102-570: The Illinois Steel Bridge Company was an American manufacturer of bridges based in Jacksonville, Illinois . It is credited as builder of a number of bridges and other structures that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Works include (with variations in attribution): This United States manufacturing company–related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Jacksonville, Illinois Jacksonville
204-1034: A Catholic missionary at Twin Lakes in the 1830s, denounced the Yellow River treaty of 1836 as a fraud and argued, "this band of Indians believe that they have not sold their reservation and that it will remain theirs as long as they live and their children". In response to his support of the Potawatomi's resistance efforts, Col. Pepper ordered Father Deseille to leave the mission at Twin Lakes, or risk arrest for interfering in Indian affairs. Father Deseille went to South Bend, Indiana , although not without protest, and intended to return to Twin Lakes, but died at South Bend on September 26, 1837. Father Deseille's replacement, Reverend Benjamin Marie Petit , arrived at Twin Lakes in November 1837. Within
306-598: A U.S. state , an estimated 2,000 Potawatomi settled along the rivers and lakes north of the Wabash River and south of Lake Michigan. Around then, the state and federal government became eager to open the northern parts of Indiana to settlement and development by European Americans. Under treaties between the US government and the Potawatomi in 1818, 1821, 1826, and 1828, the native people ceded large portions of their lands in Indiana to
408-531: A 476-acre (193 ha) lake with 18.6 miles (29.9 km) of shoreline. Lake Jacksonville was named the "Number One Fishing Spot in Illinois" by Field & Stream magazine. As of the census of 2010, there were 19,446 people, 7,357 households, and 4,174 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,905 inhabitants per square mile (736/km ). There were 8,162 housing units at an average density of 805.5 per square mile (311.0/km ). The racial makeup of
510-467: A Catholic missionary at Twin Lakes, joined his parishioners on their difficult journey from Indiana, across Illinois and Missouri, into Kansas. There the Potawatomi were placed under the supervision of the local Indian agent (Jesuit) father Christian Hoecken at Saint Mary's Sugar Creek Mission, the true endpoint of the march. Historian Jacob Piatt Dunn is credited for naming "The Trail of Death" in his book, True Indian Stories (1909). The Trail of Death
612-748: A boulder with metal plaque, erected in 1922 by Manitou Chapter of the Daughters of American Revolution; and a memorial to Father Benjamin Petit , erected at the Fulton County Museum in Rochester. 0.5 miles (0.80 km) from Logansport, from September 6–9, the group camped at Horney Creek. Some of those who were left at Chippeway village on September 4 had recovered enough to return to the group; however, four children died between September 5–9. Bishop Brute and Father Petit said Mass on Sunday. Local physicians tending
714-620: A child died a few hours after making camp and is buried near this spot. The marker was erected in 1995 by Rainbow Dancers, Pow Wow Committee, and the Clayville Folk Arts Guild. At Jacksonville, Illinois , on Monday, October 1, 1838, a child fell from a wagon and was crushed under the wheels. It was believed that the child would probably die. Late at night the camp was serenaded by the Jacksonville Band. On Tuesday, October 2, they marched into Jacksonville's town square, escorted by
816-630: A child died. On September 22, 1838, further west at the Sadorus Grove encampment, three men were jailed for drunkenness. Two Potawatomi were put under armed guard; the other man, a wagoner, was discharged from his duties. A plaque embedded in a boulder in Dunlop Woods Park was erected in 1991 by Boy Scout Any Chase to commemorate the Sidney camp. A plaque embedded in a boulder in Lions Club Park
918-405: A concept album making reference to various people and places associated with the state. Its fifth track, "Jacksonville," refers to various landmarks in the town, such as Nichols Park. It also contains a story about A. W. Jackson, a "colored preacher" urban legend supposes the town is named after, as well as President Andrew Jackson (President from 1829 to 1837) after whom the town's officials say it
1020-401: A few months Father Petit had resigned himself to the Potawatomi's removal from Twin Lakes. Father Petit received permission to join his parishioners on the forced march to Kansas in 1838. On August 30, 1838, General Tipton and his volunteer militia surprised the Potawatomi village at Twin Lakes. When Makkahtahmoway, Chief Black Wolf's elderly mother, heard the soldiers firing their rifles she
1122-399: A file of forty baggage wagons filled with luggage and Indians. The sick were lying in them, rudely jolted, under a canvas which, far from protecting them from the dust and heat, only deprived them of air, for they were as if buried under this burning canopy—several died thus. On the first day, September 4, 1838, the group traveled 21 miles (34 km) and camped at Chippeway village on
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#17328723751881224-518: A formal protest to General John Tipton . The chiefs claimed that their signatures on the August 5, 1836, treaty had been forged (Menominee's had been omitted) and the names of other individuals who did not represent the tribe had been added. There is no record of a reply to their petition. They sent additional petitions to President Martin Van Buren and Secretary of War Lewis Cass in 1836 and 1837, but
