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68-500: Ikotos County is an administrative area in the Eastern Equatoria state of South Sudan with headquarters in the town of Ikotos . The people, who live in the county's area by subsistence agriculture and cattle herding, are poverty-stricken. Years of civil war have made violence commonplace: most people have experienced the murder of a close family member. In 2009, AK-47 rifles were used in 42 per cent of killings. Ikotos County

136-620: A correspondence with men of all shades of opinion upon Egyptian affairs, strongly opposing the abandonment of the Sudan by the British Empire and subsequently urging its reconquest. Next to these, questions of maritime defence and strategy chiefly attracted him in his later years. In November 1874 he purchased the Sandford Orleigh estate in Newton Abbot , Devon, England, where he also died after

204-500: A decrease in violence, attributing the improvement to cooperation between county authorities and the youth, women, elders and chiefs in catching thieves. In January 2011 leaders of the Lango communities gathered in Torit for a three-day reconciliation meeting that had been organized by the Lango of Juba, aiming to restore unity following disputes in the past year's elections. The leaders also passed

272-504: A family wedding in 1865. She was officially born 6 August 1841 (but more probably 1845) in Nagyenyed , Austria-Hungary (today Aiud , Romania) and was named Florenz Barbara Maria. She said that her nurse helped her to a refugee camp in Vidin , Bulgaria. Possibly it was there that she was adopted by an Armenian family with name Finnian (or Finnin). Her nurse married and left her, probably during

340-712: A fighter against slavery. An acclaimed sportsman, he likely started hunting in the Scottish Highlands; his skills were renowned, and he once gave a demonstration to friends in Scotland of how he could, with dogs, successfully hunt down a stag armed only with a knife, he did the same with the large boars in the jungles of Ceylon. He hunted consistently until his last years, in Europe, Asia, Africa and North America. Baker forged his skills chasing Asian elephants and sambar deer in Ceylon,

408-506: A heart attack, at the age of 72, on 30 December 1893. He was cremated and his ashes buried in the Baker family vault at Grimley Saint Bartholomew Churchyard in Grimley, Worcestershire . Baker lived as a reputed Victorian Nimrod and was a milestone in the history of modern hunting through his works and deeds. He was proud of his British heritage and was an advocate of the virtues of his nation, and

476-713: A journey to Constantinople and the Crimea in 1856, he went to Constanța, Romania and acted as Royal Superintendent for the construction of a railway and bridges across the Dobruja , connecting the Danube with the Black Sea. After that project was completed he spent some months on a tour of south-eastern Europe and Asia Minor. While Baker was visiting the Duke of Atholl on his shooting estate in Scotland, he befriended Maharaja Duleep Singh and in 1858–1859

544-524: A military expedition to the equatorial regions of the Nile, with the object of suppressing the slave-trade there and opening the way to commerce and civilisation. Before starting from Cairo with a force of 1700 Egyptian troops – many of them discharged convicts – he was given the rank of pasha and major-general in the Ottoman army. Lady Baker, as before, accompanied him. The khedive appointed him Governor-General of

612-666: A natural haven for remnants of the LRA. After the LRA clashed with the Uganda People's Defence Force in October 2002, Uganda closed the road being used by aid workers to carry supplies from Kitgum to Ikwoto. In May 2003 the Imatong and Ikwoto districts, then in Torit County, reported 178 suspected cases of Yellow Fever and 27 deaths. On a positive note, during this period Norwegian Church Aid made

680-683: A place where Rowland Ward 's records account him for some of the world's largest wild boar trophies. He travelled looking for sport in Asia Minor in 1860, in Scotland in 1869 for red stag , in the Rocky Mountains in 1881 downing elk , grizzly and buffalo . In 1886, he was in the French Alps, looking for brown bear and many times in India in 1885 and 1887–1889 pursuing tigers and blackbuck . His most memorable cynegetic (hunting-related) exploits remained

