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46-520: The old castle, Schloss Ilsenburg , lying on a high crag above the town, was originally an imperial stronghold and probably built by King Henry I . In 995 Emperor Otto III resided in Elysynaburg , which Henry II bestowed in 1003 upon the Bishop of Halberstadt , who converted it into a Benedictine monastery. The school attached to it enjoyed a great reputation towards the end of the 11th century. The abbey

92-565: A centralized monarchy, ruling through federated autonomous stem duchies instead. Henry built an extensive system of fortifications and mobile heavy cavalry across Germany to neutralize the Magyar threat and in 933 routed them at the Battle of Riade , ending Magyar attacks for the next 21 years and giving rise to a sense of German nationhood. Henry greatly expanded German hegemony in Europe with his defeat of

138-662: A character in Richard Wagner 's opera, Lohengrin (1850), trying to gain the support of the Brabantian nobles against the Magyars. After the attempts to achieve German national unity failed with the Revolutions of 1848 , Wagner strongly relied on the picture of Henry as the actual ruler of all German tribes as advocated by pan-Germanist activists like Friedrich Ludwig Jahn . There are indications that Heinrich Himmler saw himself as

184-445: A foot (gressum pedis) of land. This was also the reason – by God's will (Dei nutu) – for him having been defeated in this first campaign. This can be seen as proof that Henry did campaign against Bavaria, and Arnulf, more than once. In the second chapter, the unknown chronicler hints that Henry's predecessor on the throne, Conrad I , had also invaded Bavaria in an equally unlawful and hostile (non regaliter, sed hostiliter) fashion. Conrad

230-418: A new elite cavalry force. Henry built fortified settlements as a defense against Magyar and Slav invaders. In 932 Henry refused to pay the annual tribute to the Magyars. When they began raiding again, Henry, with his improved army in 933 at the Battle of Riade , crushed the Magyars so completely that they never returned to the northern lands of Henry's kingdom. During the truce with the Magyars, Henry subdued

276-630: A new sarcophagus. Magyar tribes The Magyar or Hungarian tribes ( / ˈ m æ ɡ j ɑːr / MAG -yar , Hungarian : magyar törzsek ) or Hungarian clans were the fundamental political units within whose framework the Hungarians (Magyars) lived, before the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin and the subsequent establishment of the Principality of Hungary . The origin of

322-518: A place of subordination as allies in 935. Henry planned an expedition to Rome to be crowned emperor by the pope , but the design was thwarted by his death. Henry prevented a collapse of royal power, as had happened in West Francia , and left a much stronger kingdom to his successor Otto I . He was buried at Quedlinburg Abbey , established by his wife Matilda in his honour. Born in Memleben , in what

368-513: A question mark over Thankmar's legitimacy. Later that year he married Matilda , daughter of Dietrich of Ringelheim , Count in Westphalia . Matilda bore him three sons and two daughters, Hedwig and Gerberga , and founded many religious institutions, including the Quedlinburg Abbey where Henry and Matilda are buried. She was later canonized . His son Otto I , traditionally known as Otto

414-628: Is described as a glorious leader (gloriosus dux), being blessed by heaven (ex alto) with all kinds of virtues, brave and dynamic. He alone had saved his people from the scourge of the Saxons (de sevienti gladio paganorum) and given them back their freedom. This panegyric to the Bavarian duke is unparalleled for its time and underlines his position of power in the southeast of the East Frankish realm, so endangered by disintegration, so that "Arnulf ... nearly [found]

460-557: Is now Saxony-Anhalt , Henry was the son of Otto the Illustrious , Duke of Saxony, and his wife Hedwiga , who was probably the daughter of Henry of Franconia . In 906 he married Hatheburg of Merseburg , daughter of the Saxon count Erwin. She had previously been a nun. The marriage was annulled in 909 because her vows as a nun were deemed by the church to remain valid. She had already given birth to Henry's son Thankmar . The annulment placed

506-407: Is said to have marauded through the land, murdering and pillaging, having made many children orphans (orphanos) and women widows (viduas). Ratisbon , the duke's seat, was set to light and looted. After Conrad committed all these crimes (peccatis), it reports that divine providence (divino nutu) forced him to withdraw. The reason for this is not mentioned. The last section is a eulogy to Duke Arnulf who

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552-466: Is theorized that the Magyars and Bashkirs had close contact before the former's migration west, as there are many parallels between old Hungarian and Bashkir tribal names. Further, most of these names do not have such similarities with Central or Inner Asian languages, implying they may be a unique product of a local Bashkir-Magyar symbiosis. Turkologists Gyula Neméth and Peter B. Golden have compared