1326-502: A good appearance while passing through. Chief Ioway (I-o-weh) took charge of making everyone presentable. They were able to find plenty of food this day by foraging through the countryside, but two children died overnight. A marker on Oak Crest Road, at the golf course, was erected by Springfield chapter of Daughters of the American Revolution in 1995. A metal plaque placed at Old State Capitol Plaza on side of building leading to
1428-531: A household in the city was $ 40,670, and the median income for a family was $ 56,343. Males had a median income of $ 42,409 versus $ 30,208 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 21,245. About 11.9% of families and 18% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.9% of those under age 18 and 11.8% of those age 65 or over. Jacksonville is the home of the Eli Bridge Company, manufacturer of Ferris wheels and other amusement rides such as
1530-565: A marker at Zachariah Cicott Park, commemorating passage through the area. The marker was sponsored by John Henry and Warren County Park board in 1993. Near Williamsport, they camped on September 14, 1838; on September 15, their encampment was along a stream, near the Indiana-Illinois state line. The caravan did not cross the Wabash River; it zigzagged across Warren County, Indiana . A metal sign at Old Town Park, on Main and Old 2nd streets,
1632-666: A passion for education, establishing many schools, as well as staunch support for abolitionism . They were mostly members of the Congregationalist Church , though some were Episcopalian . Due to the Second Great Awakening , some of them had converted to Methodism and Presbyterianism , while some others became Baptist , before moving to what is now Jacksonville. Jacksonville, like some other parts of Illinois, would be culturally very continuous with early New England culture for most of its early history. The town
1734-600: A very favorable change in the morals and industry of the Indians". Father Petit described his arrival at the camp in his journal: On Sunday, September 16, I came in sight of my Christians, under a burning noonday sun, amidst clouds of dust, marching in a line, surrounded by soldiers who were hurrying their steps.... Nearly all the children, weakened by the heat, had fallen into a state of complete languor and depression. I baptized several who were newly born – happy Christians, who with their first step passed from earthly exile to
1836-486: A vinyl record pressing plant on the western outskirts of Jacksonville, at 1 Capitol Way. The plant produced a number of highly collectible pressings. This plant eventually served the Capitol Records Club, producing vinyl LPs and later audiocassettes, CDs, and DVDs of a number of artists. At its peak, operating as EMI Records (owner of Capitol), the plant employed over 1,000 workers. It was a significant location in
1938-682: Is 32 miles (51 km) west of Springfield , the state capital, and 70 miles (110 km) east of Hannibal, Missouri . Interstate 72 passes to the south of the city, with access from Exits 64 and 68. U.S. Route 67 passes just west of the city limits, leading south 64 miles (103 km) to Alton and north 66 miles (106 km) to Macomb . Illinois Route 104 passes through Jacksonville as Morton Avenue, leading southeast 18 miles (29 km) to Waverly , while Illinois Route 267 runs south from Jacksonville, leading 27 miles (43 km) to Greenfield . Illinois Route 78 leads north from Jacksonville 16 miles (26 km) to Virginia . According to
2040-722: Is a city and the county seat of Morgan County, Illinois , United States. The population was 17,616 at the 2020 census , down from 19,446 in 2010 . It is home to Illinois College , Illinois School for the Deaf , and the Illinois School for the Visually Impaired , and was formerly home to MacMurray College . Jacksonville is the principal city of the Jacksonville Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Morgan and Scott counties. Jacksonville
2142-753: Is actually named. The Grammy -winning album Stones in the Road by singer-songwriter Mary Chapin Carpenter features the song "John Doe #24" that describes a series of events that occurred in Jacksonville relating to the person on whose life the song is based. The song tells the story of a blind and deaf man who was found wandering the streets in Jacksonville in 1945. The man was hospitalized for diabetes and kept in various institutions until he died nearly 50 years later in 1993. During his 48 years of institutionalization, nobody ever found out his name, nor did anyone who knew or
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#17328723751882244-405: Is home to one private four-year college, Illinois College . Illinois College is the second oldest college in Illinois, founded in 1829 (and the first to grant a degree – 1835) by one of the famous Yale Bands—students from Yale College who traveled westward to found new colleges. It briefly served as the state's first medical school from 1843 to 1848, and became co-educational in 1903. Beecher Hall,
2346-527: Is licensed to NOAA's Central Illinois National Weather Service Forecast Office at Lincoln and St. Louis, broadcasting on a frequency of 162.525 mHz (channel 6 on most newer weather radios, and most SAME weather radios). The station activates the SAME tone alarm feature and a 1050 Hz tone activating older radios (except for AMBER Alerts, using the SAME feature only) for hazardous weather and non-weather warnings and emergencies, along with selected weather watches, for
2448-523: Is now Central Park, Lincoln delivered a strong antislavery speech on September 6, 1856, in support of the presidential campaign of John C. Frémont , lasting over two hours. A mural depicting the event has been painted on the side of a building at the southwest corner of the square. Built in 1840, the Woodlawn Farm became an important stop on the Underground Railroad for runaway slaves escaping