748-567: A resolution to eliminate cattle rustling, in part by launching vocational training institutions for youths of the county. In the January 2011 referendum on independence in Ikotos county five votes were cast for unity with northern Sudan while 57,041 were cast for secession as a separate state of South Sudan. Eastern Equatoria Louis Lobong Lojore is the current governor of Eastern Equatoria. The state shares international borders with Uganda in

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816-559: A significant contribution with the Ikwoto County Education Centre, which trained 120 teachers in 2004 and 2005. An uneasy peace between the SPLA and government of Sudan was established in January 2005. The region suffered from an outbreak of Cholera in the first half of 2006. The village of Ikotos reported 3,359 cholera infections and 103 deaths out of its population of 8,000. Aid workers were at risk of being ambushed and killed by

884-501: A survey was conducted of almost 2,400 households in the adjacent Torit, Magwi, and Ikotos counties. Results showed high levels of violence throughout the region, but particularly in Ikotos. 63% of households in Ikotos said they owned a firearm. Actual numbers may be much higher, with all households possessing at least one firearm and some as many as eight. The main security providers were said to be traditional leaders (90%), followed by neighbors (48%), religious leaders (38%), police (27%) and

952-545: A task force to implement recommendations for keeping the peace. The prolonged violence has disrupted families, destroyed trust and has often created a passion for vengeance. Economic growth has been minimal, even compared to neighboring counties such as Budi, and many people have failed to obtain a formal education. The violence did not cease with the ending of the war. Continued violent crimes included ambushes to obtain firearms, cattle raids to obtain bride price, and retaliatory raids to obtain revenge. In November and December 2009

1020-555: A trip from Gondokoro on the Nile to Tirangore, and from there travelled south along the eastern side of the Imatong mountains along the valley of the Koss River , past the village of Ikwoto and then southwest to the Nile. Emin Pasha was cut off from Egypt by the revolt of Muhammad Ahmad in the northern Sudan, which began in 1881, and in 1885 withdrew to the south. Chief Lomoro Xujang was ruler of

1088-579: Is in Hungarian sources known as Sass (or Szász) Flóra, and Florica Maria Sas in the Romanian sources. She died in 1916 at the estate she had shared with her husband in Sandford Orleigh, Devon. She was 74 years old and was buried with her husband, who had died 23 years earlier, in the Baker family vault at Grimley, near Worcester, although her name was never recorded. In March 1861 he started upon his first tour of exploration in central Africa. This, in his own words,

1156-486: Is in the south of Eastern Equatoria state, adjoining the Ugandan border to the south, Magwi county to the west, Torit county to the north, and Budi county to the east. Ikotos County was part of Torit County until 2004. The county is administratively divided into six payams , which are further sub-divided into bomas . Payams are Hatire, Losite, Ikwoto Central, Imatong, Lomohidang and Lomohidang North. The county contains

1224-613: Is mostly remembered as the first European to visit Lake Albert , as an explorer of the Nile and interior of central Africa, and for his exploits as a big game hunter in Asia, Africa, Europe and North America. Baker wrote a considerable number of books and published articles. He was a friend of King Edward VII , who as Prince of Wales , visited Baker with Queen Alexandra in Egypt. Other friendships were with explorers Henry Morton Stanley , Roderick Murchison , John H. Speke and James A. Grant , with

1292-513: The Dobruja region, from the Danube to the Black Sea . On 3 August 1843 he married his first wife, Henrietta Ann Bidgood Martin, daughter of the rector of Maisemore, Gloucestershire . Together, they had seven children: Agnes, Charles Martin, Constance, Edith, Ethel, Jane & John Lindsay Sloan. His brother John Garland Baker married Henrietta's sister Eliza Heberden Martin and after a double wedding,

