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27-425: (Redirected from Indian Mulberry ) Indian mulberry may refer to: Morinda citrifolia , widely distributed tropically and may be used as a food source Morinda tinctoria , native to southern Asia and cultivated as a dye source See also [ edit ] List of plants known as mulberry [REDACTED] Index of plants with the same common name This page

54-563: A famine food. Although Morinda is considered to have biological properties in traditional medicine , there is no confirmed evidence of clinical efficacy for any intended use. In 2018, a Hawaiian manufacturer of food and skincare products based on this fruit was issued an FDA warning letter for marketing unapproved drugs and making false health claims in violation of the US Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act . The fruit has traditionally been used by Austronesian peoples mainly for producing dyes. It

81-471: A natural component in soils and water. The ions responsible for salination are: Na , K , Ca , Mg and Cl . Over long periods of time, as soil minerals weather and release salts, these salts are flushed or leached out of the soil by drainage water in areas with sufficient precipitation. In addition to mineral weathering, salts are also deposited via dust and precipitation. Salts may accumulate in dry regions, leading to naturally saline soils. This

108-403: A pH greater than 8.2, 2) soil with an exchangeable sodium content above 15% of exchange capacity. The term "alkali soil" is often, but not always, used for soils that meet both of these characteristics. Salinity in drylands can occur when the water table is between two and three metres from the surface of the soil. The salts from the groundwater are raised by capillary action to the surface of

135-480: A pungent odour similar to blue cheese. They are irregularly ellipsoid or ovoid, and may reach up to 9x6 cm. The plants flower and fruit throughout the year. It is common to see flowers and fruit in varying stages of development on a plant at any given time. Morinda citrifolia grows in shady forests and on open rocky or sandy shores. It takes 18 months for the plant to mature, and yields 4 and 8 kg (8.8 and 17.6 lb) of fruit per month throughout

162-633: Is 64% of the amount found in a raw navel orange (53 mg per 100 g of orange, or 89% of the Daily Value ). Sodium levels in M. citrifolia juice (about 3% of Dietary Reference Intake , DRI) are high compared to an orange, while potassium content is moderate. Morinda citrifolia fruit contains several phytochemicals , including lignans , oligo- and polysaccharides , flavonoids , iridoids such as deacetylasperulosidic acid , fatty acids , scopoletin , catechin , beta-sitosterol , damnacanthal , and alkaloids . Soil salinity Salts are

189-442: Is also now common in cities (gardens and recreation areas). The consequences of salinity are Salinity is an important land degradation problem. Soil salinity can be reduced by leaching soluble salts out of soil with excess irrigation water. Soil salinity control involves watertable control and flushing in combination with tile drainage or another form of subsurface drainage . A comprehensive treatment of soil salinity

216-502: Is an index of articles on plant species (or higher taxonomic groups) with the same common name ( vernacular name). If an internal link led you here, you may wish to edit the linking article so that it links directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_mulberry&oldid=1019119917 " Category : Set index articles on plant common names Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

243-546: Is available from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization . High levels of soil salinity can be tolerated if salt-tolerant plants are grown. Sensitive crops lose their vigor already in slightly saline soils, most crops are negatively affected by (moderately) saline soils, and only salinity-resistant crops thrive in severely saline soils. The University of Wyoming and the Government of Alberta report data on

270-619: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Morinda citrifolia Morinda citrifolia is a fruit-bearing tree in the coffee family, Rubiaceae , native to Southeast Asia and Australasia, which was spread across the Pacific by Polynesian sailors. The species is now cultivated throughout the tropics and widely naturalised . There are over 100 names for this fruit across different regions, including great morinda , Indian mulberry , noni , beach mulberry , vomit fruit , awl tree , and rotten cheese fruit . The pungent odour of

297-477: Is the case, for example, in large parts of Australia . Human practices can increase the salinity of soils by the addition of salts in irrigation water. Proper irrigation management can prevent salt accumulation by providing adequate drainage water to leach added salts from the soil. Disrupting drainage patterns that provide leaching can also result in salt accumulations. An example of this occurred in Egypt in 1970 when

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324-750: The Aswan High Dam was built. The change in the level of ground water before the construction had enabled soil erosion , which led to high concentration of salts in the water table. After the construction, the continuous high level of the water table led to the salination of arable land . When the Na (sodium) predominates, soils can become sodic . The pH of sodic soils may be acidic , neutral or alkaline . Sodic soils present particular challenges because they tend to have very poor structure which limits or prevents water infiltration and drainage. They tend to accumulate certain elements like boron and molybdenum in

351-410: The root zone at levels that may be toxic for plants. The most common compound used for reclamation of sodic soil is gypsum , and some plants that are tolerant to salt and ion toxicity may present strategies for improvement. The term "sodic soil" is sometimes used imprecisely in scholarship. It's been used interchangeably with the term alkali soil , which is used in two meanings: 1) a soil with

378-450: The apex of the branch. They are leaf-opposed, replacing one leaf in the pair. There may be up to 90–100 flowers in the head, but only a few open at a time. The flowers are white and tubular with five lobes, measuring about 15 cm long and across. The fruit is a multiple fruit consisting of fused drupes , each containing four seeds. They are initially green, transitioning through pale yellow to white or grey, and when ripe they emit