2550-534: The Jacksonville Journal-Courier , is the oldest continuously published newspaper in Illinois (since 1830). The city also has a weekly newspaper, The Source . Several radio stations operate in Jacksonville- WCIC 90.7-FM, WLDS 1180-AM, WEAI 107.1-FM, WJVO 105.5-FM, and WJIL , which simulcasts on 102.9-FM and 1550-AM. NOAA Weather Radio station WXM90 transmits from Lynnville and
2652-597: The Huron and Pokagon Potawatomi bands. A small group joined an estimated 2500 Potawatomi in Canada . Numerous groups have placed commemorative markers along the route in tribute to those who marched to Kansas and as a memorial to those who died along the way. In 1994, the Trail of Death was declared a Regional Historic Trail by the state legislatures of Indiana, Illinois, and Kansas; Missouri passed similar legislation in 1996. As of 2003 ,
2754-566: The Jacksonville Jacks and Jacksonville Lunatics played in eight different minor leagues. Jacksonville teams played at League Park on Finley Street. In 1911 as part of the progressive movement, Jacksonville adopted the city commission form of government, the first mayor being George W. Davis. In the summer of 1965, in order to keep up with customer demand for records by the Beatles , the wildly popular English band, Capitol Records opened
2856-594: The Northwest Territory during the early 1800s. Most of them arrived as a result of the completion of the Erie Canal and the end of the Black Hawk War . When they arrived in what is now Jacksonville, there was nothing but dense virgin forest and wild prairie. The " Yankee " New Englanders laid out farms, constructed roads, erected government buildings and established post routes. They brought with them values such as
2958-408: The U.S. Census Bureau , Jacksonville has a total area of 10.76 square miles (27.87 km ), of which 0.20 square miles (0.52 km ), or 1.83%, are water. The city sits in the middle of mostly flat, fertile farmland. One branch of Mauvaisterre Creek empties into Lake Mauvaisterre, a small reservoir surrounded on three sides by parkland. 4 miles (6 km) south of the city lies Lake Jacksonville,
3060-482: The World of Outlaws racing series which attracted lots of fans and increased business. It has a grandstand that can seat 2,000 people. Nichols Park is a park on the south side of Jacksonville. It has a playground, golf course, lake, and community pool. During the month of December, The Farmers State Bank and Trust building in downtown Jacksonville can be seen displaying the "World's Tallest Advent Calendar" by displaying
3162-679: The 1830s was to extinguish the land claims of Indian nations in the East , and to remove them from the populated eastern states to the remote and relatively unpopulated lands west of the Mississippi River . Other Indian tribes already controlled large territories there. The Act specifically targeted the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeast in Georgia , Alabama , Mississippi , and Tennessee . It
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3264-537: The 24 days leading up to Christmas in the windows of the East side of the building. Potawatomi Trail of Death The Potawatomi Trail of Death was the forced removal by militia in 1838 of about 859 members of the Potawatomi nation from Indiana to reservation lands in what is now eastern Kansas . The march began at Twin Lakes, Indiana (Myers Lake and Cook Lake, near Plymouth, Indiana ) on November 4, 1838, along
3366-442: The August 5, 1838, treaty deadline for departure. Indiana governor David Wallace authorized General John Tipton to mobilize a local militia of one hundred volunteers to forcibly remove the Potawatomi from the state. On August 30, 1838, Tipton's militia surprised the Potawatomi at Twin Lakes, where they surrounded the village and gathered the remaining Potawatomi together for their removal to Kansas. Father Benjamin Marie Petit ,
3468-601: The Caribbean island of Trinidad before coming to the United States in 1849 and settling near Jacksonville. Jacksonville Speedway is a dirt racetrack on the Morgan County Fairgrounds that was first established in 1912. The track was originally a flat 1/2 mile track but was later replaced by the current banked 1/4 mile configuration. Though the racetrack was close to closing its doors in the early 2010s, it attracted
3570-592: The Civil War, the Potawatomi scattered; many of them moved to other reservations in Kansas and Oklahoma. A reservation for the Prairie Band Potawatomi is located at Mayetta, Kansas . The state of Kansas named Pottawatomie County, Kansas , in honor of the tribe. Not all the Potawatomi from Indiana removed to the western United States. Some remained in the East, and others fled to Michigan, where they became part of
3672-507: The Illinois counties of Brown, Calhoun, Cass, Greene, Morgan, Pike, and Scott. Weather permitting, a tone alarm test of both the SAME and 1050 Hz tone features are conducted every Wednesday between 11 am and Noon. Jacksonville Memorial Hospital , formerly known as Passavant Area Hospital, is the prime source of medical treatment in the area. The Jacksonville Developmental Center , a state facility, operated here from 1851 to November 2012. In 2005, Sufjan Stevens released Illinois ,
3774-514: The Indians to hunt game. Water was also more plentiful. "Their success has been such as to supersede entirely the necessity of issuing rations. The camp is now full of venison." A marker in the town park, by a water tower, was erected in 2000 by Boy Scout Griffin Smith, and sponsored by the Gerald and Tom Wesaw families, Pokagon Potawatomi. At Springfield, the Potawatomi men were promised tobacco if they made
3876-529: The Indians were allowed to hunt for wild game to supplement their diet. Marching through Missouri , the Potawatomi passed through West Quincy , Palmyra , Paris , Moberly , Huntsville , Salisbury , Keatsville (Keytesville), Brunswick , De Witt , Carrollton , and Richmond , Missouri. At Lexington they crossed the Missouri River and continued on to Wellington , Napoleon , near Buckner and Lake City, Independence , and Grandview . On November 2,
