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98-560: As an intelligence gathering discipline, IMINT production depends heavily upon a robust intelligence collection management system. IMINT is complemented by non-imaging MASINT electro-optical and radar sensors. Although aerial photography was first used extensively in the First World War , it was only in the Second World War that specialized imagery intelligence operations were initiated. High quality images were made possible with

196-519: A force multiplier by giving the battlefield commander an "eye in the sky" without risking a pilot . Though the resolution of satellite photographs, which must be taken from distances of hundreds of kilometers, is usually poorer than photographs taken by air , satellites offer the possibility of coverage for much of the earth, including hostile territory, without exposing human pilots to the risk of being shot down. There have been hundreds of reconnaissance satellites launched by dozens of nations since

294-405: A "B-2" is taken seriously. It is sometimes impossible to rate the reliability of the source (often from lack of experience with it), so an F-3 could be a reasonably probable report from an unknown source. An extremely trusted source might submit a report which cannot be confirmed or denied, so it would get an "A-6" rating. In a report rating the source part is a composite, reflecting experience with

392-491: A balance between the timeliness and robustness of the intelligence product. As such, the fidelity of intelligence that may be gleaned from imagery analysis is a traditionally perceived by intelligence professionals as a function of the amount of time an imagery analyst (IA) has to exploit a given image or set of imagery. As such, the United States Army field manual breaks IMINT analysis into three distinct phases, based upon

490-516: A between plate overlap of exactly 60%. Despite initial scepticism about the possibility of the German rocket technology, major operations, including the 1943 offensives against the V-2 rocket development plant at Peenemünde , were made possible by painstaking work carried out at Medmenham. Later offensives were also made against potential launch sites at Wizernes and 96 other launch sites in northern France. It

588-417: A clarification of ideas and at best to a solution of some common problems." Priority-based needs must be presented, with the best way to meet those needs based on an effective use of the collection means available. Heffter's paper centers on the management of priorities for the use of collection assets; three factors which must be balanced are: " ... Each of the three kinds answers a deep-felt need, has

686-543: A cryptosystem has been broken, they usually change systems immediately, cutting off a source of information and turning the break against the attacker, or they leave the system unchanged and use it to deliver disinformation . In strategic arms limitation, a different sensitivity applied. Early in the discussion, the public acknowledgement of satellite photography elicited concern that the "Soviet Union could be particularly disturbed by public recognition of this capability [satellite photography]...which it has veiled." Early in

784-535: A ground resolution of 140 meters and was intended for mapmaking . Between 1961 and 1994 the USSR launched perhaps 500 Zenit film-return satellites, which returned both the film and the camera to earth in a pressurized capsule. The U.S. KH-11 series of satellites, first launched in 1976, was made by Lockheed , the same contractor who built the Hubble Space Telescope . HST has a 2.4 metre telescope mirror and

882-679: A life of its own, and plays a role of its own in the total complex of intelligence guidance". Since Heffter focused on the problem of priorities, he concerned himself chiefly with policy directives, which set overall priorities. Within that policy, "requests are also very much in the picture since priorities must govern their fulfillment". A collection requirement is "a statement of information to be collected". Several tendencies hinder precision: These differing desires can cause friction or complement one another. The tendencies can complement each other if brought into balance, but their coexistence has often been marked with friction. The characteristics of

980-404: A low-budget science-fiction movie, such a report should be discounted (a component of the source rating known as appropriateness). Separate from the source evaluation is the evaluation of the report's substance. The first factor is plausibility , indicating that the information is certain, uncertain, or impossible. Deception always must be considered for otherwise-plausible information. Based on

1078-502: A meeting with Hans Kammler , Dornberger, Gerhard Degenkolb, and Karl Otto Saur to negotiate the move of A-4 main production to an underground factory in the Harz mountains. In early September, Peenemünde machinery and personnel for production (including Alban Sawatzki , Arthur Rudolph , and about ten engineers) were moved to the Mittelwerk , which also received machinery and personnel from

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1176-580: A national-level IMINT satellite. If a satellite will do the job, the orbits of available satellites may not be suitable for the requirement. If weather is the issue, it might be necessary to substitute MASINT sensors which can penetrate the weather and get some of the information. SIGINT might be desired, but terrain masking and technical capabilities of available platforms might require a space-based (or long-range) sensor or exploring whether HUMINT assets might be able to provide information. The collection manager must take these effects into consideration and advise

