology field, and to be involved in technology fields that previously excluded them and that had very little representation of Native American and Indigenous communities. Virtual reality is being used to create space and capacity for Indigenous creatives to tell their stories. VR is used by many Indigenous practitioners to reimagine traditional storytelling and express themselves and their culture, promote health and wellbeing, and foster self-esteem and pride. New virtual platforms have also been created that retell significant moments in Indigenous history as well as connect to

8216-570: The passing of California's Gender Recognition Act (SB 179). The following gender categories have also been described as a third gender: Two-Spirit is a modern umbrella term created at an Indigenous lesbian and gay conference in 1990 with the primary intent of replacing the offensive term, " berdache ", which had been, and in some quarters still is, the term used for gay and gender-variant Indigenous people by non-Native anthropologists. " Berdache " has also been used to describe slave boys, sold into sexual servitude. Kyle De Vries writes, "Berdache

8320-411: The perspective of the authors who were and are mostly white men." This has resulted in widely diverse traditions of gender-variant and third-gender traditions among the over 500 living Native American communities being homogenized and misrepresented under English-language names, and widely misinterpreted by both non-Native and disconnected descendants alike. "[ Two-Spirit ] implies that the individual

8424-522: The popular video game Assassins Creed III collaborating on the game with the Mohawk Nation. A recent Indigenous Futurists game, Terra Nova, was produced by Maize Longboat, a member of the Mohawk tribe, and many other indigenous people have been engaging in the production of video games centered around indigenous themes. Indigenous Futurisms also manifest themselves in physical games as well, Coyote and Crow,

8528-658: The present, like the platform AbTeC Island (Aboriginal Territories in Cyberspace). The 2167VR Project (2017), in partnership with the Initiative for Indigenous Futures (TIIF), commissioned the works of many Indigenous artists such as Danis Goulet (Métis), Kent Monkman (Cree), Postcommodity and Scott Benesiinaabandan (Lac Seul First Nation), notable for his work Blueberry Pie Under a Martian Sky . This immersive project exhibits virtual reality works set 150 years forward in time, paralleling Canada's 150th anniversary , each offering

8632-433: The present. All three people presented in the painting are women. One, who is the ancestor is dressed very colorfully with a head and filled with vibrant feathers. The second woman is older and looks to be the grandmother of the last, and youngest girl. The grandmother and her grand daughters hair is connected and seems to be significant as she passes down the culture and history or her heritage. A lot of her work has to do with

8736-490: The privileges of men and is recognized as such, but whose femaleness, while not openly acknowledged, is not forgotten either. The hijras of South Asia are one of the most recognized groups of third gender people. Some western commentators (Hines and Sanger) have theorized that this could be a result of the Hindu belief in reincarnation , in which gender, sex, and even species can change from lifetime to lifetime, perhaps allowing for

8840-405: The recognition of third classifications, stating: From a rights-based perspective, third sex/gender options should be voluntary, providing trans people with a third choice about how to define their gender identity. Those identifying as a third sex/gender should have the same rights as those identifying as male or female. The document also quotes Mauro Cabral of GATE : People tend to identify

8944-600: The service of Inanna / Ishtar have been described as a third gender. They worked as sacred prostitutes or Hierodules , performed ecstatic dance, music and plays, wore masks and had gender characteristics of both women and men. In Sumer, they were given the cuneiform names of ur.sal ("dog/man-woman") and kur.gar.ra (also described as a man-woman). Modern scholars, struggling to describe them using contemporary sex/gender categories, have variously described them as "living as women", or used descriptors such as hermaphrodites, eunuchs, homosexuals, transvestites, effeminate males and

9048-529: The shape of the family tree. It is very colorful and decorated with other plants or fruit. Ramirez's work, Arbol de la Pura Vida, emphasizes to strong familial connects that are formed within this culture and that it remains many generations later. Both artists grew up in very culturally rich areas where they had the ability and surroundings to learn about their culture and what it meant to them as they got older. They each communicate through their artwork their perspectives of their culture and how it will continue in

9152-441: The social personae glosses "men" and "women," and "third gender" likely would be meaningless. The unsavory word "berdache" certainly ought to be ditched (Jacobs et al. 1997:3-5), but the urban American neologism "two-spirit" can be misleading. While some have found the new term two-spirit a useful tool for intertribal organizing, it is not based in the traditional terms, and has not met with acceptance by more traditional communities;

9256-632: The stories revolving around Indigenous Futurisms contain an Indigenous main character, however, this does not define the genre, when referring to literature in Indigenous Futurisms we are referring to the Author, or the conceptualized stories, as defined in Dillon's anthology. Literature is currently the most diverse subject in Indigenous Futurisms, works including: Love After the End, compiled by Joshua Whitehead ,

9360-454: The term Indigenous Futurism , which is a movement consisting of art, literature and other forms of media which express Indigenous perspectives of the past, present and future in the context of science fiction and related sub-genres. Although Grace Dillon first coined the term “Indigenous Futurisms" in 2003, the first publication of its kind with a focus on Indigenous Futurisms, Walking the Clouds,

9464-557: The term mukhannath and its derivate Arabic forms in the hadith literature: Mukhannathun , especially those in the city of Medina , are mentioned throughout the hadith and in the works of many early Arabic and Islamic writers . During the Rashidun era and first half of the Umayyad era , they were strongly associated with music and entertainment. During the Abbasid caliphate , the word itself

