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69-682: The company was founded in 1930 by Japanese and Swiss investors. It took over Shokosha Watch Research Institute (founded in 1918) and some facilities of the assembly plant opened in Yokohama in 1912 by the Swiss watchmaker Rodolphe Schmid. The brand Citizen was first registered in Switzerland by Schmid in 1918 for watches he sold in Japan. The development of this brand was supported in the 1920s by Count Gotō Shinpei with his hope that watches could become affordable to

138-520: A laissez-faire industrial/trade policy, Switzerland's emergence as one of the most prosperous nations in Europe, sometimes termed the "Swiss miracle", was a development of the mid 19th to early 20th centuries, among other things tied to the role of Switzerland during the World Wars . Switzerland's total energy consumption, which was dropping from the mid 1910s to the early 1920s, started to increase again in

207-450: A federal state was established in 1848. Before that time, the city-cantons of Zürich , Geneva , and Basel in particular began to develop economically based on industry and trade, while the rural regions of Switzerland remained poor and underdeveloped. While a workshop system had been in existence throughout the early modern period , the production of machines began in 1801 in St. Gallen , with

276-461: A global resurgence in currency movement provided the necessary stimulus to the Swiss economy. It slowly gained momentum, and peaked in the year 2000 with 3.7% growth in real terms. In the early 2000s recession , being so closely linked to the economies of Western Europe and the United States , Switzerland could not escape the slowdown in these countries. After the worldwide stock market crashes in

345-420: A long-lasting correctly functioning movement. For water resistant and diving Eco-Drive watches Citizen recommends a watch gasket exchange every 2 or 3 years to preserve their water resistance because watch gaskets, which form a watertight seal, degrade as they age. Further, Citizen recommends maintenance for Eco-Drive watch movements in regular intervals in order to extend the life of the watch movement, since

414-773: A peak of 4.3% in January 2004, although well below the European Union (EU) rate of 9.2% at the end of 2004. On 10 November 2002 the economics magazine Cash suggested five measures for political and economic institutions to implement to revive the Swiss economy: 1. Private consumption should be promoted with decent wage increases. In addition to that, families with children should get discounts on their health insurance. 2. Switzerland's national bank should revive investments by lowering interest rates. Besides that, monetary institutions should increasingly credit consumers and offer cheaper land to be built on. 3. Switzerland's national bank

483-449: A six-month power reserve. If kept from light for an extended period, some Eco-Drive movement models can hibernate, where the hands of the watch stop and the internal quartz movement continues to track the correct time. When subsequently exposed to sufficient light, the hands move automatically (without human intervention) to the proper positions and resume regular timekeeping. Citizen Eco-Drive Thermo watches were introduced in 1999 and use

552-495: A solar cell to power the electronic movement and charge the secondary power cell. This model was an attempt to enter higher-priced markets (at a cost of around US$ 1,000). The Eco-Duo Drive technology failed to attract consumer interest and Citizen has since stopped making use of the unique movement. According to Citizen, experimental data showed the solar cell and secondary battery will last for more than 10 years. According to Citizen Europe, laboratory tests showed that after 20 years

621-400: A special titanium lithium ion secondary battery charged by an amorphous silicon photocell located behind the dial . Light passes through the crystal and dial before reaching the photocell. Depending on the electronic movement, a fully charged secondary power cell could run with no further charging from 30 days to 3,175 days (8.7 years), though most Eco-Drive men's watch models offer

690-541: A third of Citizen's North American revenues by 2000. In 2002 the VITRO technology (Eco-Drive VITRO) came on the market, where the solar cells were no longer even slightly visible under the dial. During the mid-2000s, wristwatch sales improved for Citizen thanks to further development of the Eco-Drive line and integration of radio-controlled timing with the 2002 Eco-Drive line. Later specialized tool watch designs were introduced like

759-419: Is Germany. In 2017, 17% of Switzerland's exports and 20% of its imports came from Germany. The United States was the second largest destination of exports (10% of total exports) and the second largest source of imports (7.8%). China was the third largest destination of exports (9.2%) but only provided 4.8% of imports. The next largest destinations of exports include India (7.3%), France (5.4%), Hong Kong (5.4%),

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828-420: Is a line of solar powered watches, which do not require a battery change. They are made of recycled materials and have a water resistant rating of 10 Bar. The line of watches also supports people by making a donation for each watch purchased. Citizen also manufactures calculators and small electronic organizers. Some non-watch devices such as handheld televisions and computer printers , have been marketed under