3978-685: The Miami, the Potawatomi were also recognized as traditional owners under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and in subsequent treaties. They had become the second-largest Native American tribal group in Indiana. During the War of 1812 , the tribe allied with the British Empire in the hope of expelling American settlers encroaching on their lands. The Potawatomi subsequently lived in relative peace with their white neighbors. In 1817, one year after Indiana became
4080-523: The Mississippi River within two years. In exchange, the Potawatomi would receive $ 14,080 for the sale of their 14,080 acres of Indiana reservation lands, after payment of tribal debts were deducted from the proceeds. Chief Menominee and seventeen of the Yellow River band refused to take part in the negotiations and did not recognize the treaty's authority over their land. In a petition dated November 4, 1837, Chief Menominee and other Potawatomi submitted
4182-508: The Potawatomi had been taken by surprise under "the ruse of calling a council". Tipton reported that several of the Potawatomi had already gathered near the chapel when he arrived, but acknowledged that the Potawatomi were not allowed to leave "until matters were amicably settled" and they had agreed to give up their Indiana land. Between Thursday, August 30, and Monday, September 3, 1838, the day before their departure, Tipton and his militia surrounded Menominee's village at Twin Lakes, gathered
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4284-530: The Potawatomi had ceded land in Indiana under the treaty, and they had to remove. Chief Menominee responded through an interpreter: My brother, the President is just, but he listens to the word of young chiefs who have lied; and when he knows the truth, he will leave me to my own. I have not sold my lands. I will not sell them. I have not signed any treaty, and will not sign any. I am not going to leave my lands, and I do not want to hear anything more about it. After
4386-583: The Potawatomi moved further west to St. Marys, Kansas , 140 miles (230 km) northwest of Sugar Creek, where they remained until the Civil War . In 1861, the Potawatomi of the Woods Mission Band were offered a new treaty which gave them land in Oklahoma . Those who signed this treaty became Citizen Band Potawatomi , because they were given U.S. citizenship. Their headquarters is at Shawnee, Oklahoma . After
4488-448: The Potawatomi on the march, including as John Tipton, Father Petit, and Judge William Polke (although Polke's journal was written by his agent, Jesse C. Douglass), provide day-to-day descriptions of their experiences. Tipton led the militia as the group's military escort. Judge Polke, from Rochester, Indiana , served as the federal agent for the group and conducted the caravan to Kansas. Father Petit led religious services and administered to
4590-650: The Potawatomi the rest of the way to their new reservation. Between September 20 and October 10, the Potawatomi traveled through the Illinois prairie, passing Monticello , Decatur , Springfield , New Berlin , Jacksonville , Exeter , and Naples , where they ferried across the Illinois River . On October 10, the group left Illinois, crossed the Mississippi River into Missouri on steam-powered ferry boats from Quincy, Illinois . According to Father Petit's accounts, "After arriving in Missouri, we had hardly any sick", and
4692-546: The Scrambler. W.E. Sullivan founded the firm with the introduction of his first portable "Big Eli" Wheel on the Jacksonville Square on May 23, 1900. He was inspired to make this portable version of the famous amusement ride after visiting the World's Columbian Exposition and seeing the original Ferris Wheel created by George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. Jacksonville was once home to the J. Capps & Son Company, one of
4794-541: The Society of Indian Lore, and a local Boy Scout troop. It was erected in 1993. A bronze marker on North Paris Street in Catlin was erected in 1993 by the descendants of the Potawatomi. A marker at Davis Point, near Homer, Illinois , commemorates the campsite of September 20, 1838. Boy Scout Andy Chase erected the marker in 1991, 3.6 miles (5.8 km) east of Homer. In Sidney, Illinois , on September 21, 1838, Chief Muk-kose and
4896-544: The Tippecanoe County Historical Association in 1998. Past Lafayette, the caravan traveled west and encamped near LaGrange on September 13, 1838. A metal plaque attached to a boulder marks the campsite at LaGrange, a village that no longer exists, along the Wabash River at the Tippecanoe-Warren county line. It was placed by Girl Scout Kristy Young of Monon, Indiana. North of Independence is
4998-733: The Tippecanoe River, 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Rochester . They camped from William Polke's house to his trading post on the Tippecanoe River, a mile long of campfires. The second day they left 51 sick persons at Chippeway. They marched single file down Rochester's Main Street, at gunpoint. Ten year old William Ward followed them to a mile south of Rochester, wishing to go west with his little friends, but his mother caught up with him and took him home. They reached Mud Creek in Fulton County , where one infant died–the caravan's first casualty. By
5100-414: The Trail of Death had 74 markers along the route. At Twin Lakes, the march began on September 4, 1838, from Menominee's village. In 1909, a statue of Chief Menominee was erected near Twin Lakes, on South Peach Road, 5 miles (8.0 km) west of US 31. It is the first statue to a Native American erected under a state or federal legislative enactment. Dedicated in 1909, boulder with a metal plaque marks
