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67-513: The IDRC supports open standards, open access, and open source technology wherever possible in order to maximize distribution and to encourage broad participation. Some of the new initiatives the IDRC is working on are: FLOE Project: Flexible Learning for Open Education. FLOE is intended to enable inclusive access to personally relevant, engaging learning opportunities for the full diversity of learners and content producers. For example, Users can customize

134-536: A guiding framework for Inclusive Design in a digitally transformed and complexly connected global society. The framework applies Systems Thinking to the area of digital inclusion for people experiencing disabilities and adds the consideration of the design process to inclusive or accessible Design. Jutta Treviranus has written extensively on Inclusive Education. "We need to design these systems, and our policies, so that they are accessible to everyone," Treviranus wrote. Treviranus has written that an information model

201-406: A 15-in. LCD screen for a face goes to school in the absent child's place. The other remains in the hospital, transmitting an image of the child's face to the classroom. Using a video-game-style controller, the child can direct the school robot to raise its hand to ask a question or swivel its head to follow the teacher." Treviranus et alia noted that, "The results indicate that, overall, PEBBLES has

268-632: A M.A. in special education from University of Toronto and in 2018 earned her Ph.D from University College Dublin , Ireland. At the beginning of her career, for the first personal computers – the Apple II Plus , the Tandy Model 100, the Texas Instruments computers, and later the Commodore 64 and Vic 20  – Treviranus designed alternative access systems for people with disabilities. She

335-654: A W3C Recommendation on 5 October 2023. The first web accessibility guideline was compiled by Gregg Vanderheiden and released in January 1995, just after the 1994 Second International Conference on the World-Wide Web (WWW II) in Chicago (where Tim Berners-Lee first mentioned disability access in a keynote speech after seeing a pre-conference workshop on accessibility led by Mike Paciello ). Over 38 different Web access guidelines followed from various authors and organizations over

402-403: A closely related derivative thereof, is specifically codified into law. There are many laws relating to accessibility in general and which may apply to websites, though they do not necessarily refer to WCAG. It is nevertheless considered prudent to follow WCAG guidelines to help protect against potential lawsuits relating to accessibility. Some jurisdictions are moving to build legislation around

469-399: A design system that can adapt, morph, or stretch to address each design need presented by each individual." Researchers in inclusive design believe that every user of any system, be it digital or policy, must be recognized as unique and that "it is the responsibility of inclusive designers to be aware of the context and broader impact of any design and strive to effect a beneficial impact beyond

536-594: A general principle of accessible design. Each guideline covers a basic theme of web accessibility and is associated with one or more checkpoints that describes how to apply that guideline to particular webpage features. Each of the in total 65 WCAG 1.0 checkpoints has an assigned priority level based on the checkpoint's impact on accessibility: WCAG 2.0 consist of twelve guidelines organized under four principles (websites must be perceivable , operable , understandable , and robust ). Each guideline has testable success criteria (61 in all). The W3C's Techniques for WCAG 2.0

603-514: A group of developers independent of the W3C, and led by Joe Clark , published corrections for, and extensions to, the WCAG 1.0. The first concept proposal of WCAG 2.0 was published on 25 January 2001. In the following years new versions were published intended to solicit feedback from accessibility experts and members of the disability community. On 27 April 2006 a "Last Call Working Draft" was published. Due to

670-544: A match for each student's needs. An embodiment of these ideals is the open educational resources (OER) community since it has the potential to rectify several of the flaws of traditional education. One way to stop OERs from experiencing the same problems as traditional education is to embrace imperfection. She notes that another risk to inclusive education is the overuse of the big data statistical analysis which can be used to justify non-inclusion. PEBBLES (Providing Education By Bringing Learning Environments to Students)

737-515: A new graduate program." What is unique about the MDes INCD programme is that the students in the programme are selected for their diversity – from a very wide range of interests and expertise. In 2012 Treviranus cofounded the annual Designing Enabling Economies and Policies (DEEP) Conference to "engage in substantive in-depth discussion about implementation strategies for digital inclusion of persons with disabilities among decision makers promoting