1360-552: The Imatong mountains in their entirety, which includes the highest peak in Sudan, Mount Hinati at 3,187 metres (10,456 ft). The mountains rise steeply from the surrounding plains, which are at an elevation of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) on the South Sudan-Uganda border, sloping down gradually to the north. These plains are crossed by many streams, separated by low, rounded ridges, and dotted with small gneiss hills, outliers of

1428-613: The Ketebo , Dongotono , Imotong , Logir , Otuho , Lango: Lokwa & Lorwama . The Lango tribe has two sub-tribes – the Lango , Lorwama . The Lango keep cattle and cultivate millet, melons, sweet potatoes, beans, bananas, tobacco. The Ketebo live in Bira which include Lotome, Nakoringole, Lofus, Ateda/ Madiel, Lorum, Napeyase, Longairo, Osisi, Toomodo, Okosio, Ofi, Lobila Tome, Kamulach, Kalabe, Narus Bokolore, Lorife, Lonyili, Irobi, Lojilingare, etc. while

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1496-559: The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), notorious for killing, looting for food, destroying property and abducting women and children. In 1986 the government of Sudan had started to provide arms, training and sanctuary for the LRA, who began to raid and plunder villages along the Sudan – Uganda border. In February 1993 a major shipment of arms arrived in Kitgum , Uganda, for transit to the SPLA in Ikwoto. In return,

1564-563: The Lotuko of Tirrangore from 1892, and extended his authority over all the Lotuko people and their neighbors. He cooperated with the Ugandan government, which sent Colonel (Later Major General) J.R.L. Macdonald on a patrol into his country, and which later set up a post at Ikwoto. Xujang aroused opposition for his dictatorial ways, and was assassinated in 1912. Following the defeat of Muhammad Ahmad in 1898,

1632-505: The 19th century and Lokoya of Lowoi. The Acholi , Madi , Iwire and Ofiriha people live in the westernmost Magwi county. Most of the inhabitants of Eastern Equatoria live by subsistence farming, and also raise cattle, sheep and goats. Some of the crops are sold, while most are consumed locally. The Didinga Hills in Budi county have rich and fertile soil that is used for cultivation of tobacco, potatoes, maize, and Dura. The executive head of

1700-465: The Black Sea. After its completion he spent some months on a tour in south-eastern Europe and Asia Minor. The new consul issued Baker's companion with a British passport under the name Florence Barbara Maria Finnian, although she was British neither by birth nor yet by marriage. She was affectionately called "Flooey" by Baker and later nicknamed Anyadwe or Daughter of the Moon in what is now northern Uganda by

1768-515: The Dongotona live in dense settlements, cultivate sorghum, groundnuts, simsim, telebun, and sweet potatoes, and keep large herds of cattle, sheep and goats. Cattle play a central role in social life, used in contracting marriages and performing rituals, and exchanged as gifts. The tribes have always indulged in cattle raiding, particularly during the dry season when the grass is short and cattle can be moved faster. There have always been conflicts between

1836-553: The Hound in Ceylon (1853) and two years later Eight Years' Wanderings in Ceylon (1855). These books showcase his hunting of wildlife in Ceylon(Sri Lanka). After twelve years of marriage, his wife, Henrietta, died of typhoid fever in 1855, leaving Samuel a widower at the age of thirty-four. His two sons and one daughter (Jane) also died young. Baker left his four surviving daughters in the care of his unmarried sister Mary "Min". After

1904-606: The IDP camps. Despite help from charities, returnees faced difficulty obtaining seeds, and then faced the normal problems of drought or excess rain. In September 2009 the Food and Agriculture Organization published a mid-season crop and food security assessment for Southern Sudan. It reported that a prolonged dry spell from late April until July and erratic rainfall had caused the first season harvest to fail completely in parts of Ikotos and other parts of Eastern Equatoria, and farmers had lost hope in

1972-464: The LRA. The LRA finally withdrew from the county in April 2007. The local authorities started to tighten up gun controls. However, by May 2006 an estimated ten people per day were being killed. On 14–18 May 2006 the community leaders in the county came together for a peace and reconciliation meeting. They signed a declaration committing to eliminate all obstacles to the unity of the six Lango tribes and set up