9568-466: The term "homosexual", which appeared in 1869 in a pamphlet published anonymously by Karl-Maria Kertbeny (1824–82). Ulrich is widely regarded as one of the pioneering theorists who advocated for the natural occurrence of same-sex attraction, and he believed that such an orientation does not warrant criminalization. The word Uranian ( Urning ) was derived by Ulrichs from the Greek goddess Aphrodite Urania , who

9672-558: The third gender category, as well as misrepresentations of the cultures in question, including whether or not this concept actually applies to these cultures at all. Since at least the 1970s, anthropologists have described gender categories in some cultures which they could not adequately explain using a two-gender framework. At the same time, feminists began to draw a distinction between (biological) sex and (social/psychological) gender. Anthropologist Michael G. Peletz believes our notions of different types of genders (including

9776-497: The tribes who have traditional ceremonial roles for gender-variant people use names in their own languages, and have generally rejected this "binary" neologism as "Western". Inscribed pottery shards from the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2000–1800 BCE) found near ancient Thebes (now Luxor , Egypt ), list three human genders: tai (male), sḫt ("sekhet") and hmt (female). Sḫt is often translated as "eunuch", although there

9880-456: The twentieth century, the term "third sex" was a common descriptor for homosexuals and gender nonconformists, but after the gay liberation movements of the 1970s and a growing separation of the concepts of sexual orientation and gender identity , the term fell out of favor among LGBT communities and the wider public. With the renewed exploration of gender that feminism, the modern transgender movement, and queer theory has fostered, some in

9984-444: The works of speculative fiction, each individual member of a community is often asked to take part in maintaining and sustaining the environment they are a part of. Nature is often viewed as a cycle, just like the life and death of a member of a community, and thus they can contribute to the cycle they are a part of. The term “Two Spirit” is a modern, pan-Indian, umbrella term used by some Indigenous peoples to describe those who fulfill

10088-553: The world share a belief in three original sexes, such as those from northern Thailand. Many have interpreted the " eunuchs " of the Ancient Eastern Mediterranean world as a third gender that inhabited a liminal space between women and men, understood in their societies as somehow neither or both. In the Historia Augusta , the eunuch body is described as a tertium genus hominum (a third human gender). In 77 BC,

10192-471: Was a common skill, and third genders were oftentimes thought to possess an unusually wide perspective and the ability to understand both sides. A notable result of Sell's study is that 93% of the third genders interviewed, again like their Eastern counterparts, reported "paranormal"-type abilities. In recent years, some Western societies have begun to recognize non-binary or genderqueer identities. Some years after Alex MacFarlane, Australian Norrie May-Welby

10296-620: Was created by Thirza Cuthand (Plains Cree) in 2004. Unlike Two Spirit and other recent modern identities, Indigiqueer honors and celebrates one's sexual and romantic orientation as well as their gender identity and expression as they both relate to one's indigeneity There are many indigenous futurisms stories written with indigiqueer themes. For example: How to Survive the Apocalypse for Native Girls by Two-Spirit Métis/Baawiting Nishnaane. The concept of time in Indigenous Futurisms moves away from Western linear interpretations, both culturally and within

10400-573: Was created out of the god Uranus' testicles . German lesbian activist Anna Rüling used the term in a 1904 speech, "What Interest Does the Women's Movement Have in Solving the Homosexual Problem?" According to some scholars, the West is trying to reinterpret and redefine ancient third-gender identities to fit the Western concept of sexual orientation . In Redefining Fa'afafine : Western Discourses and

10504-855: Was not published until 2012. Dillon is the editor of Walking the Clouds: An Anthology of Indigenous Science Fiction , which is the first anthology of Indigenous science fiction short stories, published by the University of Arizona Press in 2012. She organized the collection with the following sub-genres: Native Slipstream, Contact, Indigenous Science and Sustainability, Native Apocalypse, and Returning to Ourselves. The anthology includes works from Gerald Vizenor , Leslie Marmon Silko , Sherman Alexie , William Sanders and Stephen Graham Jones . The anthology brings together multiple stories from authors who are Native American, First Nations , Aboriginal Australian , and New Zealand Maori. Previously, Dillon has edited Hive of Dreams: Contemporary Science Fiction from

10608-468: Was published in 2023 by Routledge . The book dives into different forms of futurisms, such as Latinx Futurisms, Afrofuturisms , and Indigenous Futurisms . Third gender This is an accepted version of this page Third gender is a concept in which individuals are categorized, either by themselves or by society, as neither a man or woman. It is also a social category present in societies that recognize three or more genders . The term third

10712-493: Was recognized as having unspecified status. In 2016, an Oregon circuit court ruled that a resident, Elisa Rae Shupe , could legally change gender to non-binary. The Open Society Foundations published a report, License to Be Yourself in May 2014, documenting "some of the world's most progressive and rights-based laws and policies that enable trans people to change their gender identity on official documents". The report comments on

10816-489: Was used as a descriptor for men employed as dancers, musicians, or comedians. Mukhannathun existed in pre-Islamic Arabia , during the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , and early Islamic eras . A number of hadith indicate that mukhannathun were used as male servants for wealthy women in the early days of Islam, due to the belief that they were not sexually interested in the female body. These sources do not state that

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