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804-514: A number of non-visual techniques: haptics ( haptic technology , haptic communication , haptic perception , haptic poetry , and haptic media ), 3D real world sounds and talking to figure out the best ways to communicate various kinds of data. In the context of an ever increasingly digital economy, and the requirement/tendency to combine technology of all sorts into everyday life, there is a potential problem for even larger numbers of people to become marginalized since accessible technology only meets

871-403: A very large of group of students with disabilities, namely, for the blind or learning disabled, ways of receiving information by touch, (the somatosensory system ), and /or tactile manipulation, for example. To arrive at, perhaps, a potential solution/direction of a solution, to the problem, Treviranus conducted research that examined the understanding of spatial ideas like geography by using

938-494: A very positive effect on both the young and adult participants; the most dramatic effect of all was on the ill child who used PEBBLES to attend school." Treviranus has been involved with computer technology, robotics and learning from the very beginning. Treviranus has argued that the outliers in any society are frequently the true innovators. She writes that educating these people through electronic means (e-learning) makes very good sense, especially because this group may contain

1005-630: Is Principal Investigator, Inclusive Design Institute (a regional research hub with eight postsecondary institutions as partners). She is the Chair, Web Access Initiative, W3C , Authoring Tools. Treviranus is the Canadian Head of Delegation of the ISO JTC1 SC36 working group and Co-Director of Raising the Floor International. Treviranus is a leader in the field of inclusive design and has articulated

1072-766: Is a full Professor at the Ontario College of Art and Design University (OCADU) in Toronto, Canada. She is the director and founder of the Inclusive Design Research Centre (IDRC) and the Inclusive Design Institute (IDI). Treviranus is a world expert in the field of inclusive design and has made appearances at the White House and United Nations . Concerned about the impact of statistical reasoning on people who happen to be outliers or different from

1139-413: Is a global collaboration with end-users and programmers/developers and industry players that has designed a platform, premised on the one-size-fits-one philosophy, with three major parts: firstly, a system to users to determine the best interface for them, located in the cloud; secondly, a way to cause all digital interfaces they come across to adapt to their needs instead of vice versa; and, thirdly, provide

1206-449: Is a list of techniques that help authors meet the guidelines and success criteria. The techniques are periodically updated whereas the principles, guidelines and success criteria are stable and do not change. WCAG 2.0 uses the same three levels of conformance ( A, AA, AAA ) as WCAG 1.0, but has redefined them. The WCAG working group maintains an extensive list of web accessibility techniques and common failure cases for WCAG 2.0. WCAG 2.1

1273-540: Is a project funded and supported by Wayne Gretzky in the late 1990s, and several other funders. "Through the use of videoconferencing and robotics, the Pebbles Project is able to connect a hospitalized child with his or her classroom in order to minimize loss of social and intellectual stimulation and to facilitate reentry into the classroom after hospital discharge." According to Time magazine , "the robots, created by Toronto-based Telbotics, work in pairs. One with

1340-450: Is backwards-compatible with WCAG 2.0, which it extends with a further 17 success criteria. WCAG 2.2 is backwards-compatible with WCAG 2.1 extending it a further nine success criteria and with WCAG 2.0 extending it a further 26 success criteria (including the 17 success criteria introduced by WCAG 2.1). Additionally, WCAG 2.2 has deprecated and removed the 4.1.1 success criterion. This section only refers to specific instances where WCAG, or

1407-589: Is based on the W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0. The main differences between the Israeli standard and the W3C standard concern the requirements to provide captions and texts for audio and video media. The Israeli standards are somewhat more lenient, reflecting the current technical difficulties in providing such captions and texts in Hebrew. Jutta Treviranus Jutta Treviranus