598-748: The Annales ex Annalibus Iuvavensibus used "Ungari" in 881. The English term "Hungarian" is a derivative of these Latin forms. According to Hungarian historian and linguist András Róna-Tas , the locality in which the Hungarians, the Manicha-Er group, emerged was between the Volga River and the Ural Mountains . Others propose a region of origin beyond the Ural Mountains, in southwestern Siberia . Between

644-836: The Bundesstraße 6 federal highway leading from Goslar and the Bundesautobahn 395 to Halle and the Bundesautobahn 14 . At the Ilsenburg train station rail transport is available to Vienenburg and Hanover as well as to Halle and Berlin by Regional-Express trains of the Deutsche Bahn and trains of Veolia . Henry the Fowler Henry the Fowler ( German : Heinrich der Vogler or Heinrich der Finkler ; Latin : Henricus Auceps ; c.  876 – 2 July 936 )

690-569: The Duchy of Bohemia and forced Duke Wenceslaus I to resume the annual payment of tribute to the king. Meanwhile, the Slavic Redarii had driven away their chief, captured the town of Walsleben and massacred its inhabitants. Counts Bernard and Thietmar marched against the fortress of Lenzen beyond the Elbe, and, after fierce fighting , completely routed the enemy on 4 September 929. The Lusatians and

736-602: The Green Belt Germany , which goes along the inner German border . The town Ilsenburg consists of Ilsenburg proper and the Ortschaften (municipal divisions) Darlingerode and Drübeck . Darlingerode and Drübeck were independent municipalities until they were absorbed by Ilsenburg in July 2009. Other localities within the town are Plessenburg (part of Ilsenburg proper) and Oehrenfeld (part of Drübeck). Ilsenburg has access to

782-566: The Hétmagyar confederation. The three tribes were organised into one tribe, called Kabar , and later they played the roles of vanguard and rear guard during the joint military actions of the confederation. The joining of the three tribes to the previous seven created the On-ogur ( Ten Arrows ). Hungarian chroniclers of the 13th century spoke of Magna Hungaria (modern Bashkortostan ) and reported that speakers of Hungarian were located there. It

828-760: The Napoleonic Wars of 1813-1815. Numerous legends cluster around this rock. Ilsenburg is between Wernigerode ( Saxony-Anhalt ) in the east and Bad Harzburg ( Lower Saxony ) in the west through the Ilsetal. The Brocken is reachable through the Heinrich-Heine-Weg , that goes along the Scharfenstein and Kleiner Brocken . Ilsenburg is near the Harz National Park . To the west, there is the Harzer Grenzweg at

874-569: The Polabian Slavs who lived on his eastern borders. In the winter of 928 he marched against the Slavic Hevelli tribes and seized their capital, Brandenburg . He then invaded the Glomacze lands on the middle Elbe river, conquering the capital Gana (Jahna) after a siege , and had a fortress (the later Albrechtsburg ) built at Meissen . In 929, with the help of Arnulf of Bavaria, Henry entered

920-634: The Seven chieftains of the Magyars , besides Álmos, included Előd , Ond, Kond , Tas, Huba and Töhötöm, who all took a blood oath swearing eternal loyalty to Álmos. Presumably, the Magyar tribes consisted of 108  clans . Before 881 CE, three Turkic tribes rebelled against the rule of the Khagan of the Khazars , but they were suppressed. After their defeat they left the Khazar Empire and voluntarily joined

966-546: The Ukrani on the lower Oder were subdued and made tributary in 932 and 934, respectively. In conquered lands Henry did not create march administration, which was implemented by his successor Otto I. Henry also pacified territories to the north, where the Danes had been harrying the Frisians by sea. The monk and chronicler Widukind of Corvey in his Res gestae Saxonicae reports that

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1012-418: The reincarnation of Henry, who was proclaimed to be the first king of Germany. Himmler traveled to Quedlinburg several times to hold a ceremony in the crypt on the anniversary of the king's death, 2 July. This started in 1936, 1,000 years after Henry died. Himmler considered him to be the "first German king" and declared his tomb a site of pilgrimage for Germans. In 1937, the king's remains were reinterred in

1058-571: The 8th and 5th centuries BCE , the Magyars embarked upon their independent existence, and the early period of the proto-Hungarian language began. According to one genetic study, the proto-Ugric groups were part of the Scytho-Siberian societies in the late Bronze Age to early Iron Age steppe -forest zone in present-day northern Kazakhstan , near remains of the Bronze Age Mezhovskaya archaeological culture . The ancestors of