1274-464: A receptive collector) can get more requirements accepted than would be possible otherwise. The elements of need, compulsion and request are embodied in three types of collection requirements: the inventory of needs, addressed to the community at large and to nobody in particular; the directive, addressed by a higher to a lower echelon; and the request, addressed by a customer to a collector. Intelligence watch centers and interdisciplinary groups, such as

1372-559: A requirement are: In intelligence, the meaning of "require" has been redefined. Under this interpretation, one person (the "customer") makes a request (or puts a question) to another of equal status (the collector) who fulfills (or answers) it as best they can. There is an honor system on both sides: The relationship is free from compulsion. The use of direct requests appeals to collectors, who find that it provides them with more viable, collectible requirements than any other method. It sometimes appeals to requester-analysts, who (if they find

1470-443: A separate branch of it, represents collector and consumer in dealing with other agencies. Where consumers depend on many collectors and collections serve consumers throughout the community, no such one-to-one system is possible and each major component (collector or consumer) has its own requirements office. Requirements offices are middlemen, with an understanding of the problems of those they represent and those whom they deal with on

1568-575: A series of innovations in the decade leading up to the war. In 1928, the RAF developed an electric heating system for the aerial camera. This allowed reconnaissance aircraft to take pictures from very high altitudes without the camera parts freezing. In 1939, Sidney Cotton and Flying Officer Maurice Longbottom of the RAF suggested that airborne reconnaissance may be a task better suited to fast, small aircraft which would use their speed and high service ceiling to avoid detection and interception. They proposed

1666-603: A subsection of Wa Pruf 11 for planning the Peenemünde Production Plant project, headed by G. Schubert, a senior Army civil servant. By midsummer 1943, the first trial runs of the assembly-line in the Production Works at Werke Süd were made, but after the end of July 1943 when the enormous hangar Fertigungshalle 1 (F-1, "Mass Production Plant No. 1") was just about to go into operation, Operation Hydra bombed Peenemünde. On August 26, 1943, Albert Speer called

1764-403: A telescope at such an altitude. Modern U.S. IMINT satellites are believed to have around 10 cm resolution; contrary to references in popular culture, this is sufficient to detect any type of vehicle, but not to read the headlines of a newspaper. The primary purpose of most spy satellites is to monitor visible ground activity. While resolution and clarity of images has improved greatly over

1862-449: A two-part rating by the collection department, which also removes all precise source identification before sending the report to the analysts. An "A" rating might mean a thoroughly trusted source, such as your own communications intelligence operation. Although that source might be completely reliable, if it has intercepted a message which other intelligence has indicated was deceptive the report reliability might be rated 5 (known false) and

1960-480: A year, they are the most up-to-date requirement statements and their main subject is current affairs of political significance. Although the inventory of needs is a valuable analytical instrument in the intelligence-production office which originates it, it cannot set priorities. Although short, prioritized directives for collection missions have come from top-level inter-agency policy boards, directives more often come from lower managerial levels. They are most useful in

2058-409: Is a solution—a single asset or combination of assets—that satisfies the requirements of the mission, or alternatively provide a ranking of solutions according to their relative degree of utility." In NATO, the questions driving collection management are Priority Intelligence Requirements (PIR). PIRs are a component of Collection Coordination and Intelligence Requirements Management ( CCIRM ) focused on

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2156-484: Is believed to have had a similar appearance to the KH-11 satellites. These satellites used charge-coupled devices , predecessors to modern digital cameras, rather than film. Russian reconnaissance satellites with comparable capabilities are named Resurs DK and Persona . Low- and high-flying planes have been used all through the last century to gather intelligence about the enemy. U.S. high-flying reconnaissance planes include

2254-448: Is claimed that Medmanham's greatest operational success was " Operation Crossbow " which, from 23 December 1943, destroyed the V-1 infrastructure in northern France. According to R.V. Jones , photographs were used to establish the size and the characteristic launching mechanisms for both the V-1 flying bomb and the V-2 rocket . Immediately after World War II, long range aerial reconnaissance

2352-616: Is debate in U.S. intelligence community on the difference between validation and analysis, where the National Security Agency may (in the opinion of the Central Intelligence Agency or the Defense Intelligence Agency ) try to interpret information when such interpretation is the job of another agency. Disciplines which postprocess raw data more than collect it are: At the director level and within

2450-603: Is flying to that location, an attack can be expected. In this example, the COMINT report has the support of traffic analysis and IMINT. Peenem%C3%BCnde Army Research Center The Peenemünde Army Research Center (German: Heeresversuchsanstalt Peenemünde , HVP ) was founded in 1937 as one of five military proving grounds under the German Army Weapons Office ( Heereswaffenamt ). Several German guided missiles and rockets of World War II were developed by