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1474-598: Is based primarily on WCAG 2.0 and ATAG 1.0 recommendations of the W3C . ADOD is being developed in partnership with UNESCO and the Ontario Ministry of Community and Social Services . AEGIS Ontario: Integrating Accessibility into Emerging ICT. The ÆGIS Ontario project is devoted to ensuring that emerging information and communication technologies (ICT) are designed inclusively, thereby supporting Ontario's commitment to equal access and preparing Ontario's ICT businesses to meet

1541-616: Is funded by the Canada Foundation for Innovation and the Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation. Thirty-five academics from the participating institutions are affiliated with the institute. Some research centres that use the term "inclusive design" do so synonymously with the older field of universal design . Both inclusive design and universal design seek to design systems "... so that work for people with disabilities results in systems that work better for everyone [and] increase

1608-401: Is of essential importance for people with disabilities; they researched a large array of cutting edge technological solutions that allowed users with a variety of physical impairments to use and interact with computer technology. The paper anticipates changing input devices like keyboards and mice to technology involving switches to allow for the physical difficulties of users. Developing from

1675-442: Is required so that education delivered by web based systems can be tailored to the specific needs of each student. Because information devices and delivery systems are so easy to change, and are flexible, that allows for infinite permutations so that obstacles faced by disabled students can be overcome. Further, Treviranus asserts that when educational resources are shared that further enhances an education system's ability to provide

1742-480: Is the first European standard for ICT products and services. WCAG 2.2 became a W3C Recommendation on 5 October 2023. Nine new criteria make their definitive debut in this new version of the WCAG standard. New sections have also been introduced that detail aspects of the specification which may impact privacy and security. In early 2021, the Accessibility Guidelines Working Group presented

1809-526: Is the focal point of a feasibility study by the United States Department of Education on accessibility. As a university professor, she established a new Master of Design in Inclusive Design (MDes INCD) programme at OCAD University in 2010. The MDes INCD programme teaches the fundamentals of Inclusive Design. "Part of the reason I came to OCADU was because there was the opportunity to start

1876-708: Is yet to announce if it will confirm the European Accessibility Act (EAA) into local law, but companies in the UK and outside of the EU will need to comply with EAA if they sell products or services in any EU member state. Regulations under the Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005 require that public web content of certain Ontario organizations complies with WCAG 2.0 Level AA. The 2010/2012 Jodhan decision caused

1943-692: The Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines Working Group (AUWG) of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Web Accessibility Initiative . Jutta Treviranus, as well as working as a full professor in the Faculty of Design at OCAD University , is Graduate Program Director in the Inclusive Design Graduate Program. She is also Director of the Inclusive Design Research Centre at OCAD University. She

2010-588: The ISO group. Another public policy notion that Treviranus describes is the curb-cut phenomenon that envisions how the new technology and other modes of accommodating PWDs will be scaled up and used to economically benefit the broader majority – not only PWDs. As early as 1992, Treviranus had begun working in the field of Inclusive Design. In, 'An Overview of Human-computer Interaction Techniques for People with Physical Disabilities,' Treviranus and her team stressed that being able to have physical contact with computers

2077-659: The International Organization for Standardization as an ISO International Standard, ISO/IEC 40500:2012. In early 2014, WCAG 2.0's Level A and Level AA success criteria were incorporated as references in clause 9.2 ("Web content requirements") of the European standard EN 301 549 published by ETSI . EN 301 549 was produced in response to a mandate that the European Commission gave to the three official European standardisation bodies ( CEN , CENELEC and ETSI) and

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2144-529: The US Access Board approved a final rule to update Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 . The new rule adopts seventeen WCAG 2.0 success criteria, but 22 of the 38 existing A-level and AA-level criteria were already covered by existing Section 508 guidelines. The rule requires adherence to the new standards twelve months from its date of publication in the federal register. In December, 2021

2211-648: The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), the main international standards organization for the Internet. They are a set of recommendations for making Web content more accessible, primarily for people with disabilities —but also for all user agents , including highly limited devices, such as mobile phones. WCAG 2.0 was published in December 2008 and became an ISO standard, ISO/IEC 40500:2012 in October 2012. WCAG 2.2 became