897-506: Is another . According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Switzerland is subsidising more than 70% of its agriculture compared to 35% in the EU. The 2007 Agricultural Program increased subsidies by CHF 63 million to CHF 14.092 billion. Protectionism acts to promote domestic production, but not to reduce prices or the cost of production, and there is no guarantee

966-535: Is generated, an Eco-Drive Thermo movement will save power by moving the second hand in ten second increments until the production of thermo electricity is resumed. Citizen has stopped making Eco-Drive Thermo watches. Citizen also built an automatic quartz powered watch, the Citizen Promaster Eco-Duo Drive (released in December 1998). Novel to this watch was the use of both mechanical power as well as

1035-500: Is the third richest landlocked country in the world after Liechtenstein and Luxembourg . Together with the latter and Norway , they are the only three countries in the world with a GDP per capita (nominal) above US$ 90,000 that are neither island nations nor ministates . Among OECD nations, Switzerland holds the 3rd-largest GDP per capita. Switzerland has a highly efficient and strong social security system ; social expenditure stood at roughly 24.1% of GDP . Switzerland as

1104-451: The European Union 's policies, some trade protectionism remains, particularly for the small agricultural sector. In 2022, the sector with the highest number of companies registered in Switzerland is Services with 230,494 companies followed by Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate and Retail Trade with 107,547 and 45,935 companies respectively. Switzerland is a leading exporter of high-end watches and clocks. Swiss companies produce most of

1173-440: The quartz movement was stated as within ± 20 seconds per month at a normal temperature range of 5 to 40 °C (41 to 104 °F). In addition to the first three Eco-Drive models introduced in 1995, Citizen marketed numerous other Eco-Drive models during the 1990s, including the 6.05  mm (0.238  in ) thick Eco-Drive Slim of 1996. Where the first models offered hours, minutes, seconds and date features, ultimately

1242-583: The 1300m Professional Diver's watch – the world's most pressure-resistant wristwatch at the time. But it was perhaps the Fugu that became Citizen's most iconic diver. With its launch in 1989, fans nicknamed it the Fugu , after the Japanese pufferfish. The watch's bezel has alternating smooth and serrated edges to provide a positive grip in wet conditions, with the shape inspired by the pufferfish. Citizen eventually adopted Fugu as

1311-455: The 1950s, annual GDP growth averaged 5% and Switzerland's energy consumption nearly doubled. Coal lost its rank as Switzerland's primary energy source, as other imported fossil fuels, such as crude and refined oil and natural and refined gas, increased. In the 1960s, annual GDP growth averaged 4% and Switzerland's total energy consumption nearly doubled again. By the end of the decade oil provided over three-quarters of Switzerland's energy. In

1380-511: The 1970s the GDP growth rate gradually declined from a peak of 6.5% in 1970; GDP then contracted by 7.5% in 1975 and 1976. Switzerland became increasingly dependent on oil imported from its main suppliers, the OPEC cartel. The 1973 international oil crisis caused Switzerland's energy consumption to decrease in the years from 1973 to 1978. In 1974 there were three nationwide car-free Sundays when private transport

1449-507: The Caliber 0100 Eco-Drive prototype autonomous high-accuracy quartz watch movement which is claimed to be accurate to ± 1 second per year. Key elements to obtain the high claimed accuracy are applying a for a watch unusual shaped ( AT-cut ) quartz crystal operated at 2 or 8 388 608  Hz frequency, thermal compensation and hand selecting pre-aged crystals. Besides that AT-cut variations allow for greater temperature tolerances, specifically in

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1518-433: The Caliber 0100 movement were announced to become available for sale with deliveries expected around the 2019 fall. According to Citizen, by 2011 80% of their wristwatches featured Eco-Drive, and the company saw Eco-Drive type watches as the focus of new generations of watches. In 2012 Citizen offered over 320 Eco-Drive watch models in various types, styles and price ranges. Most Eco-Drive type watches are equipped with

1587-605: The Calibre 8700, is also used with leather bands as if they were metal bracelet-style watchbands; however, when the clasp is fastened, the band appears to be a normal eye-hole and link pin leather watchband. In 1959, Citizen launched the Parawater – Japan's first fully-waterproof wristwatch. It became the forerunner to Citizen's range of dive watches , subsequently (1982) called the Promaster Marine range. Also in 1982, Citizen launched

