39-559: Impending Death is a photograph taken by freelance photographer Thomas Dallal during the September 11 attacks . The photograph depicts the North Tower (1 WTC) of the World Trade Center , on fire after being struck by American Airlines Flight 11 at 8:46 a.m., and shortly before its collapse at 10:28 a.m. Visible in the photograph are numerous people trapped in the upper floors of
78-441: A photo , image , or picture ) is an image created by light falling on a photosensitive surface, usually photographic film or an electronic image sensor , such as a CCD or a CMOS chip. Most photographs are now created using a smartphone or camera , which uses a lens to focus the scene's visible wavelengths of light into a reproduction of what the human eye would see. The process and practice of creating such images
117-800: A positive image, the negative is most commonly transferred (' printed ') onto photographic paper . Printing the negative onto transparent film stock is used to manufacture motion picture films. Alternatively, the film is processed to invert the negative image, yielding positive transparency . Such positive images are usually mounted in frames, called slides. Before recent advances in digital photography, transparencies were widely used by professionals because of their sharpness and accuracy of color rendition. Most photographs published in magazines were taken on color transparency film. Originally, all photographs were monochromatic or hand-painted in color. Although methods for developing color photos were available as early as 1861, they did not become widely available until
156-439: A camera, the daguerreotype , after himself. Its existence was announced to the world on 7 January 1839, but working details were not made public until 19 August that year. Other inventors soon made drastic improvements that reduced the required amount of exposure time from a few minutes to just a few seconds, making portrait photography truly practical and widely popular during this time. The daguerreotype had shortcomings, notably
195-868: A career out of taking pictures of "ghosts" or "spirits". There are many instances where people believe photos will bring bad luck either to the person taking the picture or people captured in the photo. For instance, a photograph taken of a pregnant woman will bring bad luck to the baby in the womb and photos taken of dead people will ensure that person is not successful in the afterlife. The production or distribution of certain types of photograph has been forbidden under modern laws, such as those of government buildings, highly classified regions, private property, copyrighted works, children's genitalia , child pornography and less commonly pornography overall. These laws vary greatly between jurisdictions. In some public property owned by government, such as law courts, government buildings, libraries, civic centres and some of
234-426: A corner, or even from two sides and hold it at eye level. Every time the photograph bends, even a little, this can break down the emulsion . The very nature of enclosing a photograph in plastic encourages users to pick it up; users tend to handle plastic enclosed photographs less gently than non-enclosed photographs, simply because they feel the plastic enclosure makes the photo impervious to all mishandling. As long as
273-580: A cultural advancement because of photography. People thrive off of the selfies of their favorite celebrities, many receive millions of likes on social media because of one simple selfie. Ideal photograph storage involves placing each photo in an individual folder constructed from buffered, or acid-free paper . Buffered paper folders are especially recommended in cases when a photograph was previously mounted onto poor quality material or using an adhesive that will lead to even more acid creation. Store photographs measuring 8x10 inches or smaller vertically along
312-528: A laboratory curiosity. It first became a widespread commercial reality with the introduction of Autochrome plates in 1907, but the plates were very expensive and not suitable for casual snapshot-taking with hand-held cameras. The mid-1930s saw the introduction of Kodachrome and Agfacolor Neu , the first easy-to-use color films of the modern multi-layer chromogenic type. These early processes produced transparencies for use in slide projectors and viewing devices, but color prints became increasingly popular after
351-468: A photo is in its folder, there is no need to touch it; simply remove the folder from the box, lay it flat on the table, and open the folder. If for some reason the researchers or archivists do need to handle the actual photo, perhaps to examine the verso for writing, they can use gloves if there appears to be a risk from oils or dirt on the hands. Because daguerreotypes were rendered on a mirrored surface, many spiritualists also became practitioners of
390-606: A public place. Persistent and aggressive photography of a single individual may come under the legal definition of harassment . A right to privacy came into existence in UK law as a consequence of the incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights into domestic law through the Human Rights Act 1998 . This can result in restrictions on the publication of photography. Bitumen of Judea Bitumen of Judea
429-521: A real-world scene, made using a camera obscura , followed a few years later at Le Gras, France, in 1826, but Niépce's process was not sensitive enough to be practical for that application: a camera exposure lasting for hours or days was required. In 1829, Niépce entered into a partnership with Louis Daguerre , and the two collaborated to work out a similar, but more sensitive, and otherwise improved process. After Niépce's death in 1833, Daguerre concentrated on silver halide -based alternatives. He exposed
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#1732890837916468-406: A silver-plated copper sheet to iodine vapor, creating a layer of light-sensitive silver iodide ; exposed it in the camera for a few minutes; developed the resulting invisible latent image to visibility with mercury fumes; then bathed the plate in a hot salt solution to remove the remaining silver iodide, making the results light-fast. He named this first practical process for making photographs with