5202-465: The Trail of Death to Kansas in 1838. Increased pressure from federal government negotiators, especially Colonel Abel C. Pepper , succeeded in getting the Potawatomi to sign more treaties that ceded their lands and obtained their agreement to move to reservations in the West. In treaties negotiated from December 4, 1834, to February 11, 1837, the Potawatomi ceded the remaining reservation lands in Indiana to
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#17328723751885304-575: The Visually Impaired , and the Jacksonville Correctional Center. Lincoln Land Community College 's Western Region Education Center is also located in Jacksonville. Jacksonville is home to three high schools, two private, and one public, including Routt Catholic High School . Jacksonville School District 117 provides education for the city and much of the county with six elementary schools, one middle school, and one high school, Jacksonville High School . The city's daily newspaper,
5406-526: The age of 27. The Potawatomi of the Woods, or Mission Band, remained in eastern Kansas for ten years. In March 1839, they moved about 20 miles (32 km) south to Sugar Creek mission in Linn County, Kansas . In 1840 more Potawatomi from Indiana arrived to settle on the Kansas reservation. The following year, on April 15, 1841, Chief Menominee died and was buried in Kansas; he never returned to Indiana. In 1848
5508-408: The bands under Potawatomi chiefs Menominee , Peepinohwaw, Notawkah, and Muckkahtahmoway, with a joint grant of 22 sections (14,080 acres) of reservation land. Chief Menominee's signature was recorded with an "x" on the treaty of 1832. He and his Yellow River band at Twin Lakes, Indiana , 5 miles (8.0 km) southwest of present-day Plymouth , would be forced to remove from these reservation lands on
5610-417: The carriage, which during the whole trip was kept for the use of the Indian chiefs, then one or two chiefs on horseback led a line of 250 to 300 horses ridden by men, women, children in single file, after the manner of savages. On the flanks of the line at equal distance from each other were the dragoons and volunteers, hastening the stragglers, often with severe gestures and bitter words. After this cavalry came
5712-533: The city was 85.3% White , 10.2% African American , 0.3% Native American , 0.7% Asian , 1.1% from other races , and 2.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3% of the population. There were 7,357 households, out of which 24.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.8% were married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.3% were non-families. 36.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.9% had someone living alone who
5814-423: The council meeting, tensions increased between the Potawatomi and the white settlers who wanted to occupy the reservation lands. Fear of violence caused some settlers to petition Indiana governor David Wallace for protection. Wallace authorized General John Tipton to mobilize a militia of one hundred volunteers to forcibly remove the Potawatomi from their Indiana reservation lands. Reverend Louis Deseille,
5916-740: The cultural scene include the Imagine Foundation and the Eclectic art gallery, both located in the city's downtown. The Jacksonville Area Museum , located just outside the downtown area, is home to many historical artifacts and is the repository of the MacMurray College Archive collection. Jacksonville also holds the unusual distinction of having a large number of pipe organs for a city of its size – eleven in all – found at various local churches, as well as both of its four-year colleges. A notable Portuguese American community has existed on
6018-476: The dry and barren Indian Territory to the west. Jacksonville's education complex and standing in the state were developed by the establishment of state institutions: the Illinois School for the Deaf and what is now called the Illinois School for the Visually Impaired . The Illinois Conference Female Academy was founded for education for girls; it later developed as MacMurray College . By 1850, Illinois College had issued Illinois' first college degrees and opened
6120-562: The federal government in exchange for annuities in cash and goods, reservation lands within the state, and other provisions. Some tribal members also received individual grants of northern Indiana land. The passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830 enabled the federal government to offer reservation land in the West in exchange for the purchase of tribal lands east of the Mississippi River . The government's intent during Indian Removal of
6222-431: The federal government refused to change its position. By 1837, some of the Potawatomi bands had peacefully removed to their new lands in Kansas. By August 5, 1838, the deadline for removal from Indiana, most of the Potawatomi had already left, but Chief Menominee and his band at Twin Lakes refused. The following day, August 6, 1838, Col. Pepper called a council at Menominee's village at Twin Lakes, where he explained that
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#17328723751886324-606: The federal government's agreement to provide goods to support the Potawatomi migration efforts, should they decide to relocate. These treaties reduced Potawatomi reservations in Indiana, which included land along the Yellow River . Under the terms of a treaty made on October 26, 1832, the federal government established Potawatomi reservation lands within the boundaries of their previously ceded lands in Indiana and Illinois in exchange for annuities, cash and goods, and payment of tribal debts, among other provisions. This treaty provided