2548-514: Is often done with high-speed fixed networks; in a mobile, fluid battle it would be nearly impossible to develop a network capable of carrying the same amount of information. The CM must decide if an analytic report (rather than the imagery itself) will answer the question; when a hard-copy image or video is required, the CM must inform staff members of the cost to the IT network and HQ bandwidth. Collection management

2646-452: Is rarely compared to collateral intelligence. Second phase imagery analysis is centered on the further exploitation of recently collected imagery to support short- to mid-term decision-making. Like first phase imagery analysis, second phase imagery analysis is generally catalyzed by a local commander's Priority Intelligence Requirements, at least in the context of a military operational setting. Whereas first phase imagery analysis may depend on

2744-519: Is requested by the collector. The collector informs the customer of their capability and asks for requirements tailored to it. The consumer and collector then negotiate a requirement and priority. In clandestine collection, solicited requirements are regularly used for legal travelers, for defectors and returnees, and for others whose capability or knowledge can be used only through detailed guidance or questioning. Solicited requirements blend into jointly developed ones, in which collector and consumer work out

2842-526: Is the cornerstone on which intelligence support to ARRC operations is built. Since the starting point of the collection process is the commander's PIRs, they are a critical component of the staff planning process and support the commander's decision-making. Intelligence requirements were introduced after World War II. After an initial phase where field personnel decided priorities, an interim period began in which requirements were considered "as desirable but were not thought to present any special problem. Perhaps

2940-437: Is typically conducted with the intention of producing Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT). Intelligence collection management Intelligence collection management is the process of managing and organizing the collection of intelligence from various sources. The collection department of an intelligence organization may attempt basic validation of what it collects, but is not supposed to analyze its significance. There

3038-544: The Lockheed U-2 , and the much faster SR-71 Blackbird , (retired in 1998). One advantage planes have over satellites is that planes can usually produce more detailed photographs and can be placed over the target more quickly, more often, and more cheaply, but planes also have the disadvantage of possibly being intercepted by aircraft or missiles such as in the 1960 U-2 incident . Unmanned aerial vehicles have been developed for imagery and signals intelligence. These drones are

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3136-641: The National Reconnaissance Office . Early photographic reconnaissance satellites used photographic film, which was exposed on-orbit and returned to earth for developing. These satellites remained in orbit for days, weeks, or months before ejecting their film-return vehicles, called "buckets." Between 1959 and 1984 the U.S. launched around 200 such satellites under the codenames CORONA and GAMBIT , with ultimate photographic resolution (ground-resolution distance) better than 4 inches (0.10 m). The first successful mission concluded on 1960-08-19 with

3234-561: The Tatra Mountains , the Arlberg range, and the area of the Ortler mountain. Other evacuation locations included: For people being relocated from Peenemünde, the new organization was to be designated Entwicklungsgemeinschaft Mittelbau (English: Mittelbau Development Company ) and Kammler's order to relocate to Thuringia arrived by teleprinter on January 31, 1945. On February 3, 1945, at

3332-465: The Torrejon Space Center ) to maximize capabilities. Despite the desirability of a given method, the information required may not be collectible due to interfering circumstances. The most desirable platform may not be available; weather and enemy air-defense might limit the practicality of UAVs and fixed-wing IMINT platforms. If air defense is the limitation, planners might request support from

3430-620: The University of Aachen , the number of technical staff members reached two hundred in 1943, and it also included Hermann Kurzweg of the University of Leipzig and Walter Haeussermann . Initially set up under the HVP as a rocket training battery (Number 444), Heimat-Artillerie-Park 11 Karlshagen/Pomerania (HAP 11) also contained the A-A Research Command North for the testing of anti-aircraft rockets. The chemist Magnus von Braun ,

3528-530: The Wasserfall (35 Peenemünde trial firings), Schmetterling , Rheintochter , Taifun , and Enzian missiles. The HVP also performed preliminary design work on very-long-range missiles for use against the United States. That project was sometimes called "V-3" and its existence is well documented. The Peenemünde establishment also developed other technologies such as the first closed-circuit television system in

3626-504: The mid-air recovery by a C-119 of film from the Corona mission code-named Discoverer 14 . This was the first successful recovery of film from an orbiting satellite and the first aerial recovery of an object returning from Earth orbit. Because of a tradeoff between area covered and ground resolution, not all reconnaissance satellites have been designed for high resolution; the KH-5 -ARGON program had