1656-617: The Citizen brand name. In the 1980s, a number of handheld electronic games were sold under the Q&;Q brand. In the early-mid 1990s, Citizen partnered with Compaq Computer Corporation to build notebook computers in Japan for the Japan and Far Eastern market to be sold under the Compaq name. On January 10, 2008, Citizen bought the Bulova Watch Company for $ 250 million, making The Citizen Group

1725-508: The Japanese domestic market but can be obtained internationally if ordered online. Citizen also produces the Independent Watches line, featuring a more modern, contemporary design than the traditional Citizen label. Depending on the market, these watches may be labelled "Secret", "Lighthouse" brands among others. The deployant clasp with a Push Button (DCP) is a clasp available for many Citizen watch bracelet bands. The clasp, as with

1794-468: The NY011 series (launched in 2020). With a Miyota 8203 movement, Fugu automatic watches can be hand-wound – a significant advantage over their original competitor (Seiko's now discontinued SKX). Among the world's ISO-certified watches for professional diving, the Fugu remains the mechanical watch in continuous production for the longest. Eco-Drive watches use a battery recharged by a solar panel hidden under

1863-607: The Promaster Eco-Drive Professional Diver 1000M Titanium BN7020-09E in 2017. This is a very large watch, the titanium watch case has a diameter of 52.2 mm and thickness of 22 mm and features a helium release valve , designed for mixed gas saturation diving at great depths. Since 2009, Citizen has developed Eco-Drive Concept Models as technology demonstration and marketing tools. These Eco-Drive Concept Models are generally shown at exhibitions and produced in limited editions. The Concept Model 2011

1932-532: The United Kingdom (4.5%) and Italy (4.4%). Other major sources of imports include: Italy (7.6%), the United Kingdom (7.1%), France (6.0%), China (mentioned above), the United Arab Emirates (3.7%) and Hong Kong (3.4%). Eco-Drive Eco-Drive is a model range of watches manufactured and marketed worldwide by Citizen Watch Co., Ltd. , powered primarily by light . As of 2007, the company estimated

2001-479: The World Factbook numbers, Switzerland is the 20th largest exporter and the 18th largest importer. The United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database has lower numbers for Switzerland's exports and imports. The UN calculates exports at $ 223.5 billion in 2011 and $ 185.8 billion in 2010. The value of all imports in 2011 was $ 197.0 billion and in 2010 it was $ 166.9 billion. Switzerland's largest trading partner

2070-699: The Zen Noblia Ultra Slim watch was introduced as a model by Citizen. From 1986 to 1997 Citizen offered watches under the Noblia brand. These were in the high-priced segment and combined a traditional-classical design with modern quartz movements. Noblia was an outfitter and sponsor of the Louis Vuitton Cup and the Star North American Championship. Noblia was discontinued in 1997 after releasing a collection of ceramic clocks. Q&Q SmileSolar

2139-469: The appearance of the watch. The technical platform that made the Eco-Drive concept possible was the Eco-Drive caliber 7878 movement. This movement was the first light-powered movement where the solar cells could be mounted under the dial. Previous light powered watches from Citizen and other manufacturers had the solar cell(s) mounted directly on the dial. This innovation was enabled by marked improvements in thin film amorphous silicon solar cells, which by

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2208-544: The banks with the Nazis (although they also co-operated extensively with the British and French) and their commercial relations with the Axis powers during the war were later sharply criticised, resulting in a short period of international isolation of Switzerland. Switzerland's production facilities were largely undamaged by the war, and afterwards both imports and exports grew rapidly. In

2277-434: The correct frequency by location. The watch actually tracks two time zones —home and world—but synchronizes to the 'home' zone. When traveling, the user may swap the 'home' and 'world' zones, thereby enabling proper time signal reception on a different continent while retaining the other time. The day, date, and daylight saving time settings are set automatically when the watch is synchronized. These features are comparable to

2346-653: The drive system had eliminated the disposal of ten million batteries in North America. Citizen introduced the Eco-Drive line to Asia, Latin America, and Europe in 1995 and to the United States in April, 1996. The Eco-Drive concept introduced several technical refinements over previous solar powered watches, including light-capturing cells that could be made virtually invisible behind the dial instead of highly conspicuous, enhancing

2415-420: The early 1920s. It stagnated during the 1930s before falling again during the early 1940s; but rapid growth started once again in the mid 1940s. In the 1940s, particularly during World War II, the economy profited from the increased export and delivery of weapons to Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and other European countries. However, Switzerland's energy consumption decreased rapidly. The co-operation of