2040-592: The Luo-speaking Acholi natives, who prized her long blonde hair. Florence refused to stay home, instead following her husband in his travels. She spoke English, Turkish, and Arabic, rode camels, mules and horses and carried pistols when in the wilds. Although Sir Samuel and Lady Baker were personally charming enough to conquer most of Victorian society, Queen Victoria refused to receive Florence at court since she believed Baker had been "intimate with his wife before marriage", as indeed he had. Confusingly, Lady Baker

2108-657: The Nile, and Explorations of the Nile Sources , and in 1867 The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia , both books quickly turned into several editions. In 1868 he published a popular story called Cast up by the Sea . In 1869 he travelled with the future King Edward VII (who was the Prince of Wales at that time) through Egypt. Baker never received quite the same level of acclamation granted to other contemporary British explorers of Africa. Queen Victoria, in particular, avoided meeting Baker because of

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2176-541: The Ottoman Pasha of Vidin. He was outbid by the Pasha but bribed the girl's attendants and they ran away in a carriage together and eventually she became his lover and wife and accompanied him everywhere he journeyed. They are reported to have married, most probably in Bucharest , before going to Dubrushka , but Sir Samuel certainly promised that they would go through another ceremony on their return to England – where they had

2244-591: The SPLA (6%). This indicates massive distrust of the security forces which are considered both corrupt and weak. Almost one third of the Ikotos respondents said there had been an incident of crime or armed violence against one of their household members in the last year, 47% of these being killings. In 2007 the Lutheran World Federation (LWF) implemented an emergency response project that provided food, agricultural tools, crop seeds, and non-food items to refugee returnees, Internally Displaced People (IDPs) and

2312-523: The SPLA began to help Uganda in their ineffectual attempts to suppress the LRA. Over 400 people were massacred by the LRA in the Imotong area in the west of Ikwoto county in March 2002. Faced with this threat, the people refused to hand over their guns, which they needed for self-defense. In May 2002 the area around Ikwoto was a no-go zone for aid workers. The steep, gully-filled and densely forested mountains provided

2380-736: The State was the Governor, who was elected. The Governor was appointing ministers, advisors, and the Executive Directors to the Counties. The Counties in turn, were ruled by the democratically elected Local Government Councils headed by the County Commissioner The state legislature was elected, with the first elections being held in April 2010. Eastern Equatoria, like other states in South Sudan,

2448-518: The Sudan Relief and Rehabilitation Association, the humanitarian wing of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement , estimated that the population was 67,340, including internally displaced persons. An estimate of the population of the county in mid-2010 was 88,536 in 17,280 households, 90% engaged in agriculture. Total cereal harvested area was 14,774 hectares (36,510 acres). The county's area is home to

2516-603: The course of the White Nile . Two months later at Gondokoro he met Speke and Grant, who, after being led by the local Africans to the source of the Nile , were following the river to Egypt. Their success made him fear that there was nothing left for his own expedition to accomplish; but the two explorers gave him information which enabled him, after separating from them, to achieve the first European visit to Albert Nyanza ( Lake Albert ), of whose existence credible assurance had already been given to Speke and Grant. Baker first sighted

2584-468: The episodes in Africa and Ceylon, where he returned again towards the end of his life in 1887. He also visited for sport, Transylvania for bears, Serbia for wild boars, Hungary for deer, Cyprus in 1879, China and Japan. Baker left a wealth of study in the science of hunting firearms and ballistics, and accounts as one of the world's few hunters that used the two bore rifle , the world's largest gun calibre for

2652-624: The first Amnesty of 1857 . Later she was abducted and sold to an Armenian slave merchant, who groomed her for the Harem . Baker and the girl fled to Bucharest and remained in Romania, Baker applying for the position of British Consul there but being refused. In Constanța , he acted as the Royal Superintendent for the construction of a railway and bridges across the Dobruja, connecting the Danube with