3724-683: The "rocket assembly hall", "experimental pit", and "launching tower". The Allies also received information about the V-1 and V-2 rockets and the production sites from the Austrian resistance group around the priest Heinrich Maier . The group later discovered by the Gestapo was in contact with Allen Dulles , the head of the US secret service OSS in Switzerland, and informed him about the research in Peenemünde. As

3822-588: The CIU and on 1 May 1944 this was finally recognized by changing the title of the unit to the Allied Central Interpretation Unit (ACIU). There were then over 1,700 personnel on the unit's strength. A large number of photographic interpreters were recruited from the Hollywood Film Studios including Xavier Atencio . Two renowned archaeologists also worked there as interpreters: Dorothy Garrod ,

3920-489: The CIU gradually expanded and was involved in the planning stages of practically every operation of the war, and in every aspect of intelligence. In 1945, daily intake of material averaged 25,000 negatives and 60,000 prints. Thirty-six million prints were made during the war. By VE-day , the print library, which documented and stored worldwide cover, held 5,000,000 prints from which 40,000 reports had been produced. American personnel had for some time formed an increasing part of

4018-609: The CM is primarily concerned with collection, they must also know if analysis for the requested system has the resources to reduce and analyze the sensor data within a useful length of time. IMINT and SIGINT ground stations may be able to accept sensor data, but the networks and information-processing systems may be inadequate to get data to analysts and commanders; an example is imagery intelligence derived from UAVs and fixed-wing IMINT platforms. Commanders and staff are accustomed to receiving quality imagery products and UAV feeds for planning and execution of their missions. In exercises, this

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4116-675: The Counterterrorism Center, can create and update requirements lists. Commercial customer relationship management (CRM) software or the more-powerful enterprise relationship management (ERM) systems might be adapted to managing the workflow separate from the most sensitive content. No collector is directed (required) to collect on the basis of these lists, and the lists are not addressed to any single collector. CRM, ERM and social-networking software routinely build ad hoc alliances for specific projects (see NATO Collection Guidance , above). Branch and station chiefs have refused to handle

4214-471: The Drawings Change Service. Erich Apel was head of a development department, Konrad Dannenberg was Walter Riedel's deputy, Kurt H. Debus was engineer in charge at Test Stand VII , and Eberhard Rees managed V-2 rocket fabrication and assembly. Several German guided missiles and rockets of World War II were developed by the HVP, including the V-2 rocket ( A-4 ) (see test launches ), and

4312-589: The German Enigma cryptosystem was that no information learned from it or other systems was used for operations without a more plausible reason for the information leak that the Germans would believe. If the movement of a ship was learned through deciphered Enigma, a reconnaissance aircraft was sent into the same area and allowed to be seen by the Axis so the detection was attributed to the aircraft. When an adversary knows that

4410-771: The HVP, including the V-2 rocket . The works were attacked by the British in Operation Crossbow from August 1943, before falling to the Soviets in May 1945. On April 2, 1936, the aviation ministry paid 750,000 reichsmarks to the town of Wolgast for the whole Northern peninsula of the Baltic island of Usedom . By the middle of 1938, the Army facility had been separated from the Luftwaffe facility and

4508-562: The Periodic Requirements List (PRL) because these are "not really requirements," i.e., they are not requests to the clandestine collector for information which only he can provide. Intelligence requirements in the PRL may be crafted to elicit information from a specific source, sidestepping a request process which could have ended in denial. PRLs are sometimes used for guidance, despite their description as inventories. Revised three times

4606-478: The Sino-Soviet bloc, and radical changes in the threat environment may make some of those methodologies inappropriate. Requirements may be cast in terms of analysis technique, collection method, subject matter, source type or priority. Heffter's article says that not every problem is a special case, but may be a problem "central to the very nature of the requirements process. One cannot help feeling that too little of

4704-524: The aircraft's extreme speed and altitude as the risk of being captured as spies . As a result, the crews of these aircraft were invariably specially selected and trained. There are claims that the US constructed a hypersonic reconnaissance aircraft, dubbed the Aurora , in the late 1980s to replace the Blackbird. Since the early 1960s, in the United States aerial and satellite reconnaissance has been coordinated by

4802-453: The amount of time expended in exploiting any given image. First phase imagery analysis is deemed "time-dominant." This means that given imagery must be rapidly exploited in order to satisfy an immediate requirement for imagery-sourced intelligence from which a leader may make an educated political and/or military decision. Due to the need to produce near-real time intelligence assessments based upon collected imagery, first phase imagery analysis