2484-447: The early 1990s had become significantly more efficient . By locating a sufficiently translucent dial material over the now more efficient solar cells, enough light could pass through the dial face to power the movement. Though the Eco-Drive caliber 7878 movement solar cells remained slightly visible through the dial, the physical styling of the light-powered watch was no longer constrained by visible solar cells. To store electrical energy

2553-459: The economic sectors. Only a small minority of the workers are involved in the primary or agricultural sector (1.3% of the population, in 2006 ) while a larger minority is involved in the secondary or manufacturing sector (27.7% in 2012 ). The majority of the working population are involved in the tertiary or services sector of the economy (71.0% in 2012 ). While most of the Swiss economic practices have been brought largely into conformity with

2622-439: The first Eco-Drive movements employed titanium lithium-ion rechargeable or secondary batteries . This battery type became available in the early 1990s, enabling an Eco-Drive 7878 movement to run 180 days on secondary power before requiring recharging via light exposure – a marked improvement in energy storage over previous light-powered watches. The movement also featured an "insufficient recharging" indicator. The accuracy of

2691-520: The general public. The growth of Citizen until World War II relied on technology transfer from Switzerland. Citizen launched the world's first multi-band atomic timekeeping watch in 1993 and has remained a pioneer of this field. Synchronized to atomic clocks, these watches are accurate to within one second in one hundred thousand years. The Skyhawk A-T line features radio-controlled timekeeping. The watches can synchronize with radio clocks in Japan, North America , and Europe , automatically selecting

2760-458: The government strove for the Magical Hexagon of full employment, social equality, economic growth, environmental quality, positive trade balance and price stability. The rebound which started in mid-2003 saw growth rate growth rate averaging 3% (2004 and 2005 saw a GDP growth of 2.5% and 2.6% respectively; for 2006 and 2007, the rate was 3.6%). In 2008, GDP growth was modest in the first half of

2829-468: The increased domestic production is actually consumed internally; it may simply be exported, to the profit of the producers. 90 to 100% of potatoes, vegetables, pork, veal, cattle and most milk products are produced in the country. Beyond that, Swiss agriculture meets 65% of the domestic food demand. In 2016 the Swiss government spent about 5.5% of its total budget (over CHF 3.5 billion) on supporting food production. The first reform in agricultural policies

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2898-575: The main economic indicators in 1980–2021. Inflation below 5% is in green. (in US$ PPP) (in Bil. US$ nominal) (in US$ nominal) (real) (in %) (in %) (in % of GDP) Origin of the capital at the 30 biggest Swiss corporations, 2018. The majority of large Swiss companies have foreign CEOs . The Swiss economy follows the typical developed country model with respect to

2967-420: The most competitive pharmaceutical industries in the world. Major Swiss pharmaceutical companies include Novartis and Roche . Switzerland is highly protective of its agricultural industry. High tariffs and extensive domestic subsidisations encourage domestic production, which currently produces about 60% of the food consumed in the country. Cheeses and dairy are emblematic products of Swiss agriculture. Wine

3036-446: The movements evolved to include a broad range of design features, including complex analog and digital-analog movements and the horological complications of chronographs , flyback chronographs and dive watches . In the early 2000s, while wristwatch sales declined with the advent of cell phones and their timekeeping capability, demand for Citizen watches in North America remained robust. Eco-Drive models were well received, generating

3105-494: The number of organic farms increased by 3.3 percent between 2003 and 2004, and organic sales increased by 7 percent to $ 979 million. Moreover, Swiss consumers consider less important the drawback of higher prices for organic food compared to conventional locally produced food. The CIA World Factbook estimates Switzerland's 2011 exports at $ 308.3 billion and the 2010 exports at $ 258.5 billion. Imports are estimated to be $ 299.6 billion in 2011 and $ 246.2 billion in 2010. According to

3174-417: The population and about one quarter of the work force were foreign nationals, though job losses during the economic recession decreased this number. In the 1980s, Switzerland's economy contracted by 1.3% in 1982 but grew substantially for the rest of the decade, with annual GDP growth between about 3% and 4%, apart from 1986 and 1987 when growth decreased to 1.9% and 1.6% respectively. Switzerland's economy