1104-518: The Bavarian March of Carinthia by Eberhard and the Count of Meran and another group was routed by Liutfried , count of Elsass (French reading: Alsace ), the Magyars continued raiding East Francia. Henry, having captured a Hungarian prince, managed to arrange a ten-year truce in 924, though he agreed to pay annual tribute. By doing so he and the dukes gained time to build new fortified towns and to train

1150-688: The Danes were subjects of Henry the Fowler. Henry incorporated into his kingdom territories held by the Wends , who together with the Danes had attacked Germany, and also conquered Schleswig in 934. As the first Saxon king of East Francia, Henry was the founder of the Ottonian dynasty . He and his descendants ruled East Francia, and later the Holy Roman Empire, from 919 until 1024. Henry had two wives and at least six children: Henry returned to public attention as

1196-569: The Franks to the Saxons , who had suffered greatly during the conquests of Charlemagne and were proud of their identity. Henry, as Saxon, was the first non-Frank on the throne. Conrad's choice was conveyed by his brother, duke Eberhard III of Franconia at the Imperial Diet of Fritzlar in 919. The assembled Franconian and Saxon nobles elected Henry to be king with other regional dukes not participating in

1242-516: The Great , continued his father's work of unifying all German tribes into a single kingdom and greatly expanded the king's powers. He installed members of his family in the kingdom's most important duchies, subjected the clergy to his personal control, defeated the Magyars and conquered the Kingdom of Italy . Henry became Duke of Saxony after his father's death in 912. An able ruler, he continued to strengthen

1288-891: The Hungarian conquerors lived in the steppe zone during the Bronze Age together with the Mansis . During the Iron Age, the Mansis migrated northward, while the ancestors of the Hungarian conquerors remained in the steppe-forest zone and admixed with the Sarmatians . Later, the ancestors of the Hungarian conquerors admixed with the Huns , before the arrival of the Huns to the Volga region in 370. The Huns integrated local tribes east of

1334-591: The Slavs in 929 at the Battle of Lenzen along the Elbe river, by compelling the submission of Duke Wenceslaus I of Bohemia through an invasion of the Duchy of Bohemia the same year and by conquering Danish realms in Schleswig in 934. Henry's hegemonic status north of the Alps was acknowledged by the kings Rudolph of West Francia and Rudolph II of Upper Burgundy , who both accepted

1380-536: The Urals, among them Sarmatians and the ancestors of the Hungarian conquerors. Around 830 CE, when Álmos , the future Grand Prince of the Hungarians , was about 10 years old, the seven related tribes ( Jenő , Kér , Keszi , Kürt-Gyarmat , Megyer  [ hu ] , Nyék , and Tarján ) formed a confederation in Etelköz , called " Hétmagyar " ( lit.   ' Seven Magyars ' ). Their leaders,

1426-512: The author gives a very lively impression of the disconcert Henry's claims caused in Bavaria: The piece abruptly starts with a clause. It relates that Henry I ( Saxo Heimricus ), following the advice of an unnamed bishop, had invaded the Bavarian kingdom ( regnum Baioariae ) in a hostile way. Decidedly, it hints at the unlawfulness of this encroachment, namely in that Bavaria was a territory in which none of Henry's forefathers had ever possessed even

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1472-413: The duchy and besieged Gilbert at Zülpich (Tolbiac), captured the town, and became master of a large portion of his lands. Allowing Gilbert to remain in power as duke, Henry arranged the marriage of his daughter Gerberga to his new vassal in 928. Thus he brought that realm, which had been lost in 910, back into the kingdom as the fifth stem duchy. The threat of Magyar raiders improved his situation, as all

1518-402: The dukes and nobles realized that only a strong state could defend their lands against barbarian incursions. In 919 Henry was defeated by the Magyars in the Battle of Püchen , hardly escaping from being killed in battle, managing to take refuge in the town of Püchen. In 921 the Magyars once again invaded East Francia and Italy. Although a sizable Magyar force was defeated near Bleiburg in

1564-428: The election. Archbishop Heriger of Mainz offered to anoint Henry according to the usual ceremony, but he refused – the only king of his time not to undergo that rite – allegedly because he wished to be king not by the church's but by the people's acclaim. Henry, who was elected to kingship by only the Saxons and Franconians at Fritzlar, had to subdue the other dukes. Duke Burchard II of Swabia soon swore fealty to