4900-410: The analyst's knowledge of the subject, is the information something that reasonably follows from other things known about the situation? This is expectability . If traffic analysis puts the headquarters of a tank unit at a given location, and IMINT reveals a tank unit at that location doing maintenance typical of preparation for an attack, and a separate COMINT report indicates that a senior armor officer

4998-412: The analyst. A secondary source provides information twice removed from the original event: one observer informs another, who then relays the account to the analyst. The more numerous the steps between the information and the source, the greater the opportunity for error or distortion. Another part of a source rating is proximity. A human source who participated in a conversation has the best proximity, but

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5096-532: The appropriate collection system and plan the mission, taking into account the capabilities and limitations of collection platforms. Weather, terrain, technical capabilities and opponents' countermeasures determine the potential for successful collection. Through an understanding of all available platforms (tied to questions related to the PIR) the collection manager synchronizes available assets, theatre and corps collection, national capabilities and coalition resources (such as

5194-602: The best thinking of the community has gone into these central problems—into the development, in a word, of an adequate theory of requirements." "But there is often a conspicuous hiatus" between requirements produced at a managerial level "and the requirements produced on the working level. Dealing with general matters has itself become a specialty. We lack a vigorous exchange of views between generalists and specialists, requirements officers and administrators, members of all agencies, analysts in all intelligence fields, practitioners of all collection methods, which might lead at least to

5292-424: The capabilities of available resources, defining ontology as "a set of logical axioms designed to account for the intended meaning of a vocabulary". The requester is asked, "What are the requirements of a mission?" These include the type of data to be collected (distinct from the collection method), the priority of the request, and the need for secrecy in collection. Collection system managers are asked to specify

5390-427: The capabilities of their assets. Preece's ontology focuses on ISTAR sensors, but also considers HUMINT , OSINT and possible methodologies. The intelligence model compares "the specification of a mission against the specification of available assets, to assess the utility or fitness for purpose of available assets; based on these assessments, obtain a set of recommended assets for the mission: either decide whether there

5488-663: The code name Zement ( cement ) for it in December, and work to blast a cavern into a cliff in Ebensee near Lake Traunsee commenced in January 1944. To build the tunnels, a concentration camp (a sub unit of Mauthausen-Gusen ) was erected in the vicinity of the planned production sites. In early 1944, construction work started for the test stands and launching pads in the Austrian Alps (code name Salamander ), with target areas planned for

5586-497: The collection organization (depending on the intelligence service), collection guidance assigns collection to one or more source managers who may order reconnaissance missions, budget for agent recruitment, or both. This may be an auction for resources, and there is joint UK-US research on applying more formal methods. One method is "semantic matchmaking" based on ontology , originally a field of philosophy but finding applications in intelligent searching. Researchers match missions to

5684-432: The collection process, the identity of the source is removed from reports to protect clandestine sources from being discovered. A basic model is to separate the raw material into three parts: Since the consumer will need some idea of source quality, it is not uncommon in the intelligence community to have several variants on the source identifier. At the highest level, the source might be described as "a person with access to

5782-545: The collection process, uniting the intelligence effort to maneuver through Decision Points (DPs). These questions, refined into Information Requirements (IRs), enable the Collection Manager (CM) to focus assets on a problem. Without this synchronization, it would be impossible to ensure that the intelligence focus meets the commander's requirements and priorities. When a PIR defining the information to be collected exists, discipline specialists and resource schedulers select

5880-438: The commander on the situational awareness available for planning and execution. Other sources may take some time to collect the necessary information. MASINT depends on a library of signatures of normal sensor readings, so deviations stand out. Cryptanalytic COMINT can take considerable time to enter into a cryptosystem, with no guarantee of success. An available, appropriate collection platform does not mean it will be useful if

5978-628: The continuation of the work at the White Sands Proving Grounds in the USA. Only a few members of the previous HVP staff, such as Helmut Gröttrup and Erich Apel , signed a contract with the Soviets and were forcibly transferred to the USSR as part of Operation Osoaviakhim in October 1946. Although rumors spread that the Soviet space program revived Peenemünde as a test range, more destruction of

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6076-458: The exact resolution and other details of modern spy satellites are classified, some idea of the trade-offs available can be made using simple physics. The formula for the highest possible resolution of an optical system with a circular aperture is given by the Rayleigh criterion : Using we can get where θ is the angular resolution, λ is the wavelength of light, and D is the diameter of