2278-405: The abstract notion of serving individual learners, Treviranus discusses an accessibility strategy called Access For All that hones in on the need for accessible automated systems to collect resources and spread this network globally. Problem: much education disseminated over long or short distances, but not in a physical classroom, lacks some, or all of the educational modalities required by

2345-455: The digital world. Greater design options allow inclusive design to produce one-size-fits-one solutions in contrast to universal design that features one-size-fits-all and may exclude outliers such as the multifaceted people with various disabilities . Notes the IDRC: "while universal design is about creating a common design that works for everyone, we [in inclusive design] have the freedom to create

2412-562: The 11th circuit court vacated a sometimes-cited case from 2017, which had referred to the WCAG guidelines as "industry standard". The 11th circuit court's ruling rendered the 2017 case moot. As such, the case is no longer citable as caselaw. On March 2, 2022, the 11th circuit court refused to rehear the case. On April 24, 2024, the Federal Register published the Department of Justice’s (DOJ) final rule updating its regulations for Title II of

2479-603: The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The final rule states that the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) Version 2.1, Level AA is the technical standard for state and local governments’ web content and mobile apps. Directive 2016/2102 requires websites and mobile applications of public sector (i.e. government) bodies to conform to WCAG 2.1 Level AA. As of June 2021, the directive covers websites and mobile apps. The European Parliament approved

2546-625: The Canadian federal government to require all online web pages, documents and videos available externally and internally to meet the accessibility requirements of WCAG 2.0. The Australian government has also mandated via the Disability Discrimination Act 1992 that all Australian government websites meet the WCAG 2.0 level A accessibility requirements. The Israeli Ministry of Justice published regulations in early 2014, requiring Internet websites to comply with Israeli Standard 5568, which

2613-512: The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in their respective countries; To identify levers and innovative approaches that go beyond current strategies." Treviranus is the lead project editor of the ISO 24751 standard, ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 36 , which supports automatic matching of user accessibility needs with digital resources and user interface configurations. Jutta Treviranus chairs

2680-558: The Ontario Education Act by the Education Amendment Act, 1980, which states that "the responsibility of school boards to provide (or to agree with another board to provide) in accordance with the regulations, special education programs and special education services for their exceptional pupils". The McMaster experience "was a pivotal moment for Treviranus and inspired her work with people with disabilities (PWDs) and in

2747-450: The data and digital design and programming techniques for both mainstream and assistive technology developers more economically efficiently. Treviranus has observed that human-computer interaction (HCI) researchers working on projects such as GPII are more than ever impacted by public policy considerations from not only government bodies but also from both the corporate world and NGOs , for example organizations that set standards such as

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2814-496: The directive in October 2016, the European Commission updated the WCAG reference from 2.0 to 2.1 in December 2018. The European Accessibility Act (EAA) will become legally applicable in EU member states on 28 June 2025. The EAA will require websites, apps, ebooks, ecommerce platforms, PDFs and others to conform to WCAG 2.1 AA criteria within the EU. In September 2018, website and mobile app accessibility regulations for

2881-627: The field of Inclusive Design". In 1994, Treviranus founded the Adaptive Technology Resource Centre (ATRC) at the University of Toronto. Her first major research project was in collaboration with SoftQuad and Yuri Rubinsky , funded by Canarie . The goal of the project was to embed accessibility support, in the form of an on-screen "visual dynamic keyboard" that offered various text-entry methods, into HoTMeTaL, an early HTML editor. This in part, with Mike Paciello 's help, led to

2948-399: The field of inclusive design who has made appearances at the White House and United Nations . She has "led many international multi‐partner research networks that have created broadly implemented technical innovations that support inclusion." Her work has included designing open source content and helping implement accessibility legislation, standards, and specifications. In 2013 Treviranus

3015-517: The first public working draft (FPWD) of the future WCAG 3.0, intended to provide a range of recommendations for making web content more accessible. The WCAG 3.0 working draft was last updated in May 2024. No part of WCAG 3.0 is an official recommendation at this time. WCAG 3.0 is a draft undergoing significant development efforts, and the expected release date as an official recommendation is not defined. WCAG 1.0 consist of 14 guidelines—each of which describes