3243-432: The range of −40 to 125 °C (−40 to 257 °F), they exhibit reduced deviations caused by gravitational orientation changes. As a result, errors caused by spatial orientation and positioning become less of a concern. The Caliber 0100 movement in 2018 was not available for sale to the public, the technology inside the movement will be introduced in future models. In March 2019 three limited edition wrist watch models with

3312-478: The secondary battery retains a power storage capacity of 80% of its initial capacity. Newer Citizen claims state the rechargeable/secondary batteries will last up to 40 years and that it is highly unusual for these batteries to fail. These rechargeable/secondary batteries last significantly longer than a typical quartz-watch battery, but when stored, attention must be given to keep the rechargeable/secondary batteries in Eco-Drive watches sufficiently energized to ensure

3381-465: The surplus of the current account balance . In 2006, Switzerland recorded a 15.1% per GDP surplus. It went down to 9.1% in 2007 and further dropped to 1.8% in 2008. It recovered in 2009 and 2010 with a surplus of 11.9% and 14.6% respectively. Unemployment peaked in December 2009 at 4.4%. In August 2018 the unemployment rate was 2.4%. The chart below shows the trend of the gross domestic product of Switzerland at market prices: The following table shows

3450-560: The synchronization with atomic clocks found in Casio Wave Ceptor watches. The Perpetual Chrono A-T synchronizes with the atomic clocks in Colorado or Germany, depending on signal strength and location, and incorporates Eco-Drive technology, so it does not require replacement batteries. In 2010, Miyota (Citizen Watch) of Japan introduced a newly developed movement that uses a three-prong quartz crystal torsional resonator, with eight times

3519-510: The temperature difference between the wearer's arm and the surrounding environment as a power source. The rare Eco-Drive Thermo watches use the Seebeck effect to generate thermo electricity that powers the electronic movement and charges the secondary power cell. In the sun or in the tropics the ambient temperature can come close to or exceed the temperature of the wearer's wrist causing the watch to stop generating thermo electricity. In case no power

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3588-407: The third generation of machines imported from Great Britain. But in Switzerland, hydraulic power was often used instead of steam engines because of the country's mountainous topography and lack of significant deposits of coal. By 1814, hand weaving had been mostly replaced by the power loom . Both tourism and banking began to develop as economic factors at about the same time. While Switzerland

3657-432: The three-year recession also caused the unemployment rate to rise to its all-time peak of 5.3% in 1997. In 2008, Switzerland was in second place among European countries with populations above one million in terms of nominal and purchasing power parity GDP per capita, behind Norway (see list ). Several times in the 1990s, real wages decreased since nominal wages could not keep up with inflation. However, beginning in 1997,

3726-532: The vibration frequency of a traditional quartz watch, for the Precisionist or Accutron II line, a new type of quartz watch which is claimed to be accurate to +/− 10 seconds a year and has a smooth sweeping second hand rather than one that jumps each second. Accurate to within five seconds per year, the Chronomaster line is unofficially the most accurate quartz-crystal watch ever made. They are currently sold only in

3795-464: The wake of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, there were more announcements of false enterprise statistics and exaggerated managers' wages. The rate of GDP growth dropped to 1.2% in 2001; 0.4% in 2002; and minus 0.2% in 2003. This economic slowdown had a noticeable impact on the labour market . Many companies announced mass dismissals and thus the unemployment rate rose from its low of 1.6% in September 2000 to

3864-489: The watch face. In the rare and discontinued Eco-Drive Duo series, the solar power was supplemented by an automatic quartz power source. One early model, called the Citizen Vitality, used the watch hands to drive a small electric generator, but was discontinued following complaints that the device could explode and cause wrist injuries. There was also an Eco-Drive Thermo model that exploited temperature differentials between

3933-704: The watch's official name, even engraving some models' casebacks with a pufferfish logo. And in 1993, the Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei adopted the Fugu NY004 for official use. All Fugu models are certified to the ISO 6425 standard for reliability underwater, resistance to shocks and magnetism, water-tightness and thermal-shock resistance. The original Fugu series (NY004, NY008 and NY009) were criticised for their bezel action and lack of sapphire crystal. These issues were ultimately addressed by

4002-537: The wearer's skin temperature and ambient temperature to recharge the battery. However, the only Eco-Drive system described on the Citizen Watch official website is the one depending solely on light to recharge. Features similar to the Eco-Drive have been developed by other manufacturers like Casio and Junghans . All Citizen Eco-Drive movements are made in Japan but the case or the bracelet may also be made in China. In 1985