507-428: A three ring binder. Stacking the photos horizontally within a flat box will greatly reduce ease of access, and binders leave three sides of the photo exposed to the effects of light and do not support the photograph evenly on both sides, leading to slumping and bending within the binder. The plastic used for enclosures has been manufactured to be as frictionless as possible to prevent scratching photos during insertion to
546-418: Is a sort of natural tar known from ancient times. It is a naturally occurring asphalt used since ancient times as a wood colorant, and in early photography. Bitumen of Judea may be used as a colorant for wood for an aged, natural and rustic appearance. It is soluble in turpentine and some other terpenes , and can be combined with oils, waxes, varnishes and glazes. It is a light-sensitive material in what
585-408: Is accepted to be the first complete photographic process , i.e., one capable of producing durable light-fast results. The technique was developed by French scientist and inventor Nicéphore Niépce in the 1820s. In 1826 or 1827, he applied a thin coating of the tar-like material to a pewter plate and took a picture of parts of the buildings and surrounding countryside of his estate, producing what
624-487: Is called photography . The word photograph was coined in 1839 by Sir John Herschel and is based on the Greek φῶς ( phos ), meaning "light", and γραφή ( graphê ), meaning "drawing, writing", together meaning "drawing with light". The first permanent photograph, a contact-exposed copy of an engraving, was made in 1822 using the bitumen -based " heliography " process developed by Nicéphore Niépce . The first photographs of
663-464: Is not illegal to photograph a person who does not actively object. In South Africa photographing people in public is legal. Reproducing and selling photographs of people is legal for editorial and limited fair use commercial purposes. There exists no case law to define what the limits on commercial use are. In the United Kingdom there are no laws forbidding photography of private property from
702-429: Is usually described as the first photograph . It is considered to be the oldest known surviving photograph made in a camera . The plate was exposed in the camera for at least eight hours. The bitumen, initially soluble in spirits and oils, was hardened and made insoluble (probably polymerized ) in the brightest areas of the image. The unhardened part was then rinsed away with a solvent. Niépce's primary objective
741-560: The 1940s or 1950s, and even so, until the 1960s, most photographs were taken in black and white. Since then, color photography has dominated popular photography, although black-and-white is still used, being easier to develop than color. Panoramic format images can be taken with cameras like the Hasselblad Xpan on standard film. Since the 1990s, panoramic photos have been available on the Advanced Photo System (APS) film. APS
780-507: The attacks, or nearly two-thirds of its workforce, and Windows on the World , which lost 73 people. In September 2006, Vanity Fair published an excerpt from the book Watching the World Change , detailing the efforts of family members of 9/11 victims to identify their relatives in the photograph and similar ones taken at other angles. Photograph A photograph (also known as
819-499: The building or were trapped inside of it. The Falling Man , taken by Associated Press photographer Richard Drew , has become one of the most famous and controversial images of September 11. Impending Death was taken by freelance photojournalist Thomas Dallal, shortly before the collapse of the North Tower. Present in the image are roughly 50 people, located on the floors occupied by Cantor Fitzgerald , which lost 658 employees in
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#1732890837916858-518: The building, hanging out of windows because of the intense smoke and heat. They were unable to escape because all of the stairwells and elevators above the 91st floor were severed by Flight 11's impact. The photograph was later nominated for the Pictures of the Year International award, coming in second place. A similar, closer photograph, taken at a different angle by Jeff Christensen of Reuters ,
897-446: The fragility of the mirror-like image surface and the particular viewing conditions required to see the image properly. Each was a unique, opaque positive that could only be duplicated by copying it with a camera. Inventors set about working out improved processes that would be more practical. By the end of the 1850s, the daguerreotype had been replaced by the less expensive and more easily viewed ambrotype and tintype , which made use of
936-440: The introduction of chromogenic color print paper in the 1940s. The needs of the motion picture industry generated a number of special processes and systems, perhaps the best-known being the now-obsolete three-strip Technicolor process. Non-digital photographs are produced with a two-step chemical process. In the two-step process, the light-sensitive film captures a negative image (colors and lights/darks are inverted). To produce
975-592: The longer edge of the photo in the buffered paper folder, within a larger archival box, and label each folder with relevant information to identify it. The rigid nature of the folder protects the photo from slumping or creasing, as long as the box is not packed too tightly or under filled. Folder larger photos or brittle photos stacked flat within archival boxes with other materials of comparable size. The most stable of plastics used in photo preservation, polyester , does not generate any harmful chemical elements, nor does it have any capability to absorb acids generated by