2720-564: The following October Baker returned to England with his wife, who had accompanied him throughout the dangerous and difficult journeys in Africa. In recognition of the achievements, the Royal Geographical Society awarded him its Patron's Medal , and a similar distinction was bestowed on him by the Paris Geographical Society . In August 1866 he was knighted. In the same year he published The Albert N'yanza, Great Basin of

2788-475: The four moved to Mauritius , overseeing the family's plantation. After spending two years there the desire for travel took them in 1846 to Ceylon, where in the following year he founded an agricultural settlement at Nuwara Eliya , a mountain health-resort. Aided by his family, he brought emigrants from England, together with choice breeds of cattle, and before long the new settlement was a success. During his residence in Ceylon he wrote and published The Rifle and

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2856-493: The heart of present-day Ikwoto county. In 1929 the botanist Thomas Ford Chipp , then deputy director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew , reached the peak of Kinyeti . The same year he published a report on the flora with several photographs. The first detailed map appeared in 1931. The region remained isolated and underdeveloped. Sudan became independent in 1956, but a year earlier civil disturbances had broken out in

2924-458: The irregular way in which he acquired Florence, not to mention the fact that during the years of their mutual travels, the couple were not actually married. A court case involving his brother Valentine Baker (following his indecent assault of a woman on a train) also harmed Baker's chances of wider acceptance by the Victorian establishment. In 1869, at the request of the khedive Ismail , Baker led

2992-509: The lake on 14 March 1864. After some time spent in the exploration of the neighbourhood, Baker demonstrated that the Nile flowed through the Albert Nyanza. He formed an exaggerated idea of the relative importance of the Albert and Victoria lake sources in contributing to the Nile flow rate. Although he believed them to be near equal, Albert Nyanza sources add only ~15% to the Nile flow at this point,

3060-811: The late 1980s many Lango civilians were displaced to camps in government-controlled areas including Torit , Juba and Khartoum , and others to refugee camps in Uganda and Kenya . The SPLM was not always united. For example, the Nuer leader William Nyuon Bany defected from the SPLM mainstream in September 1992. He withdrew his forces from Pageri towards the SPLA headquarters at Magwi , which he attacked and captured. In early 1993 Nyuon captured Ikwoto, holding several women hostage before turning them over to Ugandan authorities. Control of Ikwoto changed hands several times. In November 1993 Nyuon

3128-479: The main mountain range. The mountains are sharply faulted and are the source of many year-round rivers. Average annual rainfall in the mountains is about 1,500 millimetres (4.9 ft) The plains and the lower parts of the mountains are covered by deciduous woodland, wooded grassland and bamboo thickets to the north and west. The areas to the east and southeast are in the rain shadow of the mountains, with dry arid grassland or deciduous or semi-evergreen bush. In 2002

3196-538: The natives – but he succeeded in planting in the new territory the foundations upon which others could build up an administration. He published his narrative of the central African expedition under the title of Ismailia (1874). Cyprus as I saw it in 1879 was the result of a visit to that island. He spent several winters in Egypt, and travelled in India, the Rocky Mountains and Japan in search of big game , publishing in 1890 Wild Beasts and their Ways . He kept up

3264-466: The new territory of Equatoria for four years at a salary of £10,000 a year; and it was not until the expiration of that time that Baker returned to Cairo, leaving his work to be carried on by the new governor, Colonel Charles George Gordon . He had to contend with innumerable difficulties – the blocking of the river in the Sudd , the hostility of officials interested in the slave-trade, the armed opposition of

3332-547: The purpose. He described in great detail his observations of the animal world, account in which, his book Wild Beasts And Their Ways (1890) ranks highest. In 1863, the German zoologist Theodor von Heuglin named a subspecies of Roan antelope in his honour: Hippotragus e. bakeri or Baker's antelope. In Sri Lanka, Baker's Falls bears his name, and in 1906 Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi , named Mount Baker in his honour while in