6174-527: The exact words of cabinet meetings". At the next level of sensitivity, a more general description could be "a source with good knowledge of the discussions in cabinet meetings". Going down another level the description gets even broader, as "a generally reliable source familiar with thinking in high levels of the government". In U.S. practice, a typical system, using the basic A-F and 1-6 conventions below, comes from ( FM 2-22.3 , Appendix B, Source and Information Reliability Matrix). Raw reports are typically given

6272-422: The exploitation of a relatively small repository of imagery, or even a single image, second phase imagery analysis generally mandates a review of a chronological set of imagery over time, so as to establish a temporal understanding of objects and/or activities of interest. Third phase imagery analysis is generally conducted in order to satisfy strategic intelligence questions or to otherwise explore existing data in

6370-408: The explosion was not nuclear, since nuclear explosions are more concentrated in time. If a human source who has provided reliable political information submits a report on the technical details of a missile system, the source's reliability in political matters only generally supports the likelihood that the source understands rocket engineering. If they describe rocket details making no more sense than

6468-493: The facilities needed to receive and process the information are unavailable. Two factors affect this process: the physical capabilities of the intelligence systems and the training and capabilities of the intelligence section. Collection platforms able to collect tens of thousands of pieces of information per hour need receivers which can accept that volume. The collection capability, even with self-generating reports, can quickly overwhelm inexperienced or understaffed analysts. While

6566-563: The facility had no air raid shelters for the prisoners. Fifteen British and Canadian airmen who were killed on the raid were buried by the Germans in unmarked graves within the secure perimeter. Their recovery at the end of the war was prevented by the Russians authorities and the bodies remain there to this day. A year later on July 18, August 4, and August 25, the U.S. Eighth Air Force conducted three additional Peenemünde raids to counter suspected hydrogen peroxide production. As with

6664-404: The first woman to hold an Oxbridge Chair, and Glyn Daniel , who went on to gain popular acclaim as the host of the television game show Animal, Vegetable or Mineral? . Sidney Cotton 's aerial photographs were far ahead of their time. Together with other members of his reconnaissance squadron, he pioneered the technique of high-altitude, high-speed photography that was instrumental in revealing

6762-526: The first years of space exploration. Satellites for imaging intelligence were usually placed in high-inclination low Earth orbits , sometimes in Sun-synchronous orbits . Since the film-return missions were usually short, they could indulge in orbits with low perigees , in the range of 100–200 km, but the more recent CCD-based satellites have been launched into higher orbits, 250–300 km perigee, allowing each to remain in orbit for several years. While

6860-411: The following circumstances: Technical collection methods are the least ambiguous, with meaningful priorities and actual, scheduled resources. HUMINT is flexible, but uses a wider range of methods. Agencies requiring HUMINT prepare lists of priorities which establish goals, provide a basis for planning and summarize the information needs of consumers. Most requirements fall into this category, including

6958-717: The huge amounts of aerial reconnaissance intelligence data soon became imperative. Beginning in 1941, RAF Medmenham was the main interpretation centre for photographic reconnaissance operations in the European and Mediterranean theatres. The Central Interpretation Unit (CIU) was later amalgamated with the Bomber Command Damage Assessment Section and the Night Photographic Interpretation Section of No 3 Photographic Reconnaissance Unit, RAF Oakington , in 1942. During 1942 and 1943,

7056-402: The last meeting at Peenemünde held regarding the relocation, the HVP consisted of A-4 development/ modification (1940 people), A-4b development (27), Wasserfall and Taifun development (1455), support and administration (760). The first train departed on February 17 with 525 people en route to Thuringia (including Bleicherode , Sangerhausen (district) , and Bad Sachsa ) and the evacuation

7154-462: The lens or mirror. Were the Hubble Space Telescope , with a 2.4 m telescope, designed for photographing Earth, it would be diffraction-limited to resolutions greater than 16 cm (6 inches) for green light ( λ ≈ 550 {\displaystyle \lambda \approx 550} nm) at its orbital altitude of 590 km. This means that it would be impossible to take photographs showing objects smaller than 16 cm with such

7252-399: The locations of many crucial military and intelligence targets. Cotton also worked on ideas such as a prototype specialist reconnaissance aircraft and further refinements of photographic equipment. At its peak, British reconnaissance flights yielded 50,000 images per day to interpret. Of particular significance in the success of the work of Medmenham was the use of stereoscopic images, using