1014-508: The museums in Hong Kong, photography is not allowed without permission from the government. It is illegal to equip or take photographs and recording in a place of public entertainment, such as cinemas and indoor theaters. In Hungary, from 15 March 2014 when the long-awaited Civil Code was published, the law re-stated what had been normal practice, namely, that a person had the right to refuse being photographed. However, implied consent exists: it
1053-474: The new art form. Spiritualists would claim that the human image on the mirrored surface was akin to looking into one's soul. The spiritualists also believed that it would open their souls and let demons in. Among some Muslims, it is makruh (disliked) to perform salah (worship) in a place decorated with photographs. Photography and darkroom anomalies and artifacts sometimes lead viewers to believe that spirits or demons have been captured in photos. Some have made
1092-504: The photograph itself. Polyester sleeves and encapsulation have been praised for their ability to protect the photograph from humidity and environmental pollution , slowing the reaction between the item and the atmosphere. This is true, however the polyester just as frequently traps these elements next to the material it is intended to protect. This is especially risky in a storage environment that experiences drastic fluctuations in humidity or temperature, leading to ferrotyping, or sticking of
1131-406: The photograph to the plastic. Photographs sleeved or encapsulated in polyester cannot be stored vertically in boxes because they will slide down next to each other within the box, bending and folding, nor can the archivist write directly onto the polyester to identify the photograph. Therefore, it is necessary to either stack polyester protected photographs horizontally within a box, or bind them in
1170-424: The photograph, where they deposit as an oily film, attracting further lint and dust. At this time, there is no test to evaluate the long-term effects of these components on photographs. In addition, the plastic sleeves can develop kinks or creases in the surface, which will scratch away at the emulsion during handling. It is best to leave photographs lying flat on the table when viewing them. Do not pick it up from
1209-414: The recently introduced collodion process . Glass plate collodion negatives used to make prints on albumen paper soon became the preferred photographic method and held that position for many years, even after the introduction of the more convenient gelatin process in 1871. Refinements of the gelatin process have remained the primary black-and-white photographic process to this day, differing primarily in
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1248-406: The rise of digital prints . These prints are created from stored graphic formats such as JPEG , TIFF , and RAW . The types of printers used include inkjet printers , dye-sublimation printers , laser printers , and thermal printers . Inkjet prints are sometimes given the coined name " Giclée ". The Web has been a popular medium for storing and sharing photos ever since the first photograph
1287-549: The sensitivity of the emulsion and the support material used, which was originally glass, then a variety of flexible plastic films , along with various types of paper for the final prints. Color photography is almost as old as black-and-white , with early experiments including John Herschel 's Anthotype prints in 1842, the pioneering work of Louis Ducos du Hauron in the 1860s, and the Lippmann process unveiled in 1891, but for many years color photography remained little more than
1326-399: The sleeves. Unfortunately, the slippery nature of the enclosure generates a build-up of static electricity , which attracts dust and lint particles. The static can attract the dust to the inside of the sleeve, as well, where it can scratch the photograph. Likewise, these components that aid in insertion of the photo, referred to as slip agents, can break down and transfer from the plastic to
1365-521: The weakening of their support beams from the intense fire; the South Tower at 9:59 a.m., and the North Tower at 10:28 a.m. Because of the angle at which Flight 11 impacted, nobody above the 91st floor of the North Tower was able to escape the building, trapping 1,344 people. All of them died due to smoke inhalation , jumping/falling from the building, or the eventual collapse of the tower. Numerous photographs were taken of victims as they fell from
1404-441: Was developed by several of the major film manufacturers to provide a film with different formats and computerized options available, though APS panoramas were created using a mask in panorama-capable cameras, far less desirable than a true panoramic camera, which achieves its effect through a wider film format. APS has become less popular and has been discontinued. The advent of the microcomputer and digital photography has led to
1443-648: Was later used in an attempt to identify the victims depicted. On September 11, 2001, four commercial aircraft were hijacked and deliberately crashed as part of a coordinated attack on the United States. Two, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175 , were crashed into the North and South Towers of the World Trade Center at 8:46 a.m. and 9:03 a.m. respectively. Both towers collapsed in less than two hours because of structural failure caused by
1482-411: Was not a photoengraving or photolithography process, but rather a photo-etching process, since engraving requires the intervention of a physical rather than chemical process and lithography involves a grease and water resistance process. However, Niépce's famous image of Pope Pius VI was produced first by photo-etching and then "improved" by hand engraving. Bitumen, superbly resistant to strong acids,
1521-495: Was published on the web by Tim Berners-Lee in 1992 (an image of the CERN house band Les Horribles Cernettes ). Today, popular sites such as Flickr , PhotoBucket , and 500px are used by millions of people to share their pictures. The first "selfie", or self-portrait, was taken by Robert Cornelious back in 1839. "Selfies" have become one of the most common photographs, especially among female young adults. Social media has become such
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