3400-409: The region came under the British Protectorate of Uganda in 1899. In 1914 it was transferred to the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan . The first rough topographical map was published in 1917 by H. Pellew-Wright, a District Commissioner of Uganda who crossed the Imatong mountains from northeast to southwest, but the official map of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1922 only showed the outlines of the Imatong mountains in

3468-470: The region, travelling in the northwest and west of the area in 1863. He visiting Tarrangolle ( Tirangore ) and observed unnamed mountains to the south. Later he passed through these mountains, the western Acholi range of the Imatongs. Baker formally annexed the region around the upper Nile for the Khedive of Egypt in 1871. In 1878 Emin Pasha was appointed Bey of Equatoria , then nominally under Egyptian control, with his base at Lado . In 1881, Emin Pasha made

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3536-402: The remainder provided primarily by outflow from Lake Victoria. While in this area, Baker and his wife became the first Europeans to see a substantial waterfall on the Victoria Nile, which Baker named Murchison Falls after the then-president of the Royal Geographical Society , Sir Roderick Murchison . He started upon his return journey, and reached Khartoum, after many checks, in May 1865. In

3604-437: The resident communities in Ikotos country. The project also helped local government authorities to build their capacity, and constructed boreholes and schools. Between April 2007 and March 2008 an estimated 3,700 IDP households and 12,000 refugee returnee households moved to Ikotos, some assisted by the UNHCR , and numbers were expected to increase. Conditions for returnees have been difficult, in some cases much harder than in

3672-442: The ruler of Egypt Pasha Ismail The Magnificent , Major-General Charles George Gordon and Maharaja Duleep Singh . Samuel White Baker was born on 8 June 1821 in London, as the offspring of a wealthy commercial family. His father, Samuel Baker Sr., was a sugar merchant, banker and ship owner from Thorngrove, Worcestershire with mercantile ties in the West Indies . His younger brother, Col. Valentine Baker , known as "Baker Pasha",

3740-443: The second season crop. The most affected areas included Lomohindang South, Losite, and parts of Imatong and Lomohindang North in Ikotos. The Ikotos Teacher Training College opened in March 2010, with the capacity to train, house and feed 50 teachers, a joint project of the charities All Nations Christian Care and World Emergency Relief. In September 2010 Ikotos County Commissioner Peter Lokenge Lotone stated that there had recently been

3808-427: The south, with Kenya in the south-east and with Ethiopia in the north-east. Domestically, it is bordered by Central Equatoria in the west and Jonglei in the north. The Ilemi Triangle in the east, between Eastern Equatoria and Lake Turkana , is or has been disputed among all three abutting states ( South Sudan , Kenya and Ethiopia ). The state had 906,126 people in 2008 (32/sq mi). Eastern Equatoria state

3876-456: The southern regions that did not want to come under control of the Arab-dominated government in Khartoum . Ikwoto was relatively untouched by the fighting in the First Sudanese civil war (1955–1972). During the Second Sudanese civil war (1983–2005) large areas of Eastern Equatoria State were ravaged by fighting between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA), and by many armed groups supported by both sides. In

3944-507: The tribes, notably in the Kidepo valley , using the traditional weapons of spears and sticks. In the past, the number of lives lost was limited, and peace would soon be made through formal ceremonies. The people of the region live by subsistence agriculture, mostly growing sorghum and millet, and livestock raising. 90% of the agricultural work is undertaken by women using hand tools. Crops are generally rain-fed, with no irrigation, making them vulnerable to reduced rainfall or drought in either of

4012-413: The two growing seasons. Fishing, natural resource exploitation, mining and trade are practiced in a small way. The people live in extreme poverty with no rights of land tenure, and chronic insecurity. There is no infrastructure and no legal framework to make investment practical. Little is known of the Lango country before the arrival of Europeans. The explorer Samuel Baker was the first European to visit