3082-643: The formation of the Web Accessibility Initiative of the W3C. Treviranus moved the ATRC to OCAD University in 2010 and rebranded it as the IDRC. "She has played a leading role in developing accessibility legislation, standards and specifications internationally (including WAI ATAG, IMS AccessForAll, ISO 24751, and AODA Information and Communication)". In 2000, Treviranus was a chief expert witness in Maguire v SOCOG 2000 , an Australian human rights case regarding

3149-646: The founder of the IDRC and the IDI, one of the areas that Treviranus focuses her efforts on is making the internet accessible through research on assistive tools such as screen readers , touch pads and joysticks. Treviranus’s research has been used by the Government of Ontario Diversity Office as well as by the United Nations to create disability policy such as the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities . Her work

3216-531: The growing global demand for products and services that provide accessibility to people of all abilities. The project is funded by the Ontario Research Fund Research Excellence program, and is working in close partnership with AEGIS Europe. The Inclusive Design Institute (IDI) is a related enterprise, housed in the same facilities as the IDRC, that serves as a regional research network for inclusive design. Also directed by Treviranus, It

3283-515: The human capacity to meet legal, policy and societal commitments to accessibility , diversity and inclusion at a local, national and global level." The IDRC, however, presents a definition of inclusive Design that has key differences from universal design and its own distinctive features. Inclusive design principles are intended to make universal design more fully inclusive, according to the centre. Universal design grew out of industrial and architectural design whereas inclusive design came out of

3350-703: The inaccessibility of the Sydney Olympics. Bruce Maguire won the case leading to changes in accessibility requirements at international games. As a result of this case, the Australian government made the decision to require its agencies to employ W3C guidelines. In 2007, Treviranus was an expert witness in the Donna Jodhan Canadian Supreme Court case whose verdict compelled the Canadian Government to make all of its websites accessible. As

3417-442: The intended beneficiary of the design." Treviranus, the IDRC head, has led a body of research investigating and developing a new approach to accessibility: reframing disability as a mismatch between the needs of the user and the environment or system offered (and therefore not a personal trait but a consequence of the relationship between the individual and their environment). This technical and conceptual framework takes advantage of

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3484-420: The interface – from public workstation to online learning environments. For the Web Accessibility Initiative , in 1999, Treviranus co-edited Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines . This text helped web developers to, firstly, design authoring tools that create web content that is accessible and, as well, secondly, to help them to design accessible authoring tool user interfaces. By 2008, Treviranus

3551-543: The latest recommended release of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines by the World Wide Web Consortium's Web Accessibility Initiative. This ensures that the policies remain evergreen. In 2013, the US Department of Transportation amended the Air Carrier Access Act (ACAA) to require Airlines make their websites accessible, requiring conformance to WCAG 2.0, meeting Level AA Success Criteria. In January 2017,

3618-644: The look and feel and presentation of web content to meet their unique needs and preferences through FLOE User Interface Options. In addition, the FLOE video player allows multiple language caption support, synchronized and navigable transcripts, and is fully accessible via keyboard control, and screen reader. ADOD Project: Accessible Digital Office Document. ADOD is developing vendor-neutral manual with practical application-specific instructions that can help users choose accessible office applications and create accessible documents from common office application suites. The guidance

3685-427: The many amendments that were necessary, WCAG 2.0 was published again as a concept proposal on 17 May 2007, followed by a second "Last Call Working Draft" on 11 December 2007. In April 2008 the guidelines became a "Candidate Recommendation". On 3 November 2008 the guidelines became a "Proposed Recommendation". WCAG 2.0 was published as a W3C Recommendation on 11 December 2008. In October 2012, WCAG 2.0 were accepted by