4071-669: The world by exporting over US$ 20 billion value of all types of watches, followed by Hong Kong, at under US$ 10 billion. China exported the highest number of watches by far in 2011. In July 2024, the Swatch Group loses 70% of its profit. Switzerland has an extensive industrial sector, with globally competitive companies in various industrial sectors. Most noticeably, food processing like Nestlé , machines and robot manufacturers such as ABB , Bobst SA and Stadler Rail , chemicals for industrial and construction use like Sika AG , or military equipment such as Ruag . Switzerland also has one of

4140-490: The world's high-end watches: in 2011 exports reached nearly 19.3 billion CHF, up 19.2% over the previous year. Watch manufacturing is mostly located around the Jura mountains, in the cantons of Geneva, Vaud, Neuchâtel, Bern, and Jura. Notable watchmaking firms include Rolex , Patek Philippe , Swatch , and Richemont . The watches go to Asia (55%), Europe (29%), Americas (14%), Africa and Oceania (both 1%). In 2011, Switzerland led

4209-608: The world's largest watchmaker. In 2016, Citizen acquired the Swiss Frédérique Constant Group. Economy of Switzerland The Economy of Switzerland is one of the world's most advanced and a highly-developed free market economy . The economy of Switzerland has ranked first in the world since 2015 on the Global Innovation Index and third in the 2020 Global Competitiveness Report . According to United Nations data for 2016, Switzerland

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4278-448: The year while declining in the last two quarters. Because of the base effect, real growth came to 1.9%. While it contracted 1.9% in 2009, the economy started to pick up in Q3 and by the second quarter of 2010, it had surpassed its previous peak. Growth for 2010 was 2.6% The stock market collapse of 2007-2009 deeply affected investment income earned abroad. This translated to a substantial fall in

4347-577: Was asked to devalue the Swiss Franc, especially compared to the Euro. 4. The government should implement the anti-cyclical measure of increasing budget deficits. Government spending should increase in the infrastructure and education sectors. Lowering taxes would make sense in order to promote private household consumption. 5. Flexible work schedules should be instituted, thus avoiding low demand dismissals. These measures were applied with successful results while

4416-577: Was in 1993. Among other changes, since 1998 Switzerland has linked the attribution of farm subsidies with the strict observance of good environmental practice. Before farmers can apply for subsidies, they must obtain certificates of environmental management systems (EMS) proving that they: "make a balanced use of fertilizers; use at least 7% of their farmland as ecological compensation areas; regularly rotate crops; adopt appropriate measures to protect animals and soil; make limited and targeted use of pesticides." 1,500 farms are driven out of business each year. But

4485-417: Was in the late 1960s and 1970s. Railways played a major part in industrialization; the first railway opened in 1847, between Zürich and Baden . Despite the competition between private players, Switzerland was covered with more than 1000 km of track by 1860. Nevertheless, the network was barely coordinated because of the decentralised system. The industrial sector began to grow in the 19th century with

4554-501: Was marred by slow growth in the 1990s, having the weakest economic growth in Western Europe . The economy was affected by a three-year recession from 1991 to 1993, when the economy contracted by 2%. The contraction also became apparent in Switzerland's energy consumption and export growth rates. Switzerland's economy averaged no appreciable increase (only 0.6% annually) in GDP. After enjoying unemployment rates lower than 1% before 1990,

4623-436: Was primarily rural, the cities experienced an industrial revolution in the late 19th century, focused especially on textiles. In Basel, for example, textiles, including silk, were the leading industry. In 1888, women made up 44% of wage earners. Nearly half the women worked in the textile mills, with household servants the second largest job category. The proportion of women in the workforce was higher between 1890 and 1910 than it

4692-414: Was prohibited as a result of the oil supply shock. From 1977 onwards GDP grew again, although Switzerland was also affected by the 1979 energy crisis which resulted in a short-term decrease in Switzerland's energy consumption. In 1970 industry still employed about 46% of the labor force, but during the economic recession of the 1970s the services sector grew to dominate the national economy. By 1970 17.2% of

4761-569: Was the Eco-Drive SATELLITE WAVE that has a movement that can receive time synchronization signals from GPS satellites . This makes radio-controlled timing possible in remote areas that are not serviced by land based radio time signal stations. In 2012 Citizen announced the Eco-Drive RING Concept Model. This watch features a ring-shaped solar cell surrounding the watch case sidewall. In 2018 Citizen announced it developed

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