7350-406: The majority of those with requirement-tracking identifiers in a community-wide numbering system administered by a central group. Requests vary, from a twenty-word question to a fifty-page questionnaire and asking for one fact or a thousand related facts. Its essence is the relationship between requester and collector. A variant on the request is the solicited requirement, in which the request itself

7448-488: The man in the field did, after all, need some guidance; if so, the expert in Washington had only to jot down a list of questions and all would be well." In a third phase (by the early 1950s), a consensus was established that a formal requirement structure was needed. When that machinery was set up, specialized methodologies for requirement management needed to be developed. The methodologies first needed were those used against

7546-691: The move of the V-2 Production Works to the Mittelwerk , the complete withdrawal of the development of guided missiles was approved by the Army and SS in October 1943. On August 26, 1943, at a meeting in Albert Speer 's office, Hans Kammler suggested moving the A-4 Development Works to a proposed underground site in Austria. After a site survey in September by Papa Riedel and Schubert, Kammler chose

7644-550: The opening attack of the British Crossbow operations against German rocket weapons, the Operation Hydra bombing raid attacked the HVP's "Sleeping & Living Quarters" (to specifically target scientists), then the "Factory Workshops", and finally the "Experimental Station" on the night of August 17/18, 1943. The Polish janitors were given advance warning of the attack, but the workers could not leave due to SS security and

7742-403: The outside. A consumer requirements officer must find the best collection bargain he can for his analyst client, and a collector requirements officer must find the best use for the resources he represents and protect them from unreasonable demands. Intelligence taken from sensitive sources cannot be used without exposing the methods or persons providing it. A strength of the British penetration of

7840-448: The proximity is lower if the source recounts what a participant told him was said. Was the source a direct observer of the event, or (if a human source) is he or she reporting hearsay? Technical sensors may directly view an event, or infer it. A geophysical infrasound sensor can record the pressure wave of an explosion, but may be unable to tell if an explosion was due to a natural event or an industrial accident. It may be able to tell that

7938-413: The report would be A-5. A human source's reliability rating would be lower if the source is reporting on a technical subject and its expertise is unknown. Another source might be a habitual liar, but provides enough accurate information to be useful. Its trust rating would be "E"; if the report was independently confirmed, it would be rated "E-1". Most intelligence reports are somewhere in the middle, and

8036-401: The requirement (usually for a subject of broad scope, at the collector's initiative). A department (or agency) which collects intelligence primarily to satisfy its own requirements usually maintains an internal requirements system with its own terminology, categories and priorities, with a single requirements office to direct its collection on behalf of its consumers. One requirements office, or

8134-503: The research buildings and rocket test stands had been demolished. End of April 1945, a group of more than 450 important rocket scientists from Peenemünde were captured by the U.S. Army in Oberammergau while Wernher von Braun , Walter Dornberger and several others surrendered in Reutte on May 2, 1945. As part of Operation Paperclip , a group of 127 engineers was eventually contracted for

8232-459: The search of "discovery intelligence." Third phase imagery analysis hinges on the use of a large repository of historical imagery as well as access to a variety of sources of information. Third phase imagery analysis incorporates supporting information and intelligence from other intelligence gathering disciplines and is, therefore, generally conducted in support of a multi-source intelligence team. The exploitation of imagery at this level of analysis

8330-439: The source's reporting history, their direct knowledge of what is being reported and their understanding of the subject. Similarly, technical collection may have uncertainty about a specific report, such as partial cloud cover obscuring a photograph. When a source is untested, "then evaluation of the information must be done solely on its own merits, independent of its origin". A primary source passes direct knowledge of an event to

8428-406: The technical facilities of Peenemünde took place between 1948 and 1961. Only the power station, the airport, and the railroad link to Zinnowitz remained functional. The gas plant for the production of liquid oxygen still lies in ruins at the entrance to Peenemünde. Very little remains of most of the other Nazi German facilities there. The Peenemünde Historical Technical Museum opened in 1992 in

8526-826: The threat posed by these "eyes in the sky," the United States , USSR / Russia , China and India have developed systems for destroying enemy spy satellites (either with the use of another 'killer satellite', or with some sort of Earth- or air-launched missile). Since 1985, commercial vendors of satellite imagery have entered the market, beginning with the French SPOT satellites, which had resolutions between 5 and 20 metres. Recent high-resolution (4–0.5 metre) private imaging satellites include TerraSAR-X , IKONOS , Orbview , QuickBird and Worldview-1 , allowing any country (or any business for that matter) to buy access to satellite images. The value of IMINT reports are determined on