6426-700: The federal government. In 1836 alone the Potawatomi signed nine treaties, including the Treaty of Yellow River in Marshall County, Indiana ; five treaties on the Tippecanoe River north of Rochester, Indiana ; two treaties in Logansport, Indiana ; and one treaty at Turkey Creek in Kosciusko County, Indiana . These agreements were called the Whiskey Treaties because whiskey was given to get the Indians to sign. Under
6528-410: The first college building erected in Illinois, is named after its first president, Edward Beecher , brother to Henry Ward Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe . Jacksonville was also the home of the now-closed private four-year college, MacMurray College from 1846 to 2020. Jacksonville is also home to three state-run institutions, including the Illinois School for the Deaf , the Illinois School for
6630-429: The first medical school in the state. Because of this, Jacksonville earned the nickname of "Athens of the West". In 1851, Illinois opened its first state mental hospital in Jacksonville; it became a major employer for the area. The attorney Abraham Lincoln occasionally had legal business in Jacksonville, frequently acting either as co-counsel or opposing counsel with David A. Smith, a Jacksonville resident. In what
6732-423: The group crossed the north fork of the Blue River into Kansas and camped at Oak Grove, which was probably renamed Elm Grove. On November 3, they reached Bull Creek, near Bulltown (which became Paola, Kansas ). The group reached the end of the journey, on the western bank of the Osage River , at Osawatomie, Kansas, on November 4, 1838. After having traveled 660 miles (1,060 km) the Potawatomi were placed under
6834-424: The group set up a field hospital and reported that 300 were ill. A historical marker for Potawatomi encampment near Logansport was erected on grounds of Logansport Memorial Hospital , State Road 25, at the north edge of town by the Cass County Historical Society in 1988. Near Delphi, historical markers in Carroll County, Indiana , mark the route. Old Winnemac's village on Towpath Road in rural Carroll County; it
6936-444: The group traveled along the Michigan Road on land the tribe had ceded to the federal government for its construction in 1826. On September 10, the march resumed from Logansport and continued along the north side of the Wabash River , passing through present-day Pittsburg , Battle Ground , and Lafayette to reach Williamsport , Indiana, on September 14. Two or more deaths occurring nearly every day. Their last encampment in Indiana
7038-498: The group. The men were allowed to go hunting for food. A trail marker was placed at the corner of Dunbar and Caleb roads in Monticello by Boy Scout Ryan Berg in 1993. A marker on private property on Center Street in Monticello was placed by Boy Scout Daniel Valentine in 1988. A trail marker at Monticello's old City Cemetery on Railroad Street was placed by Boy Scout David Moody in 1998. In Decatur, on Wednesday, September 26, one journal entry remarked: "We have reason to believe that
7140-415: The health of the camp is returning. The weather still continues delightful—the roads, however, are again becoming dusty....A child died after dark." A historical marker named The Rock was placed in Mueller Park on Lake Shore Drive in 1994 by Zita and Bernard Wright. At Niantic or Long Point, about 14 miles (23 km) from their campsite near Decatur, the encampment provided more opportunities for
7242-415: The heavenly sojourn. After their arrival at Danville, the group traveled 6 miles (9.7 km) to Sandusky Point (which became Catlin, Illinois ), where the caravan resupplied and rested from September 17–20 before continuing their journey. On September 20, General Tipton left fifteen of his soldiers with the caravan and departed with the remainder of the militia on a return trip to Indiana. Judge Polke led
7344-432: The journey to Kansas, 42 people died, 28 of them children. Historian Jacob Piatt Dunn is credited for naming the Potawatomi's forced march "The Trail of Death" in his book, True Indian Stories (1909). It was the single largest Indian removal in the state. Journals, letters, and newspaper accounts of the journey provide details of the route, weather, and living conditions. Eyewitness accounts from those who accompanied
7446-520: The largest manufacturers of textiles and clothing in the United States, and owned by the Capps family, which was intermarried with the family of Jacob Bunn and John Whitfield Bunn of Springfield, Illinois , and Chicago. Reynolds Group Holdings (formerly Mobil Plastics, Tenneco, Pactiv) and Nestlé Beverage Co. have facilities in Jacksonville. Jacksonville was also home to a food processing plant for ACH Food Companies from 1952 to 2008. Jacksonville
7548-467: The largest population of any city in the state of Illinois, vastly outnumbering Chicago (only founded the year before). In the 1830s, the town was on the path of Native Americans who were being forcibly removed by the federal government to west of the Mississippi. The Potawatomi passed through here in 1838 on what they called their Trail of Death as they were forced from their traditional homelands to
7650-518: The mission church at Menominee's village, explaining in a letter to his family dated September 14, 1838, "It is sad, I assure you, for a missionary to see a young and vigorous work expire in his arms." The journey from Twin Lakes, Indiana, to Osawatomie, Kansas , began on September 4, 1838. It covered about 660 miles (1,060 km) across 61 days, often under hot, dry, and dusty conditions. The caravan of 859 Potawatomi also included 286 horses, 26 wagons, and an armed escort of one hundred soldiers. During
7752-479: The music industry. For example, all seven albums released by country western artist Garth Brooks sold more than 50 million copies. EMI held a "thank-you" luncheon for 1,000 workers at the Jacksonville plant on March 10, 1995. A decade later, in 2004 EMI ceased manufacturing operations at Jacksonville. Jacksonville is located at 39°43′55″N 90°14′4″W / 39.73194°N 90.23444°W / 39.73194; -90.23444 (39.731936, −90.234394). It