405-431: The apex, measuring up to 2 cm wide and long. The large glabrous leaves are arranged in opposite pairs on the twigs, reaching up to 25 cm long by 13 cm wide. They are elliptic to ovate in shape and have 6–9 pairs of lateral veins. Domatia are usually present as dense tufts of hairs in the junctions of the lateral veins with the midrib. The inflorescences are dense heads of flowers produced at

432-468: The consumer market. Indigenous peoples used the fruit as emergency food during famines. Therefore, it is also called "starvation fruit". Despite its strong smell and bitter taste, the fruit was nevertheless eaten as a famine food , and, in some Pacific Islands , even as a staple food, either raw or cooked. Southeast Asians and Aboriginal Australians consume fresh fruit with salt or cook it with curry. The seeds are edible when roasted. In Thai cuisine ,

459-403: The fibres of pandanus to create a wide variety of artifacts. Applying a mordant to the fabric before dyeing is necessary when using extracts of this plant as a dye. This process can be labor-intensive if the goal is to achieve shades and hues with the morinda dye. Morinda citrifolia fruit powder contains carbohydrates and dietary fibre in moderate amounts. These macronutrients reside in

486-464: The fresh fruit has made it a famine food in most regions, but it remains a staple food among some cultures and is used in traditional medicine. In the consumer market, dietary supplements are sold in various formats, such as capsules and juices. Morinda citrifolia is a shrub or small tree up to 6 m tall, with grey-brown bark. The twigs are more or less square in cross-section and often fleshy. Stipules are present, very broad and obtuse at

513-408: The fruit pulp, as M. citrifolia juice has sparse nutrient content. The main micronutrients of M. citrifolia pulp powder include vitamin C, vitamin B 3 ), iron, and potassium. Vitamin A, calcium, and sodium are present in moderate amounts. Compared to powdered pulp, only vitamin C is retained in the analysis of M. citrifolia juice. The juice contains 34 mg of vitamin C per 100 g, which

540-530: The leaves known as bai-yo are used as a leaf vegetable and are the main ingredient of Kaeng bai-yo , cooked with coconut milk. The fruit luk-yo is added as a salad ingredient to some versions of green papaya salad . In Cambodia, the leaves are an essential part of the national dish fish amok . Green fruit, leaves, and root or rhizomes might have been used in Polynesian cultures as a general tonic, in addition to its traditional place in Polynesian culture as

567-549: The leaves of this tree. These ants protect the plant from some plant-parasitic insects. The smell of the fruit also attracts fruit bats , which aid in dispersing the seeds. Drosophila sechellia , a type of fruit fly endemic to the Seychelles , feeds exclusively on these fruits. A variety of beverages (juice drinks), powders (from dried ripe or unripe fruits), cosmetic products (lotions, soaps), oil (from seeds), and leaf powders (for encapsulation or pills) have been introduced into

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594-412: The negative effects that salinity has such as reduced water usage of plants. Soil salinity activates genes associated with stress conditions for plants. These genes initiate the production of plant stress enzymes such as superoxide dismutase , L-ascorbate oxidase , and Delta 1 DNA polymerase . Limiting this process can be achieved by administering exogenous glutamine to plants. The decrease in

621-423: The plants use the water, the salts are left behind in the soil and eventually begin to accumulate. This water in excess of plant needs is called the leaching fraction . Salination from irrigation water is also greatly increased by poor drainage and use of saline water for irrigating agricultural crops. Salinity in urban areas often results from the combination of irrigation and groundwater processes. Irrigation

648-484: The salt tolerance of plants. Field data in irrigated lands, under farmers' conditions, are scarce, especially in developing countries. However, some on-farm surveys have been made in Egypt, India, and Pakistan. Some examples are shown in the following gallery, with crops arranged from sensitive to very tolerant. Calcium has been found to have a positive effect in combating salinity in soils. It has been shown to ameliorate

675-536: The soil. This occurs when groundwater is saline (which is true in many areas), and is favored by land use practices allowing more rainwater to enter the aquifer than it could accommodate. For example, the clearing of trees for agriculture is a major reason for dryland salinity in some areas, since deep rooting of trees has been replaced by shallow rooting of annual crops. Salinity from irrigation can occur over time wherever irrigation occurs, since almost all water (even natural rainfall) contains some dissolved salts. When

702-420: The year. It is tolerant of saline soils , drought conditions, and secondary soils . It can be found in various environments including volcanic terrains and clearings or limestone outcrops, as well as in coral atolls. It can grow up to 9 m (30 ft) tall and has large, simple, dark green, shiny, and deeply veined leaves. Morinda citrifolia is attractive to weaver ants , which make their nests by using

729-585: Was carried into the Pacific Islands as canoe plants by Austronesian voyagers. Morinda bark produces a brownish-purplish dye that may be used for making batik . In Hawaii, yellowish dye is extracted from its roots to dye cloth. Yolngu artists at Bula'Bula Arts in Ramingining , in central Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory, Australia, use the roots and bark of djundom , as it is known to them, to dye

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