8624-457: The two other planned A-4 assembly sites. On October 13, 1943, the Peenemünde prisoners from the small F-1 concentration camp boarded rail cars bound for Kohnstein mountain. Two Polish janitors of Peenemünde's Camp Trassenheide in early 1943 provided maps, sketches and reports to Polish Home Army Intelligence , and in June 1943 British intelligence had received two such reports which identified

8722-495: The use of Spitfires with their armament and radios removed and replaced with extra fuel and cameras. This led to the development of the Spitfire PR variants. These planes had a maximum speed of 396 mph at 30,000 feet with their armaments removed, and were used for photo-reconnaissance missions. The aircraft were fitted with five cameras which were heated to ensure good results. The systematic collection and interpretation of

8820-416: The world, installed at Test Stand VII to track the launching rockets. According to Walter Dornberger , "Rockets worked under water." In the summer of 1942, led by Ernst Steinhoff , Pennemünde worked on sea launches, either from launching racks on the deck of a submerged submarine, or from towed floats. Dornberger summarized the launches from a depth of 30 to 50 feet (9 to 15 metres), "A staggering sight it

8918-459: The years, this role has remained essentially the same. Some other uses of satellite imaging have been to produce detailed 3D maps for use in operations and missile guidance systems, and to monitor normally invisible information such as the growth levels of a country's crops or the heat given off by certain facilities. Some of the multi-spectral sensors, such as thermal measurement, are more electro-optical MASINT than true IMINT platforms. To counter

9016-468: The youngest brother of Wernher von Braun, was employed in the attempted development at Peenemünde of anti-aircraft rockets . These were never very successful as weapons during World War II. Their development as practical weapons took another decade of development in the United States and in the U.S.S.R. In November 1938, Walther von Brauchitsch ordered construction of an A-4 production plant at Peenemünde, and in January 1939, Walter Dornberger created

9114-593: Was complete in mid-March. Another reaction to the aerial bombing was the creation of a back-up research test range, the Blizna V-2 missile launch site in southeastern Poland. Carefully camouflaged, this secret facility was built by 2000 prisoners from the concentration camp at the SS-Truppenübungsplatz Heidelager . The Polish resistance Home Army ( Armia Krajowa ) captured an intact V2 rocket here in 1943. It had been launched but didn't explode and

9212-671: Was later retrieved intact from the Bug River and transferred secretly to London. The last V-2 launch at Peenemünde happened in February 1945, and on May 5, 1945, the soldiers of the Soviet 2nd Belorussian Front under General Konstantin Rokossovsky captured the seaport of Swinemünde and all of Usedom Island. Soviet infantrymen under the command of Major Anatole Vavilov stormed the installations at Peenemünde and found "75 percent wreckage". All of

9310-477: Was nearly complete, with personnel moved from Kummersdorf . The Army Research Center ( Peenemünde Ost ) consisted of Werk Ost and Werk Süd , while Werk West (Peenemünde West) was the Luftwaffe Test Site ( Erprobungsstelle der Luftwaffe ), one of the four test and research facilities of the Luftwaffe, with its headquarters facility at Erprobungsstelle Rechlin . Major-General Walter Dornberger

9408-629: Was taken up by adapted jet bombers – such as the English Electric Canberra , and its American development, the Martin B-57 – capable of flying higher or faster than the enemy. Highly specialized and secretive strategic reconnaissance aircraft, or spy planes, such as the Lockheed U-2 and its successor, the SR-71 Blackbird were developed by the United States . Flying these aircraft became an exceptionally demanding task, as much because of

9506-654: Was the military leader of the V-2 rocket programme and other projects. Wernher von Braun was the HVP technical director (Dr. Walter Thiel was deputy director until 1943) and there were nine major departments: The Measurements Group ( Gerhard Reisig ) was part of the BSM, and additional departments included the Production Planning Directorate (Detmar Stahlknecht), the Personnel Office (Richard Sundermeyer), and

9604-510: Was when those twenty heavy powder rockets suddenly rose, with a rush and a roar, from the calm waters of the Baltic." The supersonic wind tunnel at Peenemünde's "Aerodynamic Institute" eventually had nozzles for speeds up to the record speed of Mach 4.4 (in 1942 or 1943), as well as an innovative desiccant system to reduce the condensation clouding caused by the use of liquid oxygen , in 1940. Led by Rudolph Hermann, who arrived in April 1937 from

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