7854-507: The new school. These students were a part of the famous "Yale Bands", groups of students who established several colleges in the frontier, what is now the Midwest . Illinois College was one of the first institutions of higher learning in the Midwest. A new courthouse was built on the square, churches were constructed, railroads were planned, and stores and taverns were built. By 1834, Jacksonville had
7956-490: The outskirts of Jacksonville since the nineteenth century. The origins of this community can be traced to 1838, when a Scottish reverend named Robert Reid Kalley visited the Portuguese island of Madeira and converted a number of the locals to Protestantism . These Madeiran Protestants faced discrimination and alienation due to being Protestant in a largely Catholic community, causing the converts to relocate from Madeira to
8058-529: The parking garage was placed by Pokagon Potawatomi in 2001. At New Berlin, a marker at Old Jacksonville Road and New Salem Church Road marks the McCoy's Mill encampment. The marker was erected in 1995 by Rainbow Dancers, Pow Wow Committee, and Clayville Folk Arts Guild. A marker at Old Jacksonville Road, near Peters Road (Island Grove Methodist Church/Woodwreath Cemetery), identifies the Island Grove encampment, where
8160-421: The remaining Potawatomi together, and made preparations for their removal to Kansas. The names of the Potawatomi heads of families and other individuals, which numbered 859 in all, were recorded on tribal registration rolls. In addition, the soldiers burned the crops and destroyed the Potawatomi village, which consisted of approximately 100 structures, to discourage them from trying to return. Father Petit closed
8262-551: The road. "The heat along with the dust is daily rendering our marches more distressing." A marker was placed in Ellsworth Park. Catlin was named Sandusky Point in 1838. On September 17, the group traveled 6 miles (9.7 km) to reach Sandusky Point, where they camped until September 20. A marker on the grounds of the Catlin Historical Museum at Catlin, Illinois , southwest of Danville, was sponsored by Paul Quick,
8364-440: The sick and dying. The caravan also had an attending physician, Dr. Jerolaman, who joined the group in Logansport, Indiana . Local physicians occasionally visited the encampments as the group journeyed west. On September 4, the march to Kansas began. Three chiefs, Menominee, Makkatahmoway (Black Wolf), and Pepinawa, were treated as prisoners and forced to ride in a wagon under armed guard. Father Petit secured their release from
8466-548: The site of the Potawatomi's log chapel and village at Twin Lakes. 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Rochester, on September 4, 1838, the Potawatomi passed through Chippeway village on the Tippecanoe River, on the Michigan Road (Old US 31). About 50 who were severely ill were left here with their attendants; most joined the caravan later, but some escaped. On September 5, they marched down Rochester's Main Street, and camped at Mud Creek, north of Fulton. Historical markers include
8568-538: The supervision of the local Indian agent and Reverend Christian Hoecken . Of the 859 who began the journey, 756 Potawatomi survived; 42 were recorded as having died; the remainder escaped. Judge Polke and the soldiers who accompanied the Potawatomi to Kansas began the return trip to Indiana on November 7–8, 1838. Father Petit was severely weakened from the arduous journey, and began his return trip to Indiana on January 2, 1839. Too ill to continue his trip home, he died at St. Louis, Missouri , on February 10, 1839, at
8670-505: The terms of these treaties the Potawatomi agreed to sell their Indiana land to the federal government and move to reservation lands in the West within two years. One treaty that directly led to the forced removal of the Potawatomi from Twin Lakes was made at Yellow River on August 5, 1836. Under its terms, the Potawatomi ceded the Menominee Reserve, established under an 1832 treaty, to the federal government and agreed to remove west of
8772-509: The terrors of slavery in the South. This historical site is open tours in the summer. One of Lincoln's early political rivals, Stephen A. Douglas settled in Jacksonville in 1833 where he first got involved in local politics. He quickly rose the ranks of Illinois politics and was elected to the House of Representatives in 1842. Between 1892 and 1910, Jacksonville was home to minor league baseball , as
8874-407: The third day, September 6, they reached Logansport, Indiana, where the encampment was described as "a scene of desolation; on all sides were the sick and dying". The group remained at Logansport until September 9. About 50 of the sick and elderly and their caregivers were left at Logansport to recover; most of them were well enough to rejoin the group within a few days. During this part of the journey
8976-400: The three Kansas counties. The Potawatomi language is of Algonquian descent. The tribe moved south from northern Wisconsin and Michigan and historically occupied land from the southern tip of Lake Michigan to Lake Erie , an area encompassing northern Illinois , north central Indiana, and a strip across southern Michigan. Although the land in what became Indiana was long occupied by
9078-474: The wagon at Danville, Illinois , after giving his word that they would not try to escape. Father Petit later described the caravan in a letter to Bishop Simon Brute at Vincennes, Indiana , dated November 13, 1838, from the Osage River country of Missouri: The order of march was as follows: the United States flag, carried by a dragoon; then one of the principal officers, next the staff baggage carts, then