1610-454: The following names to this end: The Hungarian social structure was of Turkic origin. Magyars comprised seven clans, and later three more clans made of Kabar people. Recent genetic research has shown that the first-generation Magyar core gene pool originated in Central Asia / South Siberia and, as Magyars migrated westward, admixed with various European peoples and peoples of

1656-521: The name of the most prominent Hungarian tribe, called Megyer , which became used to refer to the Hungarian people as a whole. Written sources called Magyars "Hungarians" before the conquest of the Carpathian Basin when they still lived on the Pontic-Caspian Steppe . For example, Georgius Monachus used "Ungri" to refer to them in 837, the Annales Bertiniani used "Ungri" in 862, and

1702-432: The new king, but when he died, Henry appointed a noble from Franconia to be the new duke. Duke Arnulf of Bavaria , lord over a realm of impressive extent, with de facto powers of a king and at times even named so in documents, proved a much harder nut to crack. He would not submit until Henry defeated him in two campaigns in 921. In the short remnant of a more lengthy text, " Fragmentum de Arnulfo duce Bavariae ( de )",

1748-420: The only one who could hold the kingdom together in the face of internal revolts and external Magyar raids . Henry was elected and crowned king in 919. He went on to defeat the rebellious dukes of Bavaria and Swabia , consolidating his rule. Through successful warfare and a dynastic marriage, Henry acquired Lotharingia as a vassal in 925. Unlike his Carolingian predecessors, Henry did not seek to create

1794-510: The position of his duchy within the weakening kingdom of East Francia , and was frequently in conflict with his neighbors to the South in the Duchy of Franconia . On 23 December 918 Conrad I , king of East Francia and Franconian duke, died. Although Henry had rebelled against Conrad I between 912 and 915 over the lands in Thuringia , Conrad recommended Henry as his successor. Kingship now changed from

1840-532: The position of the monarchy could only be consolidated gradually. Even under Otto the Great and later monarchs, consensus building would remain important. In 920, the king of West Francia , Charles the Simple , invaded and marched as far as Pfeddersheim near Worms , but retreated when he learned that Henry was organizing an army. On 7 November 921, Henry and Charles met and concluded the Treaty of Bonn , in which Henry

1886-487: The same resonance in the scarce historiography of his time, as did King Henry". Henry besieged Arnulf's residence at Ratisbon and forced the duke into submission. Arnulf had crowned himself as king of Bavaria in 919, but in 921 renounced the crown and submitted to Henry while maintaining significant autonomy and the right to mint his own coins. In his time, the king was considered primus inter pares (first among equals) . The king and princes formulated policies together and

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1932-516: The term "Hungary", the ethnonym of the Hungarian tribal alliance, is uncertain. According to one view, following the description in the 13th-century chronicle, Gesta Hungarorum , the federation was called "Hetumoger" (modern Hungarian: hét magyar , lit.   ' seven Magyars ' ), as in the Latin phrase, " VII principales persone qui Hetumoger dicuntur " ("seven princely persons who are called Seven Magyars"). The word "Magyar" possibly comes from

1978-606: Was finally devastated during the German Peasants' War in 1525. After the Reformation the castle passed to the counts of Wernigerode, who restored it and made it their residence until 1710. Higher still, on the edge of the plateau rises the Ilsenstein, a granite peak standing about 500 ft (150 m) above the valley, crowned by an iron cross erected by Count Anton von Stolberg-Wernigerode in memory of his friends who fell in

2024-671: Was recognized as the east Frankish king and Charles rule in Lotharingia was recognized. Henry then saw an opportunity to take Lotharingia when a civil war over royal succession began in West Francia after the coronation of King Robert I . In 923 Henry crossed the Rhine twice, capturing a large part of the duchy. The eastern part of Lotharingia was left in Henry's possession until October 924. In 925 Duke Gilbert of Lotharingia rebelled. Henry invaded

2070-480: Was the duke of Saxony from 912 and the king of East Francia from 919 until his death in 936. As the first non- Frankish king of East Francia, he established the Ottonian dynasty of kings and emperors , and he is generally considered to be the founder of the medieval German state , known until then as East Francia. An avid hunter , he obtained the epithet "the Fowler" because he was allegedly fixing his birding nets when messengers arrived to inform him that he

2116-404: Was to be king. He was born into the Liudolfing line of Saxon dukes. His father Otto I of Saxony died in 912 and was succeeded by Henry. The new duke launched a rebellion against the king of East Francia, Conrad I of Germany , over the rights to lands in the Duchy of Thuringia . They reconciled in 915 and on his deathbed in 918, Conrad recommended Henry as the next king, considering the duke

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