3752-508: The needs of a few, be it at a very high cost, and this accessible technology is frequently not compatible with newer technology – and, so destined to fail. A public policy response to this is the creation of a Global Public Inclusive Infrastructure (GPII) that will access, by way of the cloud, a pool of resources that will marry supply and demand so that accessible technology will be automatically provided to every individual that needs it so that they will not have to justify, or bargain. GPII

3819-536: The next few years. These were brought together in the Unified Web Site Accessibility Guidelines compiled at the University of Wisconsin–Madison . Version 8 of the Unified Web Site Accessibility Guidelines , published in 1998, served as the starting point for the W3C's WCAG 1.0. The WCAG 1.0 were published and became a W3C recommendation on 5 May 1999. In February 2008, The WCAG Samurai,

3886-424: The notion that the disabled require interaction with technology, Treviranus goes on to postulate that the alternative technological techniques that are being developed to be used with computers be as easy to use as the control mechanisms they replace such as speech or touch-typing for example. This idea is further developed with suggestion that computer interfaces fit each individual user no matter where they encounter

3953-416: The plasticity of information and communications technology (ICT) systems to personally optimize the user interface to the needs and preferences of each individual. This approach supports human diversity in digital systems not by attempting to find a one-size-fits-all solution but by adapting to the cluster of diverse needs of each user. Director of both the IDRC and IDI, Jutta Treviranus is a world expert in

4020-524: The public sector came into force, titled the Public Sector Bodies (Websites and Mobile Applications) Accessibility Regulations 2018 , which currently applies the WCAG 2.1 AA level to websites operated by the "public sector", which means government agencies or organizations funded by the government, with some exclusions. The UK government published Understanding accessibility requirements for public sector bodies to guide compliance. The UK government

4087-428: The shy, the gifted or sensorially challenged – plus, marginalization largely depends on context. Another observation that Treviranus makes is that by breaking down digital barriers and therefore making education more inclusive has advantages for all learners, including non-PWDs, such as causing the learning environment to become much more open, fluid and accepting of individual talents and interests. Taking further

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4154-467: The statistical norm, and the amplification, acceleration and automation of the harms by machine learning that makes decisions using statistical processing of past data, she has "led many international multi‐partner research networks that have created broadly implemented technical innovations that support inclusion". Her work has included designing open source content and helping to implement accessibility legislation , standards and specifications. Treviranus

4221-487: Was able to outline how important authoring tools are to the process of creating accessible websites. By using tools that adhere to the standards established by the W3C Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG), developers of websites who are not familiar with accessibility concerns, or who are not enthusiastic about helping people with disabilities, end up producing accessible sites because

4288-643: Was assisted by experts at the University of Washington , the National Research Council Rehabilitation Technology Unit and the Microcomputer Application Program at the Hugh MacMillan Centre. This project began while Treviranus was under contract as a tutor at McMaster University in the Faculty of Health Sciences to integrate 12 students with disabilities into McMaster in compliance with Bill 82,

4355-530: Was awarded the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal . In the same year, the International Electrotechnical Commission awarded Treviranus their International 1906 Award; it recognizes experts' contributions to the field. WCAG The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines ( WCAG ) are part of a series of web accessibility guidelines published by the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) of

4422-590: Was founded in 2008 and officially launched on 24 May 2012, with the aim to "address the challenge of designing our information and communication systems (ICT) so that they work for all potential users, including users with disabilities, varying language needs and diverse cultural preferences." It consists of eight core postsecondary partners ( OCAD University , University of Toronto , Ryerson University , York University , University of Ontario Institute of Technology , Sheridan College , George Brown College and Seneca College ) and over 100 collaborating organizations, and

4489-711: Was recognized for her work in Inclusive Artificial Intelligence (AI) by Women in AI with the AI for Good - DEI AI Leader of the Year award . In 2013, the Governor General of Canada awarded Treviranus the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal . ZoomerMedia chose Treviranus as one of Canada's Top 45 over 45s in 2012. Treviranus graduated from University of Toronto in 1981 with a B.Sc. in occupational therapy. In 1994, she earned

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