9180-501: The western bank of the Osage River , ending near present-day Osawatomie, Kansas . During the journey of approximately 660 miles (1,060 km) over 61 days, more than 40 people died, most of them children. It was the single largest Indian removal in Indiana history. Although the Potawatomi had ceded their lands in Indiana to the federal government under a series of treaties made between 1818 and 1837, Chief Menominee and his Yellow River band at Twin Lakes refused to leave, even after
9282-450: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.88. In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.0% under the age of 18, 14.2% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 16.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.4 males. The median income for
9384-431: Was along an "unhealthy and filthy looking stream", near the Indiana-Illinois state line. On September 16, the caravan crossed into Illinois and camped at Danville , where four more Potawatomi died and were buried. Father Petit joined the caravan at Danville and traveled with the Potawatomi to Kansas, tending to the sick and the religious needs of the group. According to Tipton's written comments, Father Petit, "produced
9486-667: Was also used to arrange removal of other tribes living east of the Mississippi, including several in the former Northwest Territory , south of the Great Lakes . In three treaties signed in October 1832, at the Tippecanoe River north of Rochester, Indiana , the Potawatomi ceded to the federal government most of their remaining lands in northwestern and north central Indiana in exchange for annuities, small reservation lands in Indiana, and scattered allotments to individuals. They also received
9588-542: Was declared a Regional Historic Trail in 1994 by the state legislatures of Indiana, Illinois, and Kansas; Missouri passed similar legislation in 1996. As of 2013 , 80 Trail of Death markers were located along the route in all four states, at every 15 to 20 miles where the group had camped between each day's walk. Historic highway signs signal each turn along the way in Indiana in Marshall, Fulton, Cass, Carroll, Tippecanoe, and Warren counties. Many signs are in Illinois, Missouri, and
9690-701: Was erected by Boy Scout John Housman in 1993, marking the Sadorus's Grove campsite of September 22, 1838. Monticello was named Pyatt's Point in 1838. After marching 15 miles (24 km) the Potawatomi reached the Sangamon River , near Pyatt's Point, on Sunday, September 23. A child had died that morning, and 29 persons were left in camps being too sick to travel. The group camped along the Sangamon River on September 24 and 25, where two more children and one adult died. The sick who had been left behind to recover rejoined
9792-527: Was erected by Boy Scout Kris Cannon, Troop 144, in 1996. West of Battle Ground, the group encamped on September 12. A plaque and map on a boulder at the Tippecanoe Battlefield Museum was placed by Girl Scout Troop 219 in 1996. A plaque attached to a boulder along the north side of County Road 500 North, between Morehouse Road and County Road 225 West, just west of the Mt. Zion Church. It was placed by
9894-465: Was established by European Americans on a 160-acre (65 ha) tract of land in the center of Morgan County in 1825, two years after the county was founded. The founders of Jacksonville were settlers from New England . They were descended from the English Puritans who had settled New England in the 1600s and were part of a wave of New England farmers who headed west into what was then the wilds of
9996-486: Was laid out on a treeless prairie and along a state road that ran from Springfield to the Illinois River . The town grew at a rapid rate, and a town square was quickly developed. In 1829, the Presbyterian Reverend John M. Ellis worked to found a new "seminary of learning" in the new state of Illinois. A group of Congregational students at Yale College heard about his plans and headed westward to establish
10098-509: Was placed in 1996 by Phil High and Boy Scout Troop 344. A marker at Gopher Hill Cemetery, near the Gopher Hill encampment of 1838, in Warren County, Indiana, is 2.5 miles (4.0 km) southeast of the Indiana-Illinois state line. Near Danville, on Sunday, September 16, 1838, at their camp near Indiana-Illinois state line, the Indians were allowed to go hunting. Two small children died along
10200-707: Was related to him come to Jacksonville to establish his identity. It was speculated that he was originally from New Orleans, but this was never verified. Likewise, how he came to Jacksonville remains a mystery to this day. Cultural offerings include the Jacksonville Symphony Orchestra, the Jacksonville Theatre Guild, the Art Association of Jacksonville and its David Strawn Art Gallery, as well as many public events and activities hosted by MacMurray College and Illinois College. Recent additions to
10302-486: Was so badly frightened that she hid in the nearby woods for six days. Unable to walk with a wounded foot, she was found by another Indian, who was looking for his horse, and brought to South Bend. Upon his arrival Tipton allegedly called for a meeting at the village chapel, where he detained the Potawatomi chiefs as prisoners. Although Father Petit was in South Bend at the time of the militia's arrival, he later protested that
10404-505: Was the campsite for September 10, 1838. A wooden sign erected in 1988 by the Carroll County Historical Society near the route of the march northeast of Delphi, near the intersection of County Roads 800 West and 700 North, as a commemoration "of the Trail of Death removal of Potawatomi and Miami Indians". A metal sign on Pleasant Run, north of Pittsburg, Indiana, near the intersection of County Roads 800 West and 550 North,
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