4080-431: The two partnered an extensive hunting trip in central Europe and the Balkans , via Frankfurt, Berlin, Vienna and Budapest. On the last part of the voyage, Baker and the Maharajah hired a wooden boat in Budapest, which was eventually abandoned on the frozen Danube. The two continued into Vidin where, to amuse the Maharajah, Baker went to the Vidin slave market. There, Baker fell in love with a white slave girl destined for

4148-422: Was again attacking SPLA troops around Ikwoto. The influx of SPLA fighters and government troops led to a sharp rise in the number of guns available, and to their use in cattle raids and murders. Ambushes, rapes and killings by tribesmen armed with Kalashnikovs or even rocket launchers became common through the 1990s and into the 2000s. The security problem was compounded by the presence of the Ugandan rebel group,

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4216-404: Was an English explorer , officer , naturalist , big game hunter , engineer, writer and abolitionist . He also held the titles of Pasha and Major-General in the Ottoman Empire and Egypt . He served as the Governor-General of the Equatorial Nile Basin (today's South Sudan and Northern Uganda ) between April 1869 and August 1873, which he established as the Province of Equatoria . He

4284-706: Was divided into Budi County and Kapoeta county, which in turn was divided into Kapoeta North, South and East counties. Counties as of 2020 were: As of 2014 , this was one of the last areas in the world where cases of Guinea worm disease are found, with twelve of the 17 reported cases occurring "in one small pocket of Eastern Equatoria State," according to NPR . Eastern Equatoria is the most mountainous state in South Sudan. People entirely depend on agriculture and livestock keeping. Whenever there's climate change, people in those areas are least likely to be affected. Samuel Baker Sir Samuel White Baker KCB FRS FRGS (8 June 1821 – 30 December 1893)

4352-419: Was educated at a private school at Rottingdean in Sussex , next at the King's School, Gloucester (1833–1835), then privately at Tottenham (1838–1840), before completing his studies in Frankfurt , Germany in 1841. He studied and graduated MA as Civil Engineer. While commissioned, at Constanța , Romania , where, as Royal Superintendent, he designed and planned railways, bridges and other structures across

4420-446: Was home to several different ethnic groups. The Toposa , Jiye/Jie and Nyangathom live in the Kapeota counties in the east of the state. The Didinga , Dodoth and Boya live in Budi county around Chukudum. Further west, Lopa, Torit and Ikwoto counties are inhabited by the Ketebo , Otuho , Mokoyi Lopit , Lango , Pari , and Tenet people who inhabit a portion of the lopit hills after they split from Didinga and Murle early in

4488-440: Was initially a British hero of the African Cape Colony , the Crimean War , Ceylon and the Balkans , later dishonoured by a civilian scandal. Valentine had successfully sought fame in the Ottoman Empire , notably the Russian-Turkish War in the Caucasus and the War of Sudan from Egypt. Samuel's other siblings were: James , John, Mary "Min" (later Cawston), Ellen (later Hopkinson) and Anna Eliza Baker (later Bourne). Baker

4556-439: Was sub-divided into counties. These were further divided into Payams, then Bomas. Each county was headed by a County Commissioner, elected by the people of a County as the head of the local government in the County. Counties were originally larger, but were subdivided in part to ensure that the different communities have full representation. Thus Torit County was subdivided into Torit, Lopa and Ikwotos counties, and Greater Kapoeta

4624-461: Was undertaken "to discover the sources of the river Nile, with the hope of meeting the East African expedition under Captains Speke and Grant somewhere about the Lake Victoria ." After a year spent on the Sudan –Ethiopian frontier, during which time he learned Arabic , explored the Atbara river and other Nile tributaries, and proved that the Nile sediment came from Ethiopia, he arrived at Khartoum , leaving that city in December 1